Machine tools are power-driven devices used to produce parts by removing material from preformed blanks through cutting tools. The document discusses lathes, which are machine tools that remove metal from a workpiece to achieve a desired size and shape. It describes the main components of an engine lathe, including the bed, headstock, tailstock, carriage, feed mechanism, and thread cutting mechanism. It also discusses other types of lathes, lathe accessories, and specifications used to describe lathe characteristics.
The document discusses lathe machines. It defines a lathe as a machine that removes metal from a workpiece to shape it. It then describes some key parts of a lathe like the bed, headstock, tailstock, and carriage. It explains the working principle of a lathe where the cutting tool is fed into a rotating workpiece to shape it. Finally, it summarizes some common lathe operations like turning, facing, drilling and threading.
The document provides information about lathe machines and their operation. It defines a lathe as a machine tool that removes metal from a workpiece to give it a desired shape and size. It then discusses several topics in lathe operation:
1) The major factors considered for selecting cutting speed on a lathe including material type, tool life, dimensions, finish, depth of cut, and machine rigidity.
2) The different classifications of lathe machines including speed, engine, bench, tool room, capstan, turret, special purpose, automatic, and CNC lathes.
3) The basic parts of a center lathe and their functions, which include the bed, headstock, tail
The document discusses specifications for grinding wheels, including the type of abrasive material, abrasive grain size, wheel hardness, wheel structure, and bond material. It provides details on grit size numbering and describes parameters like grain size, grade, and structure. Grit size affects material removal rate and surface finish. Grade refers to abrasive hardness. Structure relates to spacing between grains and is open for high material removal or dense for precision work. Wheels can be reconditioned through dressing to expose sharp grains and truing to restore wheel geometry.
This document discusses various gear manufacturing methods including forming processes like extrusion, stamping, and powder metallurgy as well as machining processes like gear shaping, hobbing, and other gear cutting methods. Extrusion can produce gears of any tooth shape in high volumes but is generally used for smaller non-ferrous gears. Stamping is best for low cost, low precision production while powder metallurgy allows for customizable material properties and reduces machining. Gear shaping and hobbing are true generating processes that cut gear teeth through the motion of cutting tools. Hobbing produces the most accurate gears due to averaging of errors across multiple teeth cuts.
This document contains lecture notes on manufacturing processes and metal cutting theory. It begins with definitions of manufacturing and an overview of various manufacturing processes. It then describes machine tools and their functions in metal cutting. Key sections cover classifications of manufacturing processes, cutting parameters like speed, feed and depth of cut, and characteristics and types of cutting tools materials. In summary, the document provides a comprehensive introduction to manufacturing processes, metal cutting theory, and machine tools.
Machine tools are powered machines used for metal cutting and finishing operations to shape workpieces. Lathes are one of the earliest and most important machine tools, capable of turning, facing, boring, drilling, threading, knurling, and other operations. The basic elements of a lathe include the bed, headstock, tailstock, carriage, saddle, and tooling such as the cross slide and compound rest. Turning operations produce straight, conical, or curved surfaces, while other operations like facing, boring, and threading create specific surface features.
Tool life is measured by the time period from when a tool starts cutting until failure or until it needs resharpening. Tool life can be measured in units of time, number of pieces cut, volume of material removed, or length of cut. Tools typically fail due to high temperatures, mechanical impacts, or gradual wear. Wear occurs on the flank and crater faces of tools and is caused by abrasion, diffusion, electrochemical reactions, and other mechanisms. Factors like cutting speed, workpiece properties, tool geometry, and cooling influence tool life.
Broaching is a machining process where a broach tool with multiple cutting teeth is pushed or pulled through a workpiece to cut it into the desired shape. Broaching provides good dimensional accuracy and surface finish. There are different types of broaching machines like horizontal, vertical pull, continuous, and rotary table machines. Broaching is used to manufacture precision components like bearing caps, gears, and splines. It provides interchangeability but the initial costs of broaches and machines are high.
The document discusses lathe machines. It defines a lathe as a machine that removes metal from a workpiece to shape it. It then describes some key parts of a lathe like the bed, headstock, tailstock, and carriage. It explains the working principle of a lathe where the cutting tool is fed into a rotating workpiece to shape it. Finally, it summarizes some common lathe operations like turning, facing, drilling and threading.
