The circulatory system transports nutrients, gases, hormones, blood cells, and waste throughout the body. The three main circulating fluids are blood, tissue fluid, and lymph. Blood is transported in arteries and veins, and contains plasma and cellular components like red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. Red blood cells carry oxygen and carbon dioxide via hemoglobin. White blood cells help fight infection through processes like phagocytosis. Platelets help the blood clot to prevent blood loss after an injury. Together, these components and the circulatory system enable essential functions and homeostasis in the human body.
Plant transport systems include xylem and phloem. Xylem transports water and minerals upwards from roots to shoots passively, using no energy. Phloem transports food such as sucrose horizontally throughout the plant using energy from ATP. Xylem vessels are located towards the edges of stems to resist bending forces, while located centrally in roots to withstand stretching. Transpiration is the evaporation of water from plant leaves, powered by the transpiration stream which replaces lost water. Transpiration cools plants and transports minerals upwards from roots.
1. Multicellular plants need transport systems to move water, minerals, and sugars throughout their large structures since single cells rely on diffusion.
2. Xylem tissue transports water and minerals up from the roots through the stem and into leaves. Phloem tissue transports sugars made in leaves to other plant parts.
3. In roots, xylem forms a cross-shape in the center with phloem between the arms. In stems, xylem and phloem bundles are arranged around the edges. In leaves, xylem is closer to the top surface and phloem is below.
This document discusses the four main types of tissues found in animals: epithelial, connective, nerve, and muscle tissue. Epithelial tissue forms protective barriers and lines body cavities and organs. Muscle tissue consists of elongated muscle cells that contract and relax to enable movement through skeletal muscles, with some muscles being voluntary and others involuntary. Nervous tissue contains neurons that transmit electrical signals to coordinate bodily functions.
The document discusses the transport structures and processes in plants. It describes how xylem transports water and minerals upwards from the roots to the leaves, driven by transpiration pull. Phloem transports food substances manufactured in the leaves to all parts of the plant through sieve tubes and companion cells. Experiments using aphids, ringing, and radioisotopes demonstrate phloem transport.
Part I
Explain the need for transport systems in multicellular plants
Describe the distribution of xylem and phloem tissue in roots, stems and leaves
Explain the absorption process in roots
Describe transport mechanisms
Part II
List factors that affects rate transpiration
Describe xerophyte properties
List the series of events that leads to translocation
Transpiration is the evaporation of water from plants through their stomata. It allows plants to transport water and minerals throughout their systems and cool their leaves. The rate of transpiration is affected by environmental factors like light, temperature, humidity, wind, and soil water availability. Plants have adaptations like thick cuticles, small leaves, and sunken stomata that help reduce water loss through transpiration.
Plant transport systems include xylem and phloem. Xylem transports water and minerals upwards from roots to shoots passively, using no energy. Phloem transports food such as sucrose horizontally throughout the plant using energy from ATP. Xylem vessels are located towards the edges of stems to resist bending forces, while located centrally in roots to withstand stretching. Transpiration is the evaporation of water from plant leaves, powered by the transpiration stream which replaces lost water. Transpiration cools plants and transports minerals upwards from roots.
1. Multicellular plants need transport systems to move water, minerals, and sugars throughout their large structures since single cells rely on diffusion.
2. Xylem tissue transports water and minerals up from the roots through the stem and into leaves. Phloem tissue transports sugars made in leaves to other plant parts.
3. In roots, xylem forms a cross-shape in the center with phloem between the arms. In stems, xylem and phloem bundles are arranged around the edges. In leaves, xylem is closer to the top surface and phloem is below.
This document discusses the four main types of tissues found in animals: epithelial, connective, nerve, and muscle tissue. Epithelial tissue forms protective barriers and lines body cavities and organs. Muscle tissue consists of elongated muscle cells that contract and relax to enable movement through skeletal muscles, with some muscles being voluntary and others involuntary. Nervous tissue contains neurons that transmit electrical signals to coordinate bodily functions.
The document discusses the transport structures and processes in plants. It describes how xylem transports water and minerals upwards from the roots to the leaves, driven by transpiration pull. Phloem transports food substances manufactured in the leaves to all parts of the plant through sieve tubes and companion cells. Experiments using aphids, ringing, and radioisotopes demonstrate phloem transport.
Part I
Explain the need for transport systems in multicellular plants
Describe the distribution of xylem and phloem tissue in roots, stems and leaves
Explain the absorption process in roots
Describe transport mechanisms
Part II
List factors that affects rate transpiration
Describe xerophyte properties
List the series of events that leads to translocation
Transpiration is the evaporation of water from plants through their stomata. It allows plants to transport water and minerals throughout their systems and cool their leaves. The rate of transpiration is affected by environmental factors like light, temperature, humidity, wind, and soil water availability. Plants have adaptations like thick cuticles, small leaves, and sunken stomata that help reduce water loss through transpiration.
The document summarizes plant structure and functions. It describes that the root system anchors the plant, absorbs water and minerals from the soil, and stores food. The shoot system produces sugars through photosynthesis, carries out reproduction, and transports water and nutrients. The shoot and root systems are interdependent, with the root system absorbing water and minerals from the soil and the shoot system producing sugars and transporting them throughout the plant.
Plants need transport systems to move water, minerals, and food throughout their bodies. Water and minerals are transported from the roots to the leaves through xylem vessels. Energy from photosynthesis in the leaves is transported throughout the plant as food through phloem sieve tubes. Transpiration pull and root pressure work together to drive the upward movement of water through the xylem. Translocation of food through the phloem utilizes energy to actively transport sugars and other materials both upward and downward according to the plant's needs.
This document discusses plant physiology and various processes involved in water and mineral absorption in plants. It covers topics like osmosis, diffusion, active transport, turgor pressure, plasmolysis, and importance of turgidity. Water and minerals are absorbed by roots through processes like imbibition, diffusion, and osmosis. They are then transported to other parts through xylem. The concentration of cell sap inside root cells is higher than the surrounding soil water due to which water enters the cells through osmosis.
The human excretory system includes the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra. The kidneys filter waste from the blood to produce urine, which passes through the ureters into the bladder. The bladder stores urine until it is released through the urethra. Plants excrete excess water and oxygen through transpiration and stomata, and store many wastes in leaves, vacuoles, resins, or dead tissues.
