This presentation describe the normal WBC normal and abnormal shape.
it can also describe the maturation of different WBC and reactivity of the WBC different infection
I have listed out the LE cells structure and Microscopical examinaton of LE CELLS, Difference between tart cells and le cells, clinical symptoms and diagnostic procedure.
I have listed out the LE cells structure and Microscopical examinaton of LE CELLS, Difference between tart cells and le cells, clinical symptoms and diagnostic procedure.
the presentation will allow you to identify the different state maturation of RBC and to see the the different abnormally including the cell membrane abnormality , the inclusion bodies may appear in RBC ,and other cell abnormality.
the presentation will allow you to identify the different state maturation of RBC and to see the the different abnormally including the cell membrane abnormality , the inclusion bodies may appear in RBC ,and other cell abnormality.
Structure & Function of neutrophils by Thirumurugan.docxthiru murugan
Structure & Function of neutrophils
Neutrophils are a type of white blood cell with multi-lobed nuclei and stainable cytoplasmic granules.
These are the most abundant granulocytes, occupying about 40-60% of the total number of white blood cells in the blood.
Neutrophils, like all other blood cells, are formed from the stem cells in the bone marrow.
After differentiation in the bone marrow, neutrophils are released into the peripheral blood and circulate for 7 to 10 hours before migrating into the tissues, where they have a life span of only a few days.
These are highly motile, allowing them to move in and out of the cells and tissue during infection quickly.
The neutrophils are divided into two groups; neutrophils - killers and neutrophils - cagers.
Neutrophils are at the front lines of attack during an immune response and are considered part of the innate immune system.
Neutrophil Structure
Neutrophils are mostly circular ranging in size from 12-15 µm (in humans, the average size is 8 µm).
Their shape changes into amoeboid once they are activated so that they can extend to attack invaders.
These are the smallest of all granulocytes with a characteristic multi-lobed nucleus with 3-5 lobes joined by a slender strand of genetic material.
The nucleolus is present in young neutrophils but is lost as the neutrophil matures.
The cytoplasm of the neutrophils has a large number of purple-colored granules, termed azurophilic or primary granules that have microbicidal activity.
Additionally, secondary granules are also found in cytoplasm that contains lysozyme, collagenase, and other enzymes.
Other cytoplasmic organelles like mitochondria, Golgi complex appear sparingly, and the endoplasmic reticulum is entirely absent.
Neutrophils test/ Absolute Neutrophil Count
Absolute Neutrophil Count (ANC) is the test to measure the number of neutrophils and other granulocytes (collectively termed polymorph nuclear cells) present in a blood sample.
This test usually detects the total number of white blood cells which includes both mature and immature neutrophils.
The neutrophil blood count breakdown neutrophils into two categories as segmented or mature neutrophils and immature neutrophils or bands.
The neutrophil count is commonly conducted to detect abnormalities related to the increase or decrease in the number of neutrophils.
This test is performed to detect the presence of different organisms in the bloodstream and also to detect if the immune system is working correctly.
ANC is usually performed as a part of the complete blood count to measure the count of different blood cells.
Neutrophils normal range
o The number of neutrophils in the blood might differ from person to person as it is affected by various factors like age and the environment. However, the following is considered to the normal range of neutrophil count.
o In terms of cell count: The normal range count in adults: 1500-8000 cells/mm3.
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
Anti ulcer drugs and their Advance pharmacology ||
Anti-ulcer drugs are medications used to prevent and treat ulcers in the stomach and upper part of the small intestine (duodenal ulcers). These ulcers are often caused by an imbalance between stomach acid and the mucosal lining, which protects the stomach lining.
||Scope: Overview of various classes of anti-ulcer drugs, their mechanisms of action, indications, side effects, and clinical considerations.