The document provides information about lathe machines and their operation. It defines a lathe as a machine tool that removes metal from a workpiece to give it a desired shape and size. It then discusses several topics in lathe operation:
1) The major factors considered for selecting cutting speed on a lathe including material type, tool life, dimensions, finish, depth of cut, and machine rigidity.
2) The different classifications of lathe machines including speed, engine, bench, tool room, capstan, turret, special purpose, automatic, and CNC lathes.
3) The basic parts of a center lathe and their functions, which include the bed, headstock, tail
The document discusses specifications for grinding wheels, including the type of abrasive material, abrasive grain size, wheel hardness, wheel structure, and bond material. It provides details on grit size numbering and describes parameters like grain size, grade, and structure. Grit size affects material removal rate and surface finish. Grade refers to abrasive hardness. Structure relates to spacing between grains and is open for high material removal or dense for precision work. Wheels can be reconditioned through dressing to expose sharp grains and truing to restore wheel geometry.
This document discusses various gear manufacturing methods including forming processes like extrusion, stamping, and powder metallurgy as well as machining processes like gear shaping, hobbing, and other gear cutting methods. Extrusion can produce gears of any tooth shape in high volumes but is generally used for smaller non-ferrous gears. Stamping is best for low cost, low precision production while powder metallurgy allows for customizable material properties and reduces machining. Gear shaping and hobbing are true generating processes that cut gear teeth through the motion of cutting tools. Hobbing produces the most accurate gears due to averaging of errors across multiple teeth cuts.
This document contains lecture notes on manufacturing processes and metal cutting theory. It begins with definitions of manufacturing and an overview of various manufacturing processes. It then describes machine tools and their functions in metal cutting. Key sections cover classifications of manufacturing processes, cutting parameters like speed, feed and depth of cut, and characteristics and types of cutting tools materials. In summary, the document provides a comprehensive introduction to manufacturing processes, metal cutting theory, and machine tools.
Machine tools are powered machines used for metal cutting and finishing operations to shape workpieces. Lathes are one of the earliest and most important machine tools, capable of turning, facing, boring, drilling, threading, knurling, and other operations. The basic elements of a lathe include the bed, headstock, tailstock, carriage, saddle, and tooling such as the cross slide and compound rest. Turning operations produce straight, conical, or curved surfaces, while other operations like facing, boring, and threading create specific surface features.
Tool life is measured by the time period from when a tool starts cutting until failure or until it needs resharpening. Tool life can be measured in units of time, number of pieces cut, volume of material removed, or length of cut. Tools typically fail due to high temperatures, mechanical impacts, or gradual wear. Wear occurs on the flank and crater faces of tools and is caused by abrasion, diffusion, electrochemical reactions, and other mechanisms. Factors like cutting speed, workpiece properties, tool geometry, and cooling influence tool life.
Broaching is a machining process where a broach tool with multiple cutting teeth is pushed or pulled through a workpiece to cut it into the desired shape. Broaching provides good dimensional accuracy and surface finish. There are different types of broaching machines like horizontal, vertical pull, continuous, and rotary table machines. Broaching is used to manufacture precision components like bearing caps, gears, and splines. It provides interchangeability but the initial costs of broaches and machines are high.
The document provides an introduction to computer numerical control (CNC) machine tools and part programming. It discusses the evolution of CNC from numerical control, the development of computer-controlled machine tools, and some key components of CNC systems like controllers, feedback systems, and programming. The document also presents examples of different CNC machine types, industries that utilize CNC, sample CNC manufactured parts, and concepts like open-loop vs closed-loop control and manual part programming.
This document describes an experiment to perform step turning and taper turning operations on a lathe. The objective is to machine a mild steel rod using various lathe operations like centering, facing, plain turning, chamfering, step turning, grooving, and taper turning. Precautions are outlined like securely holding the workpiece and tool, maintaining optimal machining conditions, and clearing chips frequently. The results are that the experiment demonstrates how to perform taper and step turning on a lathe.
The document summarizes the main parts and specifications of a slotting machine. A slotting machine has a vertical ram and rotary table that allows for vertical cutting movement. The main parts include a base, column, table, and ram. The ram moves vertically to perform the cutting, guided by the column. Typical specifications for a 300mm stroke slotter include a 300mm maximum stroke, 450mm height between table and head, and dimensions for the table, bed, and overall machine. It is belt driven and requires 2HP power.