Tissues are composed of groups of cells that perform specialized functions. There are four main types of tissues in animals: epithelial tissues cover and line body structures, connective tissues connect and support other tissues, muscular tissues allow for movement, and nervous tissues detect and respond to stimuli. The major animal tissues include epithelial (squamous, cuboidal, columnar), connective (blood, bone, cartilage), muscular (striated, smooth, cardiac), and nervous tissue. Each tissue type has characteristic structures and locations throughout the body.
Homeostasis and excretion are related processes where homeostasis refers to maintaining a constant internal environment and excretion refers to removing metabolic waste products. The skin, lungs, liver, and kidneys are organs that help maintain homeostasis by regulating processes like temperature, water balance, and removal of toxins. The skin specifically regulates temperature through blood flow, sweat glands, and erector muscles in the dermis and helps remove some waste through sweat.
Plants need transport systems to move water, minerals, and sugars throughout their tissues since roots absorb water and minerals from the soil while leaves produce sugars through photosynthesis. Xylem tissue transports water and minerals upward from the roots to the leaves, having dead cells with thick lignified walls that form continuous tubes. Phloem tissue transports sugars downward from the leaves to all parts of the plant using living sieve tube cells and companion cells. Transport occurs via mass flow driven by water potential gradients between sources and sinks.
1) Photosynthesis is the process by which plants produce food from carbon dioxide and water using chlorophyll and light energy.
2) It is essential for releasing oxygen into the atmosphere and providing an indirect food source for animals.
3) Chlorophyll is contained in chloroplasts, which use light energy to split water molecules and produce oxygen, ATP, and NADPH to fuel the light-independent reaction of converting carbon dioxide into glucose.
The document discusses the transport system in flowering plants. It describes the two main transport tissues - xylem and phloem. Xylem transports water and dissolved minerals from the roots to the stems and leaves. It consists of dead cells with thickened lignified walls. Phloem transports sucrose and amino acids from leaves to other plant parts. It consists of sieve tubes with companion cells. The document outlines the processes of water and nutrient absorption by root hairs, and the movement of water up the stem via transpiration pull, root pressure, and capillary action. It also discusses the importance and factors affecting transpiration.
Plants reproduce through two alternating multicellular generations - the haploid gametophyte generation and the diploid sporophyte generation. In the gametophyte generation, haploid spores form gametophytes which produce gametes through mitosis. The gametes fuse to form a zygote, which undergoes mitosis to form the sporophyte generation. The sporophyte then undergoes meiosis to produce haploid spores, continuing the life cycle. Vascular plants have a dominant sporophyte generation, while nonvascular plants are dominated by the gametophyte generation. Angiosperms have an enclosed life cycle involving flowers, fruits, and seeds to protect and disperse their sporophy
1. The document discusses cellular respiration in plants. It defines respiration as the process by which organisms obtain energy by combining oxygen and glucose.
2. Photosynthesis provides plants with oxygen and organic compounds through chloroplasts, while respiration breaks down these compounds in cytoplasm and mitochondria to release energy through ATP.
3. The process of respiration involves glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain. Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm and partially oxidizes glucose to pyruvate, the Krebs cycle fully oxidizes pyruvate in the mitochondria producing carbon dioxide, and the electron transport chain uses oxygen to produce ATP through oxidative phosphorylation.
Vascular tissue consists of xylem and phloem and evolved to transport water and nutrients in land plants. Xylem is composed of tracheids and vessel elements that form tubes to transport water and minerals from roots to leaves. Phloem is made of sieve tube cells and companion cells that transport sugar and nutrients in the opposite direction from leaves to other plant parts. Together, xylem and phloem allow for circulation of water, minerals and organic compounds throughout the plant.
The document discusses transport processes in plants. It describes the functions of xylem and phloem tissues, which transport water and nutrients throughout the plant. Water and minerals are absorbed by root hairs through osmosis and active transport. Water moves up through the xylem vessels via transpiration pull. Transpiration is the evaporation of water from leaves, driven by factors like temperature, humidity and light intensity. The document also examines adaptations that reduce water loss through transpiration.
Plants have developed two pathways for transporting water and nutrients throughout their systems:
1) The apoplast pathway transports substances through the cell walls and extracellular spaces between cells.
2) The symplast pathway allows direct transport between cell cytoplasm through plasmodesmata.
The main driving forces for transport in plants are root pressure, which pushes water up short distances, and transpiration pull, where water loss through leaves creates suction to draw water up from the roots. Transpiration is driven by temperature, light exposure, humidity, and other environmental factors.
Together these pathways and driving forces work to transport water, minerals, and food throughout the plant body to sustain growth and survival.
The document discusses the process of transpiration in plants. It defines transpiration as the movement of water through a plant and its evaporation from aerial parts such as leaves, stems, and flowers. Approximately 10% of the moisture in the atmosphere is released by plants through transpiration, with the remaining 90% coming from evaporation from other sources like bodies of water. Transpiration occurs through three main processes: stomatal transpiration, cuticular transpiration, and lenticular transpiration, with stomatal transpiration accounting for 80-90% of the water lost by plants. The rate of transpiration is influenced by various plant and environmental factors and can be measured using different methods. Transpiration plays an important role
The document discusses plant transpiration and water transport. It covers:
1. Transpiration occurs through stomata in leaves and is driven by water evaporation and tension forces.
2. Water is transported from the roots to the leaves through xylem vessels. The cohesive properties of water and xylem structure allow transport under tension.
3. Environmental factors like temperature, humidity and light intensity affect transpiration rates, which can be measured using a potometer.
1) The document discusses the reproductive structures of flowering plants, including flowers, stamens, anthers, pistils, ovules, and the processes of pollination and fertilization.
2) It describes the development of male gametophytes (pollen grains) from microspores in the anther and female gametophytes (embryo sacs) from megaspores in the ovule.
3) After pollination and germination of the pollen tube, double fertilization occurs where two sperm cells fuse with the egg and central cells, forming the zygote and endosperm respectively.
This document summarizes key concepts from a chapter on plant nutrition and photosynthesis:
1. Photosynthesis converts sunlight into chemical energy that plants use to produce carbohydrates from carbon dioxide and water, and it releases oxygen as a byproduct. Glucose produced can be used for energy, cell walls, fats, proteins, or stored as starch.