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
Maxilla, Mandible & Hyoid Bone & Clinical Correlations by Dr. RIG.pptx
Morphological abnormality of white blood cell
1. WHITE BLOOD CELL NORMAL &
ABNORMAL
NAZAR AHMED MOHAMED ABD-ALLA
BSC - OMDURMAN AHLIA
HIGH DOPLOMA DGREE - ELZAEM EL-AZHARY
FORMER HEAD OF HEMATOLOGY & BLOOD BANK
MINISTRY OF HEALTH – LABORATORY ADMINISTRATION
KHARTOUM STATE
MARKETING MANAGER-LAB EQP –DIVISION
ALGAM COMPANY FOR DRUGS & CHEMICAL LTD
1
NAZAR AHMED MOHAMED
ABDALLA(ANGOOR)2007
2. Learning Objective
*MAIN OBJECTIVE OF PRESENTATION IS TO
KNOW DIFFERENT TYPE OF NORMAL WHITE
BLOOD CELL AND ABNORMAL CELL AND
CASES WHERE THIS TYPE OS CELL CAN BE
PRESENT
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NAZAR AHMED MOHAMED ABDALLA
(SANGOOR)2007
3. Normal White Blood Cell
*White blood cell is divided into five categories which are:
-Polymorph neutrophil.
-Polymorph eosinophil.
-Polymorph basophil .
-Monocyte.
-Lymphocyte
*First we will see the characteristics of normal cell then we
will shift to reactive cell and finally to immature WBC.
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4. 1- NORMAL SEGMENTED NEUTROPHIL
*This granulocyte has very tiny light staining granules
(the granules are very difficult to see).
*The nucleus is frequently multi-lobed with lobes
connected by thin strands of nuclear material.
*These cells are capable of phagocytizing:
-Foreign cells.
-Toxins.
-Viruses.
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6. 2- EOSINOPHIL
*This granulocyte has large granules (A) which are
acidophilic and appear pink (or red) in a stained
preparation.
*The nucleus often has two lobes connected by a band of
nuclear material.
*(Does it look like a telephone receiver?)
*The granules contain digestive enzymes that are
particularly effective against parasitic worms in their
larval form.
*These cells also phagocytize antigen - antibody
complexes.
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8. 3- BASOPHIL
*The basophilic granules in this cell are:
-Large.
-Stain deep blue to purple .
-Often so numerous they mask the nucleus.
*These granules contain histamines (cause
vasodilatation) and heparin (anticoagulant).
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NAZAR AHMED MOHAMED
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10. 4-LYMPHOCYTE
*The lymphocyte is a granular cell with very
clear cytoplasm which stains pale blue.
-Its nucleus is very large for the size of the cell
and stains dark purple.
-These cells play an important role in our
immune response.
-The T-lymphocytes act against virus infected
cells and tumor cells.
-The B-lymphocytes produce antibodies.
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12. 5-MONOCYTE
*This cell is the largest of the leukocytes and is a
granular.
*The nucleus is most often "U" or kidney bean
shaped; the cytoplasms are abundant and light blue
(more blue than this micrograph illustrates).
*These cells leave the blood stream (diapedesis) to
become macrophages.
*As a monocyte or macrophage, these cells are
phagocytic and defend the body against viruses and
bacteria.
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14. IMMATURE WBC (MYLOID SERIES)-2
*Myeloblasts are morphologically the most immature cell
in the myeloid series.
*Although there is some variation in shape and size,
myeloblasts are usually 15 to 20 m in diameter and
round to oval.
*The cell nucleus is usually round or oval, but may
sometimes be indented or clefted.
*It often contains one or more nucleoli and the chromatin
is finely reticulated and thereby granular in appearance.
*The nuclear- cytoplasmic ratio (N: C) is high, 7:1 to 5:1.
Some are contain Auer rod
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18. 2-PROMYLOCYTE
*Promyelocytes are round or oval and are generally slightly
larger than myeloblasts, measuring 12 to 24 m in diameter.
*The nucleus is large, round or oval, and is often centrally placed,
but may sometimes be located eccentrically.
*It may contain one or more nucleoli.
*The chromatin is fine with little or no clumping and
parachromatin is sparse.
*The N: C ratio is 5:1 to 3:1.
*The cytoplasm, slightly greater in amount than in the
myeloblast, stains pale blue, and contains a few or many coarse,
reddish-purple, azurophilic (primary) granules, which may or may
not overlie the nucleus.
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20. 3-MYLOCYTE
*Myelocytes are also round or oval in shape and may vary
in size (10 to 18 m In diameter).
*Myelocytes are usually smaller than promyelocytes.
*The large centrally or eccentrically placed nucleus is
round, oval or occasionally either flattened or very
slightly indented on one side, and generally lacks
nucleolus.
*Variable degree of chromatin clumping is evident.
*The N: C ratio is 2:1 to 1:1.