Broaching is a machining process that uses a broach tool to remove material from a workpiece. The broach tool has a series of cutting teeth arranged in a row with each tooth slightly higher than the previous one. The broach is moved linearly through the workpiece, with each successive tooth removing more material. Broaching can produce finished surfaces and tight tolerances with a single pass of the broach tool. It is well-suited for mass production applications due to its high material removal rate and long tool life.
This document discusses chip formation during metal cutting processes. It begins with an introduction to metal cutting and chip formation. It then describes the mechanics of chip formation, including how shear deformation causes material to be removed from the workpiece in the form of chips. It discusses factors that influence chip type, such as the material properties, cutting conditions, and tool properties. Finally, it describes the different types of chips that can be formed, including continuous chips, discontinuous chips, and continuous chips with built up edges.
Automatic lathes are machine tools that can machine components automatically through an entire work cycle without operator participation. They are used for high volume production. The machines contain control systems that actuate all tool and workpiece movements in a defined sequence. Automatic lathes are classified based on how they load workpieces, number of spindles, and orientation of spindles. Single spindle automatics include cutoff machines and screw machines. Multi-spindle automatics like parallel action and progressive action machines can machine multiple workpieces simultaneously to greatly increase production rates.
This document provides definitions and principles related to locating and clamping in jigs and fixtures design. It defines a jig as a device that holds work and locates the tool path, and a fixture as a device that locates work on a machine table. It discusses locating principles like six point location and 3-2-1 principle. It also covers various locating and clamping devices like pins, buttons, V-locators, and different types of clamps. The document aims to provide fundamental guidelines for effective design of jigs and fixtures.
Milling is a machining process that uses rotary cutters to remove material from a workpiece by feeding the workpiece into a spinning tool. There are two main types of milling machines: horizontal and vertical. Horizontal milling machines have a horizontally mounted spindle and cutter above the worktable, while vertical milling machines have a vertically oriented spindle and cutter that can plunge to cut the workpiece. The type of milling machine used depends on factors like the shape, size, and number of sides needing machining of the workpiece.
This document discusses machining and cutting tools. It defines machining as a process that removes excess material from preformed blanks using cutting tools to achieve desired dimensions and surface finish. It also describes different types of machine tools, cutting tool materials like high speed steel and stellite, cutting tool geometry, chip formation, cutting forces, mechanics of orthogonal cutting, and calculations of metal removal rate and cutting power consumption.
This document discusses tool geometry and signatures for single point cutting tools. It defines key tool angles such as rake angles, clearance angles, and cutting edge angles. Rake angles are provided for chip flow, while clearance angles avoid rubbing between the tool and workpiece. The document then explains ANSI tool signature standards and defines each element of a signature for a single point tool, including back rake angle, side rake angle, end and side relief angles, end and side cutting edge angles, and nose radius. An example signature of 0-7-6-8-15-16-0.8 is provided.
This document provides information about mechanical engineering and the centre lathe. It discusses the main parts and functions of the lathe, including the headstock, bed, carriage, cross-slide, apron, tailstock, tool post, and quick-change gearbox. It also covers lathe safety, types of lathes, cutting speeds, lathe accessories such as centers, chucks, faceplates, and work holding methods. The objectives are to identify lathe parts and their purposes, discuss safety procedures, calculate cutting speeds, and describe various lathe accessories.
1. A shaper is a machine tool used to produce flat surfaces on workpieces through the reciprocating motion of a toolhead. The first metalworking shaper was developed in 1836.
2. Shapers are classified based on the mechanism that provides reciprocation, the position and travel of the ram, the design of the work table, and the type of cutting stroke.
3. Common types include crank-driven shapers, gear-driven shapers, hydraulic shapers, horizontal shapers, vertical shapers, and universal shapers that allow for additional angles of machining.
The document discusses different types of drilling machines. It describes portable, sensitive, upright, radial, gang, and deep hole drilling machines. It provides details on the typical parts of drilling machines like the base, column, table, head, spindle, and feed mechanisms. It also explains twist drills, reamers, counterbores, and taps used with drilling machines.