2. Leaves are structured for maximum photosynthesis, with waxy cuticles to reduce water loss, and stomata and mesophyll layers for gas exchange. Carbon dioxide enters leaves through stomata while water enters through the roots and xylem.
3. The main requirements for photosynthesis are sunlight, chlorophyll, carbon dioxide,
Blood consists of red blood cells, platelets, and various white blood cells suspended in plasma. Red blood cells carry oxygen from the lungs to tissues and carbon dioxide back to the lungs. White blood cells help protect the body from infection. Platelets help the blood clot to prevent excessive bleeding from cuts or wounds. Bone marrow produces all blood cells, which have different functions and lifespans. Blood type is determined by antigens on red blood cells and compatibility must be checked before blood transfusions.
The document summarizes key aspects of the circulatory, lymphatic, and immune systems. It describes the major components of blood (plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets) and their functions. It explains the structure and functioning of the heart, including the heart chambers, valves, heart sounds, and regulation of heartbeat. It also outlines the types of blood vessels (arteries, veins, capillaries), blood pressure, and lymphatic system components (lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, spleen, thymus). Finally, it provides a brief overview of blood typing and natural immunity.
The document summarizes plant structure and functions. It describes that the root system anchors the plant, absorbs water and minerals from the soil, and stores food. The shoot system produces sugars through photosynthesis, carries out reproduction, and transports water and nutrients. The shoot and root systems are interdependent, with the root system absorbing water and minerals from the soil and the shoot system producing sugars and transporting them throughout the plant.
Plants need transport systems to move water, minerals, and food throughout their bodies. Water and minerals are transported from the roots to the leaves through xylem vessels. Energy from photosynthesis in the leaves is transported throughout the plant as food through phloem sieve tubes. Transpiration pull and root pressure work together to drive the upward movement of water through the xylem. Translocation of food through the phloem utilizes energy to actively transport sugars and other materials both upward and downward according to the plant's needs.
This document discusses plant physiology and various processes involved in water and mineral absorption in plants. It covers topics like osmosis, diffusion, active transport, turgor pressure, plasmolysis, and importance of turgidity. Water and minerals are absorbed by roots through processes like imbibition, diffusion, and osmosis. They are then transported to other parts through xylem. The concentration of cell sap inside root cells is higher than the surrounding soil water due to which water enters the cells through osmosis.
The human excretory system includes the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra. The kidneys filter waste from the blood to produce urine, which passes through the ureters into the bladder. The bladder stores urine until it is released through the urethra. Plants excrete excess water and oxygen through transpiration and stomata, and store many wastes in leaves, vacuoles, resins, or dead tissues.
Tissues are composed of groups of cells that perform specialized functions. There are four main types of tissues in animals: epithelial tissues cover and line body structures, connective tissues connect and support other tissues, muscular tissues allow for movement, and nervous tissues detect and respond to stimuli. The major animal tissues include epithelial (squamous, cuboidal, columnar), connective (blood, bone, cartilage), muscular (striated, smooth, cardiac), and nervous tissue. Each tissue type has characteristic structures and locations throughout the body.
Homeostasis and excretion are related processes where homeostasis refers to maintaining a constant internal environment and excretion refers to removing metabolic waste products. The skin, lungs, liver, and kidneys are organs that help maintain homeostasis by regulating processes like temperature, water balance, and removal of toxins. The skin specifically regulates temperature through blood flow, sweat glands, and erector muscles in the dermis and helps remove some waste through sweat.
Plants need transport systems to move water, minerals, and sugars throughout their tissues since roots absorb water and minerals from the soil while leaves produce sugars through photosynthesis. Xylem tissue transports water and minerals upward from the roots to the leaves, having dead cells with thick lignified walls that form continuous tubes. Phloem tissue transports sugars downward from the leaves to all parts of the plant using living sieve tube cells and companion cells. Transport occurs via mass flow driven by water potential gradients between sources and sinks.
1) Photosynthesis is the process by which plants produce food from carbon dioxide and water using chlorophyll and light energy.
2) It is essential for releasing oxygen into the atmosphere and providing an indirect food source for animals.
3) Chlorophyll is contained in chloroplasts, which use light energy to split water molecules and produce oxygen, ATP, and NADPH to fuel the light-independent reaction of converting carbon dioxide into glucose.
The document discusses the transport system in flowering plants. It describes the two main transport tissues - xylem and phloem. Xylem transports water and dissolved minerals from the roots to the stems and leaves. It consists of dead cells with thickened lignified walls. Phloem transports sucrose and amino acids from leaves to other plant parts. It consists of sieve tubes with companion cells. The document outlines the processes of water and nutrient absorption by root hairs, and the movement of water up the stem via transpiration pull, root pressure, and capillary action. It also discusses the importance and factors affecting transpiration.
Plants reproduce through two alternating multicellular generations - the haploid gametophyte generation and the diploid sporophyte generation. In the gametophyte generation, haploid spores form gametophytes which produce gametes through mitosis. The gametes fuse to form a zygote, which undergoes mitosis to form the sporophyte generation. The sporophyte then undergoes meiosis to produce haploid spores, continuing the life cycle. Vascular plants have a dominant sporophyte generation, while nonvascular plants are dominated by the gametophyte generation. Angiosperms have an enclosed life cycle involving flowers, fruits, and seeds to protect and disperse their sporophy
1. The document discusses cellular respiration in plants. It defines respiration as the process by which organisms obtain energy by combining oxygen and glucose.
2. Photosynthesis provides plants with oxygen and organic compounds through chloroplasts, while respiration breaks down these compounds in cytoplasm and mitochondria to release energy through ATP.
3. The process of respiration involves glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain. Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm and partially oxidizes glucose to pyruvate, the Krebs cycle fully oxidizes pyruvate in the mitochondria producing carbon dioxide, and the electron transport chain uses oxygen to produce ATP through oxidative phosphorylation.
Vascular tissue consists of xylem and phloem and evolved to transport water and nutrients in land plants. Xylem is composed of tracheids and vessel elements that form tubes to transport water and minerals from roots to leaves. Phloem is made of sieve tube cells and companion cells that transport sugar and nutrients in the opposite direction from leaves to other plant parts. Together, xylem and phloem allow for circulation of water, minerals and organic compounds throughout the plant.
