William Harvey discovered circulation of blood in 1616. Jan Swammerdam first observed red blood cells under a microscope in 1658. In 1900, Karl Landsteiner discovered the three main blood groups - A, B, and O - by observing agglutination of red blood cells. He later discovered the AB blood group. Landsteiner won the 1930 Nobel Prize for this work. Blood is classified by blood type based on presence or absence of antigens on red blood cells. Matching blood type is essential for safe blood transfusions.

1. THE BLOOD

2. WILLIAM HARVEY (1578 – 1657)
1616: WILLIAM HARVEY
BRITISH PHYSICIAN, DISCOVERED THAT
BLOOD CIRCULATES THROUGHOUT THE
BODY.

3. JAN SWAMMERDAM 1658
1658
AMSTERDAM-HOLLAND
MICROSCOPIST JAN
SWAMMERDAM WAS THE
FIRST TO OBSERVE AND
DESCRIBE RED BLOOD
CELLS.

4. KARL LANDSTEINER
WON THE 1930 NOBEL PRIZE FOR
MEDICINE
LANDSTEINER JUNE 14, 1868
IN 1900, HE SHOWED THAT SERUM FROM SOME
INDIVIDUALS COULD AGGLUTINATE THE RED BLOOD
CELLS OF CERTAIN, BUT NOT ALL, OTHER
INDIVIDUALS. THE SERUM OF THE LATTER WOULD
LIKEWISE AGGLUTINATE THE RED BLOOD CELLS OF
THE FORMER. STILL OTHER INDIVIDUALS’ RED CELLS
WERE UNAFFECTED BY THE SERUM FROM EITHER OF
THESE.
HE NAMED THESE THREE DIFFERENT TYPES A, B, AND C.
( TYPE C WAS LATER RENAMED TYPE O (OHNE,
GERMAN)
IN 1902, THEY DİSCOVERED AB
1939 -1940: HE DISCOVERED TOGETHER WITH OTHER
SCIENTISTS THE RH SYSTEM

5. BLOOD
• THE ONLY FLUID TISSUE IN THE HUMAN
BODY
• CLASSIFIED AS A CONNECTIVE TISSUE
• LIVING CELLS = FORMED ELEMENTS
• NON-LIVING MATRIX = PLASMA COLOR RANGE
• COLOR RANGE:
• OXYGEN-RICH BLOOD IS SCARLET RED
• OXYGEN-POOR BLOOD IS DULL RED
• PH MUST REMAIN BETWEEN 7.35–7.45
• BLOOD TEMPERATURE IS SLIGHTLY
HIGHER THAN BODY TEMPERATURE

6. FUNCTIONS OF BLOOD
1. TRANSPORT
▪ O2, CO2, NUTRIENT, HORMONES,
WASTE PRODUCT
2. HOMOEOSTASIS
• REGULATION OF BODY TEMPERATURE,
ECF(EXTRACELLULAR FLUİD), PH
3. PROTECTING AGAINST INFECTIONS
• WHITE BLOOD CELLS, ANTIBODIES
4. BLOOD CLOTTING PREVENT BLOOD
LOSS

7. BLOOD VOLUME
5 LITER IN ADULT
• 45% IS
PACKED CELLS
VOLUME (PCV)
• 55% IS
PLASMA
VOLUME
7

9. SERUM VS PLASMA ??
ADDED
ANTICOAGULANTS
BEFORE CENTRIFUGE

10. CLINICS

11. Copyright 2009, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

12. BUFFY
COAT

15. Granular
Agrunular

17. Hematocrit--
The percentage
of the total blood
volume that is
occupied by

18. WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN
SERUM AND PLASMA?
Serum is the liquid that remains after the blood has
clotted. (NO FIBRINOGEN!)
Plasma is the liquid that remains when clotting is
prevented with the addition of an anticoagulant.