1. CNC machines evolved from NC machines with the introduction of computers to control machine tools numerically.
2. Early CNC systems used punched tapes to input programs, while modern systems use computers and memory to input, edit, and store programs along with accepting CAD files.
3. CNC machines use feedback devices like encoders and touch probes to provide closed loop control and accurately position tools.
The document provides an overview of lathe machines, including their construction, types, attachments, accessories, safety practices, and operations. Key points include that a lathe removes metal to shape workpieces and operates by rotating the workpiece against a fixed cutting tool. It describes the main components of a lathe such as the bed, headstock, carriage, and tailstock. The document also covers various lathe types including engine, bench, turret, and CNC lathes, as well as common attachments like taper turning and grinding attachments.
This document provides information about lathe machines, including their construction, types, and specifications. It discusses the main components of lathes like the bed, headstock, tailstock, and carriage. It describes different types of lathes such as speed lathes, engine lathes, bench lathes, tool room lathes, capstan and turret lathes, and automatic lathes. It also covers topics like lathe operations, taper turning methods, thread cutting, and lathe attachments. Specification factors for lathes like height of centers, swing diameter, length between centers are defined.
The document provides an introduction to computer numerical control (CNC) machine tools and part programming. It discusses the evolution of CNC from numerical control, the development of computer-controlled machine tools, and some key components of CNC systems like controllers, feedback systems, and programming. The document also presents examples of different CNC machine types, industries that utilize CNC, sample CNC manufactured parts, and concepts like open-loop vs closed-loop control and manual part programming.
This document describes an experiment to perform step turning and taper turning operations on a lathe. The objective is to machine a mild steel rod using various lathe operations like centering, facing, plain turning, chamfering, step turning, grooving, and taper turning. Precautions are outlined like securely holding the workpiece and tool, maintaining optimal machining conditions, and clearing chips frequently. The results are that the experiment demonstrates how to perform taper and step turning on a lathe.
The document summarizes the main parts and specifications of a slotting machine. A slotting machine has a vertical ram and rotary table that allows for vertical cutting movement. The main parts include a base, column, table, and ram. The ram moves vertically to perform the cutting, guided by the column. Typical specifications for a 300mm stroke slotter include a 300mm maximum stroke, 450mm height between table and head, and dimensions for the table, bed, and overall machine. It is belt driven and requires 2HP power.
Broaching is a machining process that uses a broach tool to remove material from a workpiece. The broach tool has a series of cutting teeth arranged in a row with each tooth slightly higher than the previous one. The broach is moved linearly through the workpiece, with each successive tooth removing more material. Broaching can produce finished surfaces and tight tolerances with a single pass of the broach tool. It is well-suited for mass production applications due to its high material removal rate and long tool life.
This document discusses chip formation during metal cutting processes. It begins with an introduction to metal cutting and chip formation. It then describes the mechanics of chip formation, including how shear deformation causes material to be removed from the workpiece in the form of chips. It discusses factors that influence chip type, such as the material properties, cutting conditions, and tool properties. Finally, it describes the different types of chips that can be formed, including continuous chips, discontinuous chips, and continuous chips with built up edges.
Automatic lathes are machine tools that can machine components automatically through an entire work cycle without operator participation. They are used for high volume production. The machines contain control systems that actuate all tool and workpiece movements in a defined sequence. Automatic lathes are classified based on how they load workpieces, number of spindles, and orientation of spindles. Single spindle automatics include cutoff machines and screw machines. Multi-spindle automatics like parallel action and progressive action machines can machine multiple workpieces simultaneously to greatly increase production rates.
This document provides definitions and principles related to locating and clamping in jigs and fixtures design. It defines a jig as a device that holds work and locates the tool path, and a fixture as a device that locates work on a machine table. It discusses locating principles like six point location and 3-2-1 principle. It also covers various locating and clamping devices like pins, buttons, V-locators, and different types of clamps. The document aims to provide fundamental guidelines for effective design of jigs and fixtures.
Milling is a machining process that uses rotary cutters to remove material from a workpiece by feeding the workpiece into a spinning tool. There are two main types of milling machines: horizontal and vertical. Horizontal milling machines have a horizontally mounted spindle and cutter above the worktable, while vertical milling machines have a vertically oriented spindle and cutter that can plunge to cut the workpiece. The type of milling machine used depends on factors like the shape, size, and number of sides needing machining of the workpiece.