The document discusses transport processes in plants. It describes the functions of xylem and phloem tissues, which transport water and nutrients throughout the plant. Water and minerals are absorbed by root hairs through osmosis and active transport. Water moves up through the xylem vessels via transpiration pull. Transpiration is the evaporation of water from leaves, driven by factors like temperature, humidity and light intensity. The document also examines adaptations that reduce water loss through transpiration.
Plants have developed two pathways for transporting water and nutrients throughout their systems:
1) The apoplast pathway transports substances through the cell walls and extracellular spaces between cells.
2) The symplast pathway allows direct transport between cell cytoplasm through plasmodesmata.
The main driving forces for transport in plants are root pressure, which pushes water up short distances, and transpiration pull, where water loss through leaves creates suction to draw water up from the roots. Transpiration is driven by temperature, light exposure, humidity, and other environmental factors.
Together these pathways and driving forces work to transport water, minerals, and food throughout the plant body to sustain growth and survival.
The document discusses the process of transpiration in plants. It defines transpiration as the movement of water through a plant and its evaporation from aerial parts such as leaves, stems, and flowers. Approximately 10% of the moisture in the atmosphere is released by plants through transpiration, with the remaining 90% coming from evaporation from other sources like bodies of water. Transpiration occurs through three main processes: stomatal transpiration, cuticular transpiration, and lenticular transpiration, with stomatal transpiration accounting for 80-90% of the water lost by plants. The rate of transpiration is influenced by various plant and environmental factors and can be measured using different methods. Transpiration plays an important role
The document discusses plant transpiration and water transport. It covers:
1. Transpiration occurs through stomata in leaves and is driven by water evaporation and tension forces.
2. Water is transported from the roots to the leaves through xylem vessels. The cohesive properties of water and xylem structure allow transport under tension.
3. Environmental factors like temperature, humidity and light intensity affect transpiration rates, which can be measured using a potometer.
1) The document discusses the reproductive structures of flowering plants, including flowers, stamens, anthers, pistils, ovules, and the processes of pollination and fertilization.
2) It describes the development of male gametophytes (pollen grains) from microspores in the anther and female gametophytes (embryo sacs) from megaspores in the ovule.
3) After pollination and germination of the pollen tube, double fertilization occurs where two sperm cells fuse with the egg and central cells, forming the zygote and endosperm respectively.
This document summarizes key concepts from a chapter on plant nutrition and photosynthesis:
1. Photosynthesis converts sunlight into chemical energy that plants use to produce carbohydrates from carbon dioxide and water, and it releases oxygen as a byproduct. Glucose produced can be used for energy, cell walls, fats, proteins, or stored as starch.
2. Leaves are structured for maximum photosynthesis, with waxy cuticles to reduce water loss, and stomata and mesophyll layers for gas exchange. Carbon dioxide enters leaves through stomata while water enters through the roots and xylem.
3. The main requirements for photosynthesis are sunlight, chlorophyll, carbon dioxide,
Blood consists of red blood cells, platelets, and various white blood cells suspended in plasma. Red blood cells carry oxygen from the lungs to tissues and carbon dioxide back to the lungs. White blood cells help protect the body from infection. Platelets help the blood clot to prevent excessive bleeding from cuts or wounds. Bone marrow produces all blood cells, which have different functions and lifespans. Blood type is determined by antigens on red blood cells and compatibility must be checked before blood transfusions.
The document summarizes key aspects of the circulatory, lymphatic, and immune systems. It describes the major components of blood (plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets) and their functions. It explains the structure and functioning of the heart, including the heart chambers, valves, heart sounds, and regulation of heartbeat. It also outlines the types of blood vessels (arteries, veins, capillaries), blood pressure, and lymphatic system components (lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, spleen, thymus). Finally, it provides a brief overview of blood typing and natural immunity.
Blood consists of plasma and cells suspended in it. Red blood cells carry oxygen and carbon dioxide throughout the body. White blood cells protect the body from infection by destroying bacteria. Platelets help in clotting of blood to prevent excessive bleeding. The bone marrow produces blood cells. It is located in bones and produces new blood cells to replace old ones.
The lymphatic system collects fluid that leaks from blood vessels into tissues and returns it to the circulatory system. Lymph vessels carry this fluid through lymph nodes, which filter the fluid and produce white blood cells, before returning it to the circulatory system via veins near the collarbone. Blood transports nutrients, oxygen, waste products, and more throughout the body. It is composed of plasma and blood cells including red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets, each with distinct functions like oxygen transport, waste removal, and clotting. A person's blood type is determined by antigens on red blood cells, and the Rh factor is another important antigen that can cause complications during pregnancy if mother and child are incompatible.
This document summarizes key aspects of blood composition and function. It discusses the components of blood including plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. It describes blood types based on antigens and antibodies. It also outlines the clotting process and issues surrounding blood transfusions and matching blood types to avoid transfusion reactions. The "universal donor" blood type is identified as O negative due to its lack of antigens that could stimulate an immune response.
The circulatory system consists of the heart, blood vessels, and blood. The heart pumps blood through a closed system of arteries, veins, and capillaries. Blood carries oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and waste products as it circulates throughout the body, allowing for gas and nutrient exchange, immune function, temperature regulation, and more. The circulatory system is vital for sustaining life.
The document provides information about the cardio-vascular or circulatory system. It describes that the system includes the heart, blood vessels (arteries, veins, capillaries), and blood. The heart pumps blood through the vessels, carrying oxygen and nutrients to tissues and removing carbon dioxide and waste. Key components discussed include the chambers and vessels of the heart, blood cells like red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets, and how blood clotting works. The document also covers some common blood-borne diseases like HIV/AIDS and types of hepatitis.
The document discusses the circulatory system, including its components and functions. It describes the closed circulatory system in humans, which involves the heart pumping blood through arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules and veins. The circulatory system transports nutrients, gases, wastes and more throughout the body. Blood consists of plasma and formed elements like red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets. Red blood cells contain hemoglobin and transport oxygen, while white blood cells help fight infection. Platelets help the blood clot to stop bleeding.
The circulatory system document summarizes the key components of the human circulatory system in 3 parts: blood, blood vessels, and heart. It describes how blood consists of plasma and formed elements like red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. It outlines the types of blood vessels - arteries, veins, and capillaries. Finally, it provides details on the structure and function of the heart, including the 4 chambers, valves, heartbeat, and how blood is pumped through pulmonary and systemic circulation.