19. FORMED ELEMENTS
• ERYTHROCYTES = RED
BLOOD CELLS
• LEUKOCYTES = WHITE
BLOOD CELLS
• PLATELETS = CELL
FRAGMENTS
• PHOTOMICROGRAPH
OF A BLOOD SMEAR

20. CHARACTERISTICS OF FORMED
ELEMENTS
OF THE BLOOD

22. RED BLOOD CELLS
• FUNCTION
• O2 TRANSPORT
• CO2 TRANSPORT
• BUFFER
22

23. RED BLOOD CELLS
SHAPE & SIZE
FLAT BICONCAVE DISC
NON-NUCLEATED
DIAMTER 7-8 MM X
2.5 MM , 1 MM
AVERAGE VOLUME 90-
95 MM3
FLEXIBLE
NUMBER =4.7-5 X106
HB =34G/DL OF CELLS
HB= 14-16 G/DL IN
THE BLOOD 23

24. HEMOGLOBIN STRUCTURE
GLOBIN COMPOSED OF 4 POLYPEPTIDE CHAINS
 TWO ALPHA AND TWO BETA CHAINS
HEME PIGMENT BONDED TO EACH GLOBIN CHAIN
GIVES BLOOD RED COLOR
HEME'S CENTRAL IRON ATOM BINDS ONE O2
EACH HB MOLECULE CAN TRANSPORT FOUR O2
EACH RBC CONTAINS 250 MILLION HB
MOLECULES

25. FIGURE 17.4 STRUCTURE OF HEMOGLOBIN.
© 2013
Pearson
Education
, Inc.
 Globin chains
Heme
group
 Globin chains
Hemoglobin consists of globin (two alpha and two beta
polypeptide chains) and four heme groups.
Iron-containing heme pigment.

26. WBC ANATOMY AND TYPES
• ALL WBCS (LEUKOCYTES) HAVE A NUCLEUS AND
NO HEMOGLOBIN
• GRANULAR OR AGRANULAR CLASSIFICATION
BASED ON PRESENCE OF CYTOPLASMIC
GRANULES MADE VISIBLE BY STAINING
• GRANULOCYTES ARE NEUTROPHILS, EOSINOPHILS
OR BASOPHILS
• AGRANULOCYTES ARE MONOCYETS OR
LYMPHOCYTES

28. NEUTROPHILS (GRANULOCYTE)
• NUCLEI = 2 TO 5 LOBES CONNECTED BY
THIN STRANDS
• OLDER CELLS HAVE MORE LOBES
• YOUNG CELLS CALLED BAND CELLS BECAUSE OF
HORSESHOE SHAPED NUCLEUS (BAND)
• MAJORITY OF CIRCULATING WBCS
• DIRECT ACTIONS AGAINST BACTERIA
• RELEASE LYSOZYMES WHICH
DESTROY/DIGEST BACTERIA
19-28

29. EOSINOPHILS (GRANULOCYTE)
• NUCLEUS WITH 2 OR 3 LOBES
CONNECTED BY A THIN STRAND
• SLOWS DOWN INFLAMMATION CAUSED
BY BASOPHILS
19-29

30. BASOPHILS (GRANULOCYTE)
• IRREGULAR, S-SHAPED, BILOBED NUCLEI
• INVOLVED IN INFLAMMATORY AND
ALLERGY REACTIONS
19-30

32. LYMPHOCYTE (AGRANULOCYTE)
• DARK, OVAL TO ROUND NUCLEUS
• B CELLS
• DESTROY BACTERIA AND THEIR TOXINS
• PRODUCES ANTIBODIES
• T CELLS
• ATTACK VIRUSES, FUNGI, TRANSPLANTED ORGANS,
CANCER CELLS & SOME BACTERIA
• NATURAL KILLER CELLS
• ATTACK MANY DIFFERENT MICROBES & SOME TUMOR
CELLS
• DESTROY FOREIGN INVADERS BY DIRECT ATTACK
19-32