* The cytoplasm is abundant, may stain bluish-pink, light
pink, or may appear colorless, and contains some reddish-
purple azurophilic (primary) granules
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22. 5- METAMYLOCYTE
*Metamyelocytes are similar in shape to myelocytes but are slightly
smaller (10 to 16 m in diameter).
*The centrally or eccentrically placed nucleus is usual indented (to less
than half the distance form the farthest nuclear margin), giving it a
kidney or bean shape.
*Occasionally it may be flattened.
*The chromatin is usually clumped and there is no nucleolus.
*The N:C ratio is 1.5:1 to 1:1.
*The abundant, pink or colorless cytoplasm may contain a few reddish-
purple azurophilic (primary) granules and/or many fine, lilac,
neutrophilic (secondary or specific) granules.
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24. 6-BAND FORM
*Small extensions or appendages of the nucleus
may be seen, but the cell still is classified as a
band if a filament is not present.
*The chromatin is coarse and clumpy with very
little parachromatin; however, the arms of the
band may show concentrated areas of
chromatin at each pole.
*There is no nucleolus.
*The N: C ratio is 1:1.5 to 1:2.
*The cytoplasm is abundant and pale pink or
colorless.
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ABDALLA(ANGOOR)2007
26. ABNORMAL WBC (MYLOID SERIES)-3
* 1- HYPERSEGMENTED NEUTROPHIL
*Larger than normal (one and one-half times the
normal size or greater) neutrophils, bands.
*Referred to as macropolycytes Such cells are
commonly seen in:
*The blood and bone marrow of patients with
vitamin B12 or folate deficiency.
*Myelodysplasia.
*Patients receiving chemotherapy, such as
hydroxyurea
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28. 2-Neutrophil, With
(Pelger -Huet Nucleus)
*Neutrophils with bilobed nuclei in the “pince-nez” conformation
(two round or nearly round lobes connected by a distinct thin
filament) are designated as neutrophils with Pelger-Huet nucleus
or Pelger-Huet cells.
*Some of the Pelger-Huet cells may, however, contain unilobed
nuclei.
* The nuclear chromatin is generally denser than normal.
*The presence of hyposegmented neutrophils can be an acquired
phenomenon, as a result of :
-Severe infection.
-Burns.
-Malignancy.
-Chemotherapy .
-Drugs such as sulfonamides.
*When the causative agent has been removed, the cells will return
to normal.
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30. 3-NEUTROPHIL WITH TOXIC GRANULATION
*Large.
-Purple or dark blue.
-Azurophilic granules.
-Resembling the primary granules of promyelocytes, in
the cytoplasm of neutrophils, bands, and metamyelocytes
are referred to as toxic granules.
*Toxic granulation is associated with :
-Severe infection.
-Chemical poisoning.
-Other toxic states.
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ABDALLA(ANGOOR)2007
32. 4-TOXIC VACULATION
*Vacuoles, representing the sites of digestion
of the phagocytosed material, in the
cytoplasm of neutrophils and bands are
designated as toxic vacuoles.
*Toxic vacuolization is frequently noted in
association with toxic granulation.
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ABDALLA(ANGOOR)2007
34. 5-Alder-Reilly granules
* Alder-Reilly granules are:
-Large.
-Purple or purplish-black.
-Coarse.
-Azurophilic granules (resembling primary granules of
promyelocytes).
*They are seen in the cytoplasm of virtually all mature
leukocytes and, occasionally, in their precursors.
*The presence of these granules characterizes Alder-
Reilly anomaly.
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36. 6-May-Hegglin body
*May-Hegglin body can be seen near the
edge of the cytoplasm at the top of the
neutrophil.
*In addition, notice that some of the
platelets appear smaller than normal and
one is larger than normal.
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ABDALLA(ANGOOR)2007
38. 7-Chediak -Higashi granules
*Giant.
-Often round.
-Red.
-Blue or greenish-gray granules of variable size are seen in the
cytoplasm of leukocytes (granulocytes, lymphocytes, and
monocytes) and sometimes normoblasts in patients with Chediak-
Steinbrinck-Higashi syndrome and are referred to as Chediak -
Higashi granules.
*These granules, sometimes also called inclusions, represent
abnormal lysosomes.
*These abnormal granules are able to kill bacteria in neutrophils
and monocytes; however, the process is much less effective than
in normal cells in part, because these neutrophils have impaired
locomotion.