This document discusses machining and cutting tools. It defines machining as a process that removes excess material from preformed blanks using cutting tools to achieve desired dimensions and surface finish. It also describes different types of machine tools, cutting tool materials like high speed steel and stellite, cutting tool geometry, chip formation, cutting forces, mechanics of orthogonal cutting, and calculations of metal removal rate and cutting power consumption.
This document discusses tool geometry and signatures for single point cutting tools. It defines key tool angles such as rake angles, clearance angles, and cutting edge angles. Rake angles are provided for chip flow, while clearance angles avoid rubbing between the tool and workpiece. The document then explains ANSI tool signature standards and defines each element of a signature for a single point tool, including back rake angle, side rake angle, end and side relief angles, end and side cutting edge angles, and nose radius. An example signature of 0-7-6-8-15-16-0.8 is provided.
This document provides information about mechanical engineering and the centre lathe. It discusses the main parts and functions of the lathe, including the headstock, bed, carriage, cross-slide, apron, tailstock, tool post, and quick-change gearbox. It also covers lathe safety, types of lathes, cutting speeds, lathe accessories such as centers, chucks, faceplates, and work holding methods. The objectives are to identify lathe parts and their purposes, discuss safety procedures, calculate cutting speeds, and describe various lathe accessories.
1. A shaper is a machine tool used to produce flat surfaces on workpieces through the reciprocating motion of a toolhead. The first metalworking shaper was developed in 1836.
2. Shapers are classified based on the mechanism that provides reciprocation, the position and travel of the ram, the design of the work table, and the type of cutting stroke.
3. Common types include crank-driven shapers, gear-driven shapers, hydraulic shapers, horizontal shapers, vertical shapers, and universal shapers that allow for additional angles of machining.
The document discusses different types of drilling machines. It describes portable, sensitive, upright, radial, gang, and deep hole drilling machines. It provides details on the typical parts of drilling machines like the base, column, table, head, spindle, and feed mechanisms. It also explains twist drills, reamers, counterbores, and taps used with drilling machines.
1. CNC machines evolved from NC machines with the introduction of computers to control machine tools numerically.
2. Early CNC systems used punched tapes to input programs, while modern systems use computers and memory to input, edit, and store programs along with accepting CAD files.
3. CNC machines use feedback devices like encoders and touch probes to provide closed loop control and accurately position tools.
The document provides an overview of lathe machines, including their construction, types, attachments, accessories, safety practices, and operations. Key points include that a lathe removes metal to shape workpieces and operates by rotating the workpiece against a fixed cutting tool. It describes the main components of a lathe such as the bed, headstock, carriage, and tailstock. The document also covers various lathe types including engine, bench, turret, and CNC lathes, as well as common attachments like taper turning and grinding attachments.
This document provides information about lathe machines, including their construction, types, and specifications. It discusses the main components of lathes like the bed, headstock, tailstock, and carriage. It describes different types of lathes such as speed lathes, engine lathes, bench lathes, tool room lathes, capstan and turret lathes, and automatic lathes. It also covers topics like lathe operations, taper turning methods, thread cutting, and lathe attachments. Specification factors for lathes like height of centers, swing diameter, length between centers are defined.
The document discusses lathe machines and their operation. It defines a lathe as a machine that removes metal from a workpiece to shape it. The main parts of a lathe are identified as the bed, headstock, tailstock, and carriage. Lathes operate by rotating the workpiece and moving a fixed cutting tool into it. Common lathe operations include turning, facing, drilling, grooving and parting.
Mechanical Technology Grade 12 Chapter 6 Terminology Of MachinesFuture Managers
This slide show accompanies the learner guide "Mechanical Technology Grade 10" by Charles Goodwin, Andre Lategan & Daniel Meyer, published by Future Managers Pty Ltd. For more information visit our website www.futuremanagers.net
Henry Maudslay is considered the father of machine tool technology for his inventions around 1800, including a metal lathe that enabled mass production with interchangeable parts. A lathe is used to machine cylindrical workpieces and consists of main parts like the bed, headstock, tailstock, carriage, and tool post. Different lathe types include engine lathes, turret lathes, and automatic lathes. The document discusses lathe parts and mechanisms in detail.