Blood is a connective tissue composed of plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. Plasma is the liquid portion that transports nutrients, waste, hormones, and other critical components. Red blood cells contain hemoglobin and carry oxygen from the lungs to tissues. White blood cells defend the body against infection and disease. Platelets help the body form blood clots to stop bleeding. Together, these components perform vital functions for circulation and transport throughout the body.
DETAILED CHAPTER OF BODY FLUIDS AND CIRCULATION.
WELL EXPLAINED WITH DIAGRAM. WELL ORGANISED POWER[POINT TEMPLATES. SHORT AND PRECISE NOTES. WELL DEFINED TOPICS FOR EACH SUBJECTS.
The lymphatic system collects fluid that leaks from blood vessels into tissues and returns it to the circulatory system. Lymph vessels contain valves and pass through lymph nodes which filter the fluid and produce lymphocytes to fight infection. The fluid is returned to the circulatory system below the collarbone. Blood transports nutrients, gases, waste, and defenses the body against pathogens. It is composed of plasma and blood cells including red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets.
The circulatory system transports blood, nutrients, gases, hormones, and waste products throughout the body. It consists of the heart, blood vessels, and blood. The heart pumps blood through two main circuits - the pulmonary circuit, which carries deoxygenated blood to the lungs and returns oxygenated blood, and the systemic circuit, which pumps oxygenated blood to the entire body and returns deoxygenated blood back to the heart. The cardiovascular system is further divided into four chambers, two atria that receive blood and two ventricles that pump blood out of the heart. Blood contains red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, and plasma and comes in four main blood groups - A, B, AB, and
lymphatic system, a subsystem of the circulatory system in the vertebrate body that consists of a complex network of vessels, tissues, and organs. The lymphatic system helps maintain fluid balance in the body by collecting excess fluid and particulate matter from tissues and depositing them in the bloodstream
The circulatory system transports nutrients, gases, hormones, blood cells, etc. to and from cells in the body. It consists of the heart, blood vessels (arteries, veins, capillaries), and blood. The heart pumps blood through blood vessels to supply oxygen and remove carbon dioxide from tissues throughout the body. Blood contains plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. The circulatory system also helps fight infections and regulates body temperature.
The cellular components of blood are erythrocytes (red blood cells, or RBCs), leukocytes (white blood cells, or WBCs), and thrombocytes (platelets). By volume, the RBCs constitute about 45% of whole blood, the plasma about 54.3%, and white blood cells about 0.7%. Platelets make up less than 1%.
The circulatory system transports blood, nutrients, gases, hormones, and wastes throughout the body. It is composed of the heart, blood vessels, and blood. The heart pumps blood in a double circulation, first to the lungs to receive oxygen and then throughout the body to deliver oxygen and remove carbon dioxide. Blood contains red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, and plasma which help transport substances and fight infection.
Blood is a connective tissue composed of plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. It transports oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and waste products throughout the body. Blood also helps fight infections through white blood cells and forms clots to prevent blood loss through platelets. There are four main blood types in the ABO system (A, B, AB, and O) based on antigens on red blood cells, and a separate Rh system of positive or negative blood based on another antigen. Proper blood typing is important for safe blood transfusions.
The document discusses the human circulatory system. It begins by explaining why humans need a transport system to carry nutrients to cells and waste away from cells. It then describes the components of blood, including red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. It discusses the different types of blood vessels - arteries, veins, and capillaries. It also covers double circulation in mammals, the structure and function of the heart, blood pressure, blood groups, and common heart diseases like atherosclerosis.
The cardiovascular system consists of the heart, blood, and blood vessels. The document provides details on their structure and function. It describes the components of blood including red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, and plasma. It discusses the formation of blood cells and hemoglobin's role in oxygen transport. It also outlines the anatomy of the heart including chambers, valves, conduction system, and cardiac cycle. Blood pressure regulation and blood flow through arteries, arterioles, and capillaries are also summarized.
Chemistry uses a valency chart to describe how elements bond together. The chart lists elements and their common valency or bonding numbers. For example, carbon has a valency of 4, so it can form 4 bonds with other elements or carbon atoms. This allows chemists to predict and write formulas for chemical compounds based on the valency of their component elements.
Topographical maps provide detailed studies of small areas, showing both natural and man-made features. They are important tools for geographers studying a region and the military in determining strategies based on terrain. Topographical maps use colors, symbols, contour lines, and grid systems to indicate features such as elevation, drainage patterns, settlements, transportation routes, and other relevant information about a mapped area.
8D- History ( Create an E-Poster on Napoleon Bonaparte).pdfSaloniJain911024
Napoleon Bonaparte achieved several important milestones including establishing the Bank of France in 1800 to stabilize the economy, demonstrating military skills during the siege of Toulon, and becoming the first consul and head of the French government. He also laid the foundation for French education and created the influential Code Napoleon that served as a legal template worldwide. His inspiring qualities included bravery and leadership.
This document discusses the preparation, physical properties, chemical properties, uses, and interesting facts about fullerene and lamp black. Fullerene is made by heating graphite with inert gases and separates into different types using chromatography. It is a black powder that dissolves in benzene and is thermally stable. Lamp black is a soft black pigment produced from imperfect combustion of coal tar oils and is not a good conductor of electricity or heat. Uses of fullerene include cancer therapy and lubricant additives, while lamp black has been used as a pigment and coating.
Group 5's presentation covered noise pollution. It introduced the group members and defined noise pollution as any unwanted or disturbing noise that harms humans or wildlife. Several sources of noise pollution were discussed including traffic, construction sites, airports, agricultural equipment, factories, loudspeakers, and miscellaneous sources like automobiles. The effects of noise pollution mentioned included stress, poor concentration, productivity losses, communication difficulties, and temporary deafness in noisy work environments. The presentation highlighted that noise pollution is an invisible threat that impacts both land and marine life.
Hepatitis can be caused by several viruses. Hepatitis A is caused by the Hepatovirus and spreads through fecal-oral transmission. Hepatitis B and C are caused by different viruses and can spread through blood and bodily fluids. Hepatitis D only infects those also infected with Hepatitis B. Hepatitis E is caused by the Orthohepadnavirus and spreads mainly through contaminated water. Symptoms include fatigue, abdominal pain, dark urine, and jaundice. Treatment involves diagnosis, antiviral drugs, and vaccination to prevent Hepatitis A and B. Prevention methods include proper hand washing, avoiding undercooked food, and not drinking contaminated water.