*For these reasons, individuals with Chediak-Higashi have
recurrent infections.
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ABDALLA(ANGOOR)2007
40. 8-Dohle Body
*Dohle bodies appear as:
-Single or multiple.
-Blue.
-Grayish-blue or greenish inclusions of variable size
(0.1 to 2.0 m) and shape (round, elongated, or
triangular) in the cytoplasm of neutrophils, bands,
and metamyelocytes.
*These inclusions represent remnants of free
ribosomes or rough endoplasmic reticulum.
*Dohle bodies are often seen in association with
toxic granules and vacuoles.
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42. 9-Auer body (Auer rod)
*Auer bodies are pink or red.
-Round or rod-shaped, cytoplasmic inclusions that are
seen mostly in immature granulocytes and occasionally in
monocyte precursors in patients with acute non-
lymphocytic leukemia's.
*These inclusions represent agglomeration of azurophilic
granules.
*A cell containing multiple Auer rods clumped together
in the form of a bundle is referred to as a fagot cell.
*Such cells are most often seen in acute promyelocytic
leukemia.
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45. 2- HAIRY CELL WICH SEEN IN HAIRY CELL
LEUKEMIA
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46. 3- REACTIVE LYMPHOCYTE SEEN IN SEVER
INFECTION
*It indicates that although the cells are
functioning normally, they are reacting
to a stimulus.
*Indicating the presence of such cells
may aid in determining the diagnosis or
monitoring the course of disease once
a diagnosis has been made.
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54. 6- PLATLETS MATURATION
1- MEGAKARYOBLAST
*Megakaryoblasts, morphologically the most
immature cells of the megakaryocytic series,
are round or ovoid cells of variable size (7 to
35 m in diameter).
*Those measuring less than 15 m in
diameter are often designated as
micromegakaryoblasts.
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NAZAR AHMED MOHAMED
ABDALLA(ANGOOR)2007
56. 2- MEGAKARYOCYTE
*The megakaryocyte is the largest (40 to 100
m in diameter ) normal nucleated
hematopoietic cell in the marrow.
* At times, however, it may be relatively
small (micromegakaryocyte), measuring 15
to 30 m in diameter.
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58. 3- METAMEGALOCYTE
*Usually found only in the bone marrow.
*Nucleus is multinucleated.
*Nuclear chromatin is course and
condensed.
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ABDALLA(ANGOOR)2007
60. 4- MICROMEGAKARYOCYTE
*Micromegakaryocytes are usually seen in
myeloproliferative conditions, such as :
*Chronic myelogenous leukemia.
*Agnogenic myeloid metaplasia with
myelofibrosis.
*Acute megakaryocytic leukemia .
*Some cases of myelodysplasia.
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ABDALLA(ANGOOR)2007
62. 5- BAZZAR SHAPE PLATLETS
*In some disease state platelets can become
mutated.
*This most commonly seen in
mylelodysplastic disorders and thrombotic
thrombocytopenia purpura.
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ABDALLA(ANGOOR)2007
64. 6- NORMAL PLATLETS
* Light blue staining cytoblasmic material
measuring 1-3 microns in diameter.
*Cytoplasm usually has azurophilic (red-
purple) granules present
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NAZAR AHMED MOHAMED
ABDALLA(ANGOOR)2007
66. 7-PLATLETS CLUMBING
*When specimen has been improperly mixed
or collected often the specimens will begin to
clot.
*During clotting process platelets begin to
aggregate.
*When this occur the platelets count will be
falsely decrease and cannot be reported
66
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ABDALLA(ANGOOR)2007
68. 8- Platelet satellitism
*Platelet satellitism has been reported in a
variety of clinical conditions including Behcet’s
disease.
*However, its occurrence is not known to be
associated with specific disorders.
*When pronounced, platelet satellitism may
cause spuriously reduced platelet counts
(Pseudo-Thrombocytopenia).
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ABDALLA(ANGOOR)2007
71. Learning Outcome
*KNOW DIFFERENT TYPE OF NORMAL WHITE
BLOOD CELL AND ABNORMAL CELL AND
CASES WHERE THIS TYPE OS CELL CAN BE
PRESENT
NAZAR AHMED MOHMED
ABDALLA(SANGOOR)
71
72. THANK YOU FOR GOOD ATTENTION
NAZAR AHMED MOHMED
ABDALLA(SANGOOR)
72