This document provides an introduction to lathe machines, including their definition, classification, working principle, and common operations. It defines a lathe as a machine tool that holds and rotates the workpiece to cut it to the desired shape using a fixed cutting tool. Lathes are classified based on their size and intended use, such as engine lathes, bench lathes, and turret lathes. The working principle involves rotating the workpiece against a stationary cutting tool. Common lathe operations include turning, facing, taper turning, threading, grooving, and boring.
This document provides information about lathe machines, including:
1. It describes the basic working principle of a lathe machine as securely holding a workpiece to turn and shape it against a single-point cutting tool.
2. It lists and briefly describes several common types of lathes - speed lathe, engine lathe, bench lathe, tool room lathe, capstan and turret lathe, and special purpose lathes.
3. It outlines the key construction parts of a lathe machine, including the bed, headstock, tailstock, carriage, feed mechanisms, and screw cutting mechanism.
The document provides information about the working principle and components of a lathe machine. It describes that the lathe holds the workpiece firmly and rotates it while a cutting tool is fed into the revolving workpiece to remove material. The main components include the bed, headstock, tailstock, carriage, and feed mechanism. It also discusses various lathe operations like turning, facing, grooving and threading. Taper turning can be done using methods like the form tool method or compound rest method.
The document discusses the main parts and operations of capstan and turret lathes. Capstan lathes have a turret head mounted on a ram that slides on the saddle, while turret lathes mount the turret head directly on the saddle. Both types of lathes can perform multiple operations simultaneously using tools mounted on an indexing turret head. They provide higher production rates than conventional lathes through automated tool changes and setups.
The document summarizes different types of turning machines. It describes the key components of centre lathes like the bed, headstock, tailstock, and carriage. It explains different lathe operations like taper turning and thread cutting methods. The document also discusses automatic lathes and capstan and turret lathes. Capstan lathes have a turret head that moves on a saddle while turret lathes have a turret head mounted directly on the saddle. Automatic lathes can produce parts automatically without operator attention through the use of tooling and camshaft controls.
The document summarizes different types of turning machines. It describes the key components of centre lathes like the bed, headstock, tailstock, and carriage. It explains different lathe operations like taper turning and thread cutting methods. The document also discusses automatic lathes and capstan and turret lathes. Capstan lathes have a turret head that moves on a ram and saddle, while turret lathes have a stationary saddle. Automatic lathes can produce identical parts without operator assistance through automatic tool changes and workpiece loading/unloading.
The document discusses different types of lathe machines and their parts and operations. It describes several lathe types including center lathes, bench lathes, tool room lathes, turret lathes, capstan lathes, tracer/copy lathes, automatic lathes, and CNC lathes. It outlines the main parts of a lathe such as the bed, headstock, gearbox, carriage, cross-slide, apron, and tailstock. Common lathe operations like turning, facing, boring, drilling, threading, and knurling are also summarized. Standard operating procedures for lathe safety and maintenance are provided.
1. The document discusses different types of turning machines, including center lathes, turret lathes, capstan lathes, and automatic lathes. It describes the basic parts and functions of a center lathe like the bed, headstock, tailstock, and carriage.
2. Various lathe operations are outlined such as plain turning, taper turning, drilling, boring, and knurling. Special attachments for milling and grinding are also mentioned.
3. Automatic lathes are classified as either magazine-loaded or chucking-type depending on how the workpiece is loaded and removed for machining duplicate parts automatically.
The given presentation consists of introduction to lathe machines, working principles, classification, constructions, accessories, lathe operations, work holding devices, etc
i hope, it will helpful to the students and peoples in the search of topics mentioned
it is informative to study to even get passing marks or for revision
This document provides an overview of facility layout and maintenance management concepts. It discusses types of plant layouts including product oriented, process oriented, fixed position, and combination layouts. Factors affecting layout and objectives of layout design are outlined. Material handling equipment types are described including hoists, conveyors, surface equipment, robotics, and computer controlled conveyors. Flexible manufacturing systems are defined including components, types based on operations and flexibility level. Finally, the document covers maintenance management topics such as types of maintenance, reasons for maintenance, costs of maintenance activities, and advantages and disadvantages of different maintenance approaches.