33. MONOCYTE (AGRANULOCYTE)
NUCLEUS IS KIDNEY OR HORSE-SHOE SHAPED
LARGEST WBC IN CIRCULATING BLOOD
DOES NOT REMAIN IN BLOOD LONG BEFORE
MIGRATING TO THE TISSUES
DIFFERENTIATE INTO MACROPHAGES
FIXED GROUP FOUND IN SPECIFIC TISSUES
 ALVEOLAR MACROPHAGES IN LUNGS
 KUPFFER CELLS IN LIVER
WANDERING GROUP GATHERS AT SITES OF INFECTION
DESTROY MICROBES AND CLEAN UP DEAD
TISSUE FOLLOWING AN INFECTION
19-33

34. PLATELET (THROMBOCYTE)
• DISC-SHAPED, 2 - 4 MICRON CELL
FRAGMENT WITH NO NUCLEUS
• PLATELETS FORM IN BONE MARROW
FROM MEGAKARYOCYTES
• SHORT LIFE SPAN (5 TO 9 DAYS IN
BLOODSTREAM)
• HELP HEAL DAMAGED BLOOD VESSELS

35. TYPES OF LEUKOCYTES
• GRANULOCYTES
• INCLUDE
NEUTROPHILS,
EOSINOPHILS, AND
BASOPHILS
• AGRANULOCYTES
• LACK VISIBLE
CYTOPLASMIC
GRANULES
• INCLUDE
LYMPHOCYTES AND
MONOCYTES

37. BLOOD CLOTTING

44. UNDERSTANDING EXTRINSIC
PATHWAY
UNDERSTANDING INTRINSIC
PATHWAY

45. VON WILLEBRAND FACTOR
BREAKDOWN IN THE
ABSENCE OF VWF!

46. BLOOD GROUPS AND
TRANSFUSIONS

48. • LARGE LOSSES OF BLOOD HAVE
SERIOUS CONSEQUENCES
• LOSS OF 15 TO 30 PERCENT CAUSES
WEAKNESS
• LOSS OF OVER 30 PERCENT CAUSES SHOCK,
WHICH CAN BE FATAL
• TRANSFUSIONS ARE THE ONLY WAY
TO REPLACE BLOOD QUICKLY
• TRANSFUSED BLOOD MUST BE OF
THE SAME BLOOD GROUP

49. HUMAN
BLOOD
GROUPS
Blood contains genetically
determined proteins
A foreign protein (antigen) may
be attacked by the immune
system
Blood is “typed” by using
antibodies that will cause blood
with certain proteins to clump
(agglutination)

50. HUMAN BLOOD GROUPS
• THERE ARE OVER 30 COMMON
RED BLOOD CELL ANTIGENS
• THE MOST VIGOROUS
TRANSFUSION REACTIONS ARE
CAUSED BY ABO AND RH BLOOD
GROUP ANTIGENS

51. ABO BLOOD GROUPS
BASED ON THE PRESENCE OR ABSENCE OF
TWO ANTIGENS
TYPE A
TYPE B
THE PRESENCE OF BOTH A AND B:
BLOOD TYPE AB
THE PRESENCE OF EITHER A OR B:
BLOOD TYPE A
BLOOD TYPE B
THE LACK OF THESE ANTIGENS IS CALLED
TYPE O

52. RH BLOOD GROUPS
• NAMED BECAUSE OF THE
PRESENCE OR ABSENCE OF ONE
OF EIGHT RH ANTIGENS
(AGGLUTINOGEN D)
• PROBLEMS CAN OCCUR IN
MIXING RH+ BLOOD INTO A BODY
WITH RH– BLOOD

55. BLOOD
TYPING
Blood samples are mixed with anti-
A and anti-B serum
Coagulation or no coagulation
leads to determining blood type
Typing for ABO and Rh factors is
done in the same manner
Cross matching – testing for
agglutination of donor RBCs by the
recipient’s serum, and vice versa

57. Agglutination: Clumping of red blood cells

59. THE BLOOD TYPING GAME
• HTTPS://WWW.NOBELPRİZE.ORG/EDUCATİONAL/MEDİCİNE/BLOODTYPİ
NGGAME/GAMEV2/