Nucleophilic Addition of carbonyl compounds.pptxSSR02
Nucleophilic addition is the most important reaction of carbonyls. Not just aldehydes and ketones, but also carboxylic acid derivatives in general.
Carbonyls undergo addition reactions with a large range of nucleophiles.
Comparing the relative basicity of the nucleophile and the product is extremely helpful in determining how reversible the addition reaction is. Reactions with Grignards and hydrides are irreversible. Reactions with weak bases like halides and carboxylates generally don’t happen.
Electronic effects (inductive effects, electron donation) have a large impact on reactivity.
Large groups adjacent to the carbonyl will slow the rate of reaction.
Neutral nucleophiles can also add to carbonyls, although their additions are generally slower and more reversible. Acid catalysis is sometimes employed to increase the rate of addition.
Phenomics assisted breeding in crop improvementIshaGoswami9
As the population is increasing and will reach about 9 billion upto 2050. Also due to climate change, it is difficult to meet the food requirement of such a large population. Facing the challenges presented by resource shortages, climate
change, and increasing global population, crop yield and quality need to be improved in a sustainable way over the coming decades. Genetic improvement by breeding is the best way to increase crop productivity. With the rapid progression of functional
genomics, an increasing number of crop genomes have been sequenced and dozens of genes influencing key agronomic traits have been identified. However, current genome sequence information has not been adequately exploited for understanding
the complex characteristics of multiple gene, owing to a lack of crop phenotypic data. Efficient, automatic, and accurate technologies and platforms that can capture phenotypic data that can
be linked to genomics information for crop improvement at all growth stages have become as important as genotyping. Thus,
high-throughput phenotyping has become the major bottleneck restricting crop breeding. Plant phenomics has been defined as the high-throughput, accurate acquisition and analysis of multi-dimensional phenotypes
during crop growing stages at the organism level, including the cell, tissue, organ, individual plant, plot, and field levels. With the rapid development of novel sensors, imaging technology,
and analysis methods, numerous infrastructure platforms have been developed for phenotyping.
Or: Beyond linear.
Abstract: Equivariant neural networks are neural networks that incorporate symmetries. The nonlinear activation functions in these networks result in interesting nonlinear equivariant maps between simple representations, and motivate the key player of this talk: piecewise linear representation theory.
Disclaimer: No one is perfect, so please mind that there might be mistakes and typos.
dtubbenhauer@gmail.com
Corrected slides: dtubbenhauer.com/talks.html
Deep Behavioral Phenotyping in Systems Neuroscience for Functional Atlasing a...Ana Luísa Pinho
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) provides means to characterize brain activations in response to behavior. However, cognitive neuroscience has been limited to group-level effects referring to the performance of specific tasks. To obtain the functional profile of elementary cognitive mechanisms, the combination of brain responses to many tasks is required. Yet, to date, both structural atlases and parcellation-based activations do not fully account for cognitive function and still present several limitations. Further, they do not adapt overall to individual characteristics. In this talk, I will give an account of deep-behavioral phenotyping strategies, namely data-driven methods in large task-fMRI datasets, to optimize functional brain-data collection and improve inference of effects-of-interest related to mental processes. Key to this approach is the employment of fast multi-functional paradigms rich on features that can be well parametrized and, consequently, facilitate the creation of psycho-physiological constructs to be modelled with imaging data. Particular emphasis will be given to music stimuli when studying high-order cognitive mechanisms, due to their ecological nature and quality to enable complex behavior compounded by discrete entities. I will also discuss how deep-behavioral phenotyping and individualized models applied to neuroimaging data can better account for the subject-specific organization of domain-general cognitive systems in the human brain. Finally, the accumulation of functional brain signatures brings the possibility to clarify relationships among tasks and create a univocal link between brain systems and mental functions through: (1) the development of ontologies proposing an organization of cognitive processes; and (2) brain-network taxonomies describing functional specialization. To this end, tools to improve commensurability in cognitive science are necessary, such as public repositories, ontology-based platforms and automated meta-analysis tools. I will thus discuss some brain-atlasing resources currently under development, and their applicability in cognitive as well as clinical neuroscience.
When I was asked to give a companion lecture in support of ‘The Philosophy of Science’ (https://shorturl.at/4pUXz) I decided not to walk through the detail of the many methodologies in order of use. Instead, I chose to employ a long standing, and ongoing, scientific development as an exemplar. And so, I chose the ever evolving story of Thermodynamics as a scientific investigation at its best.
Conducted over a period of >200 years, Thermodynamics R&D, and application, benefitted from the highest levels of professionalism, collaboration, and technical thoroughness. New layers of application, methodology, and practice were made possible by the progressive advance of technology. In turn, this has seen measurement and modelling accuracy continually improved at a micro and macro level.
Perhaps most importantly, Thermodynamics rapidly became a primary tool in the advance of applied science/engineering/technology, spanning micro-tech, to aerospace and cosmology. I can think of no better a story to illustrate the breadth of scientific methodologies and applications at their best.
What is greenhouse gasses and how many gasses are there to affect the Earth.moosaasad1975
What are greenhouse gasses how they affect the earth and its environment what is the future of the environment and earth how the weather and the climate effects.
Current Ms word generated power point presentation covers major details about the micronuclei test. It's significance and assays to conduct it. It is used to detect the micronuclei formation inside the cells of nearly every multicellular organism. It's formation takes place during chromosomal sepration at metaphase.
The debris of the ‘last major merger’ is dynamically youngSérgio Sacani
The Milky Way’s (MW) inner stellar halo contains an [Fe/H]-rich component with highly eccentric orbits, often referred to as the
‘last major merger.’ Hypotheses for the origin of this component include Gaia-Sausage/Enceladus (GSE), where the progenitor
collided with the MW proto-disc 8–11 Gyr ago, and the Virgo Radial Merger (VRM), where the progenitor collided with the
MW disc within the last 3 Gyr. These two scenarios make different predictions about observable structure in local phase space,
because the morphology of debris depends on how long it has had to phase mix. The recently identified phase-space folds in Gaia
DR3 have positive caustic velocities, making them fundamentally different than the phase-mixed chevrons found in simulations
at late times. Roughly 20 per cent of the stars in the prograde local stellar halo are associated with the observed caustics. Based
on a simple phase-mixing model, the observed number of caustics are consistent with a merger that occurred 1–2 Gyr ago.
We also compare the observed phase-space distribution to FIRE-2 Latte simulations of GSE-like mergers, using a quantitative
measurement of phase mixing (2D causticality). The observed local phase-space distribution best matches the simulated data
1–2 Gyr after collision, and certainly not later than 3 Gyr. This is further evidence that the progenitor of the ‘last major merger’
did not collide with the MW proto-disc at early times, as is thought for the GSE, but instead collided with the MW disc within
the last few Gyr, consistent with the body of work surrounding the VRM.
ESR spectroscopy in liquid food and beverages.pptxPRIYANKA PATEL
With increasing population, people need to rely on packaged food stuffs. Packaging of food materials requires the preservation of food. There are various methods for the treatment of food to preserve them and irradiation treatment of food is one of them. It is the most common and the most harmless method for the food preservation as it does not alter the necessary micronutrients of food materials. Although irradiated food doesn’t cause any harm to the human health but still the quality assessment of food is required to provide consumers with necessary information about the food. ESR spectroscopy is the most sophisticated way to investigate the quality of the food and the free radicals induced during the processing of the food. ESR spin trapping technique is useful for the detection of highly unstable radicals in the food. The antioxidant capability of liquid food and beverages in mainly performed by spin trapping technique.
ESPP presentation to EU Waste Water Network, 4th June 2024 “EU policies driving nutrient removal and recycling
and the revised UWWTD (Urban Waste Water Treatment Directive)”
hematic appreciation test is a psychological assessment tool used to measure an individual's appreciation and understanding of specific themes or topics. This test helps to evaluate an individual's ability to connect different ideas and concepts within a given theme, as well as their overall comprehension and interpretation skills. The results of the test can provide valuable insights into an individual's cognitive abilities, creativity, and critical thinking skills
2. NEED FOR TRANSPORT INSIDE THE BODY
1. Digested food is transported to the various
parts of the body through the blood.
2. Respiratory gases are carried to the tissues
by the blood
3. Excretory products are carried to the
excretory organs by the blood
4. Hormones are carried to their target organs
by the circulatory system
3. BODY FLUIDS
Humans have a closed vascular
system i.e. blood flows in vessels
and does not bathe the
tissue/organ directly. The three
circulating fluids in the human
body are blood, tissue fluid and
lymph. The body fluids are a means
of transport for the various
physiological activities.
4.
5. FLUIDS IN OUR BODY-- PRINCIPLE FLUIDS ARE
Circulating Fluids –
Blood—found in the heart and blood vessels
Tissue fluid—found around the cells of the tissue
Lymph—found in lymph vessels which eventually
open into the circulatory system. They have nodes.
Non Circulating fluids –
Synovial fluid—found in the cavity of the skeletal
joints.
Aqueous humour—found in the eye in front of the
pupil.
6.
7. THE BLOOD—CHARACTERISTICS
• Never stationary
• Red in colour—bright red in the artery
Dark red in the veins
• Each person contains 5—6 litres of blood in
their body
• It is slightly alkaline pH 7.3—7.45 (salty in
taste)
8. FUNCTIONS OF THE BLOOD
The two main functions of the blood are
transport and protection
• Transport of digested food and minerals from
the villi of the alimentary canal to the areas where it is
needed or storage organs.
• Transport of respiratory gases
O2 from the lungs to the tissues with the help of
RBC which contains haemoglobin
Hb + O2------------→Hb.O2
CO2 from the tissues to the lungs
Hb + CO2 -----------------à Hb.CO2
9. vTransport of excretory products from the cells to
the excretory organs from where they can be
eliminated.
Example liver, kidney and skin
vTransport of hormones from the site of their
production to site of action
vHelp in distribution of heat from the muscles to
different parts of the body thus maintaining the
body temp.
vThe formed element and proteins found in the
blood help in formation of clots when there is
injury
vWBC in the blood helps in fighting diseases by
engulfing bacteria or any other foreign body.
vWhite Blood cells produce antitoxins and
antibodies to kill germs and neutralize poison.
10. COMPOSITION OF BLOOD
The blood contains
i.Plasma—which is the fluid part
and
ii. Formed elements—
which are RBC, WBC and blood
platelets
11.
12. PLASMA— contains
Water
Proteins
Inorganic salts—NaCl and sodium bi carbonate
Other substances-- glucose, amino acid,
hormones, urea etc.
Cellular elements are
RBC—red blood cells (erythrocytes)
WBC—white blood cells (leucocytes)
Blood platelets (thrombocytes)
17. RED BLOOD CELL
THE OXYGEN GAS CARRIER
uMinute concave disc like
uFlat in the centre and thick at the
periphery—no nucleus
uVery small app. 7 microns in diameter
( 1 micron= ⅟1000 of a millimetre)
uTheir concave structure provide them
large surface area for transporting
oxygen
uThe small size enables them to move
through very fine capillaries
u The body of the RBC is colourless and
spongy called stroma
18. uIt contains a respiratory pigment called
Haemoglobin. Haemin—iron globin—
protein
uHaemoglobin has the ability to combine
with oxygen to form oxyhaemoglobin and
carry it to the cells
uHaemoglobin can only combine with a small
amount of carbon dioxide to form
carbaminohaemoglobin and carry it to the
lungs for exhalation
uRBC are produced in the marrow of long bones
In embryo it is produced in the spleen and
liver
In children it is produces from all the bone
marrows till age 5 yrs.
19. u The avg. Life is 120 days
u The old and worn out RBC are
broken down and destroyed in the
liver, spleen and bone marrow
u In normal person 20,000,000
RBC’s are destroyed every day.
u Abnormal increase in the number
of RBC’s is called
POLYCYTHAEMIA
u Abnormal decrease is called
ERYTHROPENIA
23. v The WBC’s are produced in the bone
marrow, lymph nodes, spleen and
liver.
v Their average life span is of two
weeks.
v The old and worn out WBC’s are
destroyed in the spleen and liver
v Leukaemia—when there is an
abnormal rise in the number of WBC
at the cost of RBC’s
v Leucopoenia is the abnormal
decrease in the number of WBCs
v Antibodies produced by the WBC’s
act like antitoxins which
neutralize the effect of the
toxins produced by the microbe.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29. FUNCTIONS OF LEUCOCYTES
1. Scavengers—Neutrophils
and Monocytes engulf
worn out cells of the body
and dead microbes and
thus act as scavengers.
31. Diapedesis—neutrophils show
amoeboid movement. They
migrate in mass towards the
site of infection, squeeze
through the blood capillary
walls to engulf and kill the
bacteria/microbe. Their ability
to squeeze out of the capillaries
is called Diapedesis.
33. Phagocytosis—on reaching
the infection site the
neutrophils and monocytes
engulf the microbes or
foreign material. The
granules of the neutrophils
are lysosomes whose enzymes
digest the engulfed
material.
37. Pus formation—during their fight
against the foreign bodies many WBC’s
are killed, these accumulate in the
infected area and are exuded with the
plasma as pus.
Inflammation/ inflammatory reaction—
at the site of injury blood vessels release
more blood making the area red and
hot. Due to the accumulation of the
tissue fluid, the area swells up. Later on
Diapedesis and pus formation takes
place.
41. Formation of antibodies—lymphocytes
produce antibodies to kill the germs and
neutralize their toxins (poisons produced
by the microbe)
Confers Immunity—lymphocytes
produce antibodies to provide lifelong
immunity against certain diseases.
(Weakened /dead microbes are injected
into the body, the lymphocytes then
produce antibodies to fight against
them. The number of antibodies increase
in the blood and provide lifelong
immunity)
42. BLOOD PLATELETS
Blood platelets are minute oval structures, non-nucleated and
floating in the blood
They are derived from some giant cells called
MEGAKARYOCYTES in the bone marrow.
They are 3-4µm in diameter.
They are found 2, 00,000—3, 00,000 per cubic mm
of blood.
They live for 3-5 days.
They are destroyed in the spleen by macrophages.
They are essential for clotting of blood at the site of
injury.
44. Clotting of blood
Ruptured platelets→ Thromboplastin
Prothrombin-Thromboplastin---à thrombin
Fibrinogen –Thrombinà fibrin
(Soluble) (Insoluble)
Fibrin mesh + blood cells ----à clot
A clot is also called a thrombus.
It takes 3-5 min for a clot
Blood Clot
45. Clotting of blood
Ruptured platelets→ Thromboplastin
Prothrombin-Thromboplastin---à thrombin
Inactive Ca++ Active
Fibrinogen – Thrombinà fibrin
(Soluble) Ca++ (Insoluble)
Fibrin mesh + blood cells ----à clot
A clot is also called a thrombus.
It takes 3-5 min for a clot
46.
47. Blood contains heparin which does not allow the blood to clot
in the blood vessels. It prevents the formation of thrombin.
Heparin is produced by the basophils.
Defibrinated Blood:
Blood which does not contain the blood protein
fibrinogen is called Defibrinated blood. Without
fibrinogen blood does not clot.
Blood Blisters
They are reddish spots formed due to some injury in
which the capillaries under the skin rupture and the
blood clots under the skin. There is no external injury.
Vitamin K is essential for clotting as it is required for the
production of Prothrombin
49. BLOOD TRANSFUSION AND BLOOD
GROUPS
ABO Blood groups
Karl Landsteiner (1900) discovered blood groups
in humans.
He divided the blood into four types A, B, AB,
and O.
Blood has antigens and antibodies
Blood group A has antigen A and antibody b
B has antigen B and antibody a
AB has antigen A and B but no antibodies
O has no antigen but has antibodies a and b
52. In an incompatible blood transfusion, the antigen of the donated
blood is attacked by the antibody of the recipient blood plasma,
causing the blood cells to clump together.
Rh Factor:
Rhesus factor is a substance present in the red
blood cells of most people. Such people are said to
Rh+ve and those who do not have this substance
are called Rh-ve .
When Rh –ve blood is given to an Rh-ve person the
transfusion is successful.
When Rh+ve blood is given to an Rh-ve person, the
person develops antibodies against the Rh+ve blood.
When a second transfusion is given, the antibodies
will react with the Rh+ve blood and cause clumping.
53. When the father is Rh+ve and the mother is
Rh-ve the Foetus is Rh+ve. The mothers’
blood is stimulated to produce antibodies
against the Rh+ve blood. Enough antibodies
are not produced to harm the foetus.
During second pregnancy the Rh+ve foetus
could be harmed as the number of
antibodies increase and destroy the RBCs of
the foetus. This is called erythroblastosis
foetalis/ haemolytic jaundice/ anaemia in
newborns.
54.
55.
56.
57. The heart is in the centre of the chest between the two lungs and
above the diaphragm.
The heart tapers towards the left side and contracts very
powerfully, and we feel the heart is towards the left side.
The heart is 12 x 9 cm in size.
It is covered by a doubled walled membrane called pericardium.
Between the two membranes is a fluid called pericardial fluid
which acts as a lubricant.
The heart consists of four chambers
Two Atria (auricle)
Two Ventricles
The walls of the atria are thinner than the walls of the ventricles
as they pump blood only till the ventricles, whereas the ventricles
have to pump blood to a greater distance.
The left ventricle has a more muscular wall than the right
ventricle as it has to pump blood to all the parts of the body and
the right ventricle till the lungs.
58.
59. BLOOD VESSELS ENTERING AND LEAVING
THE HEART
The right atrium receives two major vessels
Anterior vena cava – brings deoxygenated blood from
the anterior parts of the body.
Posterior vena cava—brings deoxygenated blood from
the posterior parts of the body
The left atrium receives four pulmonary veins from
the lungs carrying oxygenated blood.
The right ventricle pumps the deoxygenated blood to
the lungs for oxygenation through the pulmonary
artery.
The left ventricle pumps oxygenated blood to the
parts of the body through the Aorta.
Pulmonary artery is the only artery in the body which
carries deoxygenated blood
60.
61. From the base of the aorta
arise two coronary arteries
which supply blood to the heart
muscles. The cardiac veins
collect the deoxygenated blood
and pour it into the right
ventricles.
62.
63. VALVES OF THE
HEART
There are four valves in
the heart which control
the flow of blood in the
heart.
1.Right Atrio- ventricular
valve/ tricuspid
(triangular leaf like
flaps/cusps held together
by chordae tendinae
which arise from the
walls of the ventricles
called papillary muscles)
2.Left Atrio—ventricular
valve/ bicuspid (two
flaps/ cusps)
3.Pulmonary semilunar
valves
4.Aortic semilunar valves
The valves prevent the
backflow of blood.