Compiled By: Mr. Gokul O
Assistant Professor
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Sree Buddha College of Engineering, Pattoor
According to APJ Abdul Kalam Technological University Syllabus
Subject- Industrial Engineering
Course code- ME404
Wind tunnels come in several types depending on their design and airflow characteristics. The document describes blow down, atmospheric entry, high enthalpy, and continuous flow wind tunnels. Continuous flow wind tunnels can be open circuit for subsonic or supersonic testing, or closed circuit. Open circuit tunnels work by drawing in air and exhausting it, while closed circuit wind tunnels recirculate the air through a compressor. The different wind tunnel types are used to simulate various flow conditions for testing aircraft and missile components.
Management can be defined as the process of planning, organizing, staffing, leading and controlling organizational resources to achieve organizational goals in an efficient and effective manner. It involves coordinating the efforts of people and using available resources to achieve desired goals. Management occurs at three levels in organizations - top level, middle level, and lower level. The key functions of management include planning, organizing, staffing, directing and controlling. Management is both a science and an art as it involves both a systematic body of knowledge as well as practical application of skills. Organizations must understand and adapt to various internal and external environmental factors that influence their operations.
The document discusses life skills and effective communication. It defines life skills as abilities that enable individuals to deal with everyday challenges. Life skills are categorized into cognitive, personal, and interpersonal skills and include skills like decision making, problem solving, communication, and stress management. Effective communication involves clearly sending and receiving intended messages and is important for social and professional contexts. The document also discusses various aspects of communication like types, flows, barriers, and overcoming noise.
Life skills -_4_-_non_verbal_communicationJim Alex
This document discusses various aspects of non-verbal communication. It describes how body language, paralanguage, object language and other modes convey messages. Body language includes use of space, posture, gestures, facial expressions and touch. Paralanguage involves tone, pitch, volume, rate of speech, pronunciation and pauses. Object language refers to clothing, possessions and physical appearance expressing status. Kinesics, proxemics, chronemics and other topics are also summarized. Examples are provided throughout to illustrate different types of non-verbal communication.
1. Combustion involves the rapid chemical combination of fuel and oxygen, resulting in heat release. It requires a combustible mixture, an ignition source, and flame propagation.
2. In spark ignition (SI) engines, a carburetor supplies an air-fuel mixture and a spark plug ignites it. Combustion in SI engines occurs in three stages: ignition lag, flame propagation, and afterburning.
3. Factors like air-fuel ratio, compression ratio, load, turbulence, and engine speed affect the flame propagation rate in SI engines. Higher propagation speeds improve efficiency and fuel economy.
Nickel and its alloys have a variety of applications due to their properties such as high strength, corrosion resistance, and ability to retain strength at high temperatures. Some key uses of nickel and its alloys include:
1) Stainless steel and nickel-copper alloys like Monel are used for propeller shafts, desalination plants, and other applications that require corrosion resistance.
2) Nickel-cadmium batteries and nickel-silver alloys are used in portable electronics, keys, and coins due to their electrical properties and corrosion resistance.
3) Nickel-chromium and nickel-base superalloys are used in gas turbines, rocket engines, and other high-temperature applications because
This presentation is about Food Delivery Systems and how they are developed using the Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC) and other methods. It explains the steps involved in creating a food delivery app, from planning and designing to testing and launching. The slide also covers different tools and technologies used to make these systems work efficiently.
Applications of artificial Intelligence in Mechanical Engineering.pdfAtif Razi
Historically, mechanical engineering has relied heavily on human expertise and empirical methods to solve complex problems. With the introduction of computer-aided design (CAD) and finite element analysis (FEA), the field took its first steps towards digitization. These tools allowed engineers to simulate and analyze mechanical systems with greater accuracy and efficiency. However, the sheer volume of data generated by modern engineering systems and the increasing complexity of these systems have necessitated more advanced analytical tools, paving the way for AI.
AI offers the capability to process vast amounts of data, identify patterns, and make predictions with a level of speed and accuracy unattainable by traditional methods. This has profound implications for mechanical engineering, enabling more efficient design processes, predictive maintenance strategies, and optimized manufacturing operations. AI-driven tools can learn from historical data, adapt to new information, and continuously improve their performance, making them invaluable in tackling the multifaceted challenges of modