2. FUNCTIONS
1.Transport of gases, nutrients, and waste
products
2.Transport of processed molecules
3.Transport of regulatory molecules
4.Regulation of pH and osmosis
5.Maintenance of body temperature
6.Protection against foreign substances
7.Clot formation
3. COMPOSITION
Bloodis a type of connective tissue that consists of a liquid matrix
containing cells and cell fragments.
PLASMA
-Liquid matrix
FORMED ELEMENTS
-Cells and cell fragments
TOTAL BLOOD VOLUME:
4-5 L (Adult female)
5-6 L (adult male)
4.
5.
6. FORMED ELEMENTS
Red blood cells / erythrocytes
most abundant (95%)
White blood cells/ leukocytes and
platelets/thrombocytes
5%
PRODUCTION:
Hematopoiesis
the process by which a small pool of self-renewing
pluripotent HSCs produce red blood cells, platelets, and all
leukocyte types.
7.
8.
9. RED BLOOD CELLS
-disk-shape, with edges that are thicker than the center
of the cell
-biconcave shape increases its surface area for easier
movement of gases and enabling it to pass more easily
through small blood vessels.
-lifespan: 120 days
HEMOGLOBIN
-responsible for the cell’s red color
-contains 4 protein chains and 4 heme groups. (1 globin:
1 heme)
Function
Transport oxygen from the lungs to the tissues and
transport CO2 from tissues to the lungs.
10. Other molecules that bind to hemoglobin
Carbon monoxide (CO)
-binds to iron in hemoglobin about 210 times more readily than
oxygen and does not tend to unbind
-nausea, headache, unconsciousness, and death are possible
consequences of prolonged exposure to CO.
Carbon dioxide (CO2)
-produced in tissues and is transported to the lungs where it is
removed from the blood.
-involves bicarbonate ions (70%), hemoglobin (23%), and plasma
(7%).
Carbonic anhydrase
-enzyme that coverts CO2 and H2O to hydrogen ion (H+) and
bicarbonate ions (HCO3-).
12. 1. In macrophages, the globin part
of hgb is broken down to amino
acids and reused to produce
other proteins.
2. The heme of hemoglobin
releases iron. The heme is
converted into bilirubin
3. Blood transports iron to the red
bone marrow, where it is used
to produce new hemoglobin
4. Blood transports bilirubin to the
liver
5. Bilirubin is excreted as part o the
bile into the small intestine.
Some bilirubin derivatives
contribute to brown color of
feces (stercobilin)
6. Other bilirubin derivatives are
reabsorbed from the intestine
into the blood and excreted
from the kidneys in the urine
(urobilin/urochrome)
13. WHITE BLOOD CELLS
-spherical cells that lack hemoglobin
FUNCTIONS:
1. To protect the body against invading microorganisms and other pathogens
2. To remove dead cells and debris from tissues by phagocytosis
Granulocytes:
1. Neutrophils (most common)
2. Basophils (least common)
3. Eosinophils
Agranulocytes:
1. Lymphocytes (smallest)
2. Monocytes (largest)
15. PLATELETS
-minute cell fragments produced in the red bone marrow from large cells called
megakaryocytes.
-plays important role in preventing blood loss.
16. PREVENTING BLOOD LOSS
THREE PROCESSES:
1. Vascular spasm
2. Platelet plug formation
3. Blood clotting/coagulation
Vascular spasm
-immediate but temporary constriction of a blood vessel that results when smooth
muscle within the wall of the vessel contracts.
Platelet plug formation
- Accumulation of platelets that can seal up a small break in the blood vessel.
Blood clotting/coagulation
- Formation of clot which is a network of threadlike protein fibers, called fibrin, that
traps blood cells, platelets, and fluid.
17.
18.
19. Fibrinolysis
- enzymatic breakdown
of fibrin in blood clots.
1. Thrombin and tissue
plasminogen activator
convert inactive
plasminogen into
plasmin
2. Plasmin breaks down
the fibrin in blood
clot.
20. BLOOD GROUPING
Transfusion- the transfer of blood or blood components from one individual to another
Infusion- introduction of fluid other than blood such as saline into the blood.
ABO BLOOD GROUP
-system used to categorize human blood.
21.
22.
23. Rh blood group
-so named because it was first studied in the Rhesus monkey.
Rh positive – have rh antigens on surface of RBCs
Rh negative- lack the rh antigens
-ABO blood type and the Rh blood type are usually expressed
together
-antibodies against the Rh antigens do not develop unless an rh
negative person is exposed to rh-positive red cells.
-Rh incompatibility can pose a major problem in pregnancy when
the mother is Rh-negative and the fetus is Rh positive.
HEMOLYTIC DISEASE OF THE NEWBORN (HDN)/ ERYTHROBLASTOSIS
FETALIS
-mother produces Rh-antibodies that cross the placenta and cause
agglutination and hemolysis of fetal red cells.
