This document discusses the constituents of blood, including erythrocytes (red blood cells), leukocytes (white blood cells), and thrombocytes (platelets). It describes the structure and functions of each constituent in detail. Red blood cells carry oxygen and carbon dioxide, leukocytes help defend the body against infection, and platelets help with hemostasis and prevent bleeding. The document also provides examples of previous year exam questions related to blood constituents.

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3. CONTENTS
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INTRODUCTION TO
HAEMATOLOGY
CONSTITUENTS OF THE BLOOD
ERYTHROCYTES OR RED
BLOOD CELLS
LEUKOCYTES OR WHITE BLOOD
CELLS
THROMBOCYTES OR PLATELTE
CELLS

4. HAEMATOLOGY
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STUDY OF THE BLOOD

5. CONSTITUENTS OF THE BLOOD
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ERYTHROCYTES OR RED BLOOD CELLS
LEUKOCYTES OR WHITE BLOOD CELLS
THROMBOCYTES OR PLATELTE CELLS

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7. ERYTHROCYTES OR RED BLOOD
CELLS
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 NORMAL BLOOD THERE ARE ABOUT 5
MILLION RED BLOOD CELLS PER
MICROLITRE
 STRUCTURE OF RED BLOOD CELLS
 SHAPE – BICONCAVE DISC
 THICKER AT THE EDGES AND THINNER
AT THE CENTER

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RBC HAVE A THIN, SEMIPERMEABLE
WHICH IS MADE UP OF
LIPIDS,PROTEINS AND
CARBOHYDRATES
MEMBRANE ENCLOSES THE
CYTOPLASM IN WHICH THE
HAEMOGLOBIN ,IS THE MAJOR
COMPONENTS

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 SIZE – AVERAGE DIAMETER OF 7.3 µm
 THICKNESS OF THE CELLS IS ABOUT 2 7.3 µm
 TENDENCY TO COLLECT TOGETHER LIKE PILES
OF COINS KNOWN AS ROULEAUX FORMATION

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COLOUR
UNDER LIGHT MICROSCOPE
UNSTAINED RBC – GREENISH YELLOW
COLOUR AT THE EDGE AND A PALE
DEPRESSION AT THE CENTER
STAINED RBC(ROMANOWSKY STAINS)- PINK
COLOUR

11. FUNCTIONS OF RED BLOOD
CELLS
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CARRYING OXYGEN FROM THE LUNGS
TO THE TISSUES
CARRY CARBON DIOXIDE FROM THE
TISSUES TO THE LUNGS FOR EXCRETION

12. FUNCTIONS OF RED BLOOD
CELLS
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HELP MAINTAIN ACID – BASE BALANCE
ACT AS VERY GOOD OXYGEN CARRIERS
LIFE SPAN – 120 DAYS

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14. LEUKOCYTES OR WHITE BLOOD
CELLS
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 NORMAL ADULT THERE ARE ABOUT 5,000 -10,000 WBC
per µl of blood
 USUALLY ONLY 1 WBC FOR EVERY 500 RBC PRESENT
 MORPHOLOGY
 5 TYPES OF LEUKOCYTES NORMALLY PRESENT IN
THE PERIPHERAL BLOOD
 NEUTROPHIL GRANULOCYTES
 EOSINOPHIL (cytoplasm contain the granules )
 BASOPHIL
 LYMPHOCYTES AND
 MONOCYTES AGRANULOCYTES
FUNCTION – HELPING THE BODY TO DEFEND ITSELF AGAINST
INFECTION

15. NEUTROPHIL
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 NEUTROPHILS HAS PALE PINK COLOUR
CYTOPLASM
 LOBED NUCLEUS,VARIES FROM 2 – 5 LOBES
 CYTOPLAM CONTAIN FINE PURPLE
GRANULES
 SIZE 9-12 µm

16. NEUTROPHIL
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17. NEUTROPHIL
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 FUNCTION
 PROTECT PYOGENIC INFECTIONS
 PHAGOCYTSE OR ENGULF ,KILL AND DIGEST
HARMFUL ORGANISM WHICH GET INTO THE
BODY

18. EOSINOPHIL
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 EOSINOPHILS HAS PALE PINK CYTOPLASM
 BILOBED NUCLEUS
 CYTOPLASM CONTAINS DARK PINK OR RED
COLOURED GRANULES(REFRACTILE
GRANULES)
 SIZE 8-12 µm

19. EOSINOPHIL
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20. EOSINOPHIL
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FUNCTION
 REDUCE THE ALLERGIC
 PARASITIC REACTION
 ALSO PHAGOCYTOSIS OF BACTERIA INSIDE
THE BODY (in VIVO)

21. BASOPHIL
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 SIZE 8 -14µm
 CYTOPLASM CONTAINS DARK BLUE OR BLUE
BLACK OPAQUE GRANULES
FUNCTION
 PHAGOCYTOSIS
 INVOLVED IN HYPERSENSITIVITY REACTION

22. BASOPHILS
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23. LYMPHOCYTES
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SMALL LYMPHOCYTES
 SIZE 7- 9µm
 VERY SMALL AMOUNT OF LIGHT BLUE
CYTOPLASM AND A LARGE PURPLE
NUCLEUS
 NO GRANULES IN THE CYTOPLASM

24. SMALL AND LARGE
LYMPHOCYTES
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25. LYMPHOCYTES
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LARGE LYMPHOCYTES
 SIZE 12-14 µm
 GOT ABUNDANT PALE BLUE CYTOPLASM
AND DARK PURPLE NUCLEUS
 CYTOPLASM HAS NO GRANULES

26. LYMPHOCYTES
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FUNCTIONS
 DEVELOPMENT OF IMMUNITY TO VARIOUS
INFECTIOUS
 THEY ARE NOT PHAGOCYTIC

27. MONOCYTES
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 SIZE – 18-20 µm
 HAS GREY,ABUNDANT CYTOPLASM
 LOBULATED NUCLEUS
FUNCTIONS
 PHAGOCYTOSIS
 SOURCE OF PYROGEN WHICH CAUSES THE
BODY TEMPERATURE TO RISE (FEVER)

28. MONOCYTES
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30. THROMBOCYTES OR PLATELTE
CELLS
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 SHAPED LIKE SMALL FLATTENED DISCS ABOUT 2-4 µm in
DIAMETER
 CONTAIN MANY GRANULES
FUNCTIONS
 HAEMOSTASIS
 PREVENTION OF BLEEDING
 STOPPING OF BLEEDING
 WHEN INJURIES OCCUR TO THE BLOOD VESSELS WITH
LEAKAGE OF BLOOD

31. THROMBOCYTES OR PLATELTE
CELLS
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32. LEAKAGE OF BLOOD VESSELS
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33. LEAKAGE OF BLOOD VESSELS
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34. PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS –
YEAR
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 DESCRIBE THE STRUCTURE OF NEUTROPHILS ?(2
MARKS ) APRIL 2017
 NAME THE NORMAL CONSTITUENTS OF
BLOOD.DESCRIBE THE STRUCTURE OF PLATELET ?( 5
MARKS) MARCH 2009
 NORMAL CONSTITUENTS OF BLOOD AND THEIR
FUNCTION ?(5 MARKS) FEB 2010
 NAME THE THREE NORMAL CONSTITUTENTS OF
BLOOD.DESCRIBE THE RETICULOCYTE ?(3
MARKS)AUG/SEP 2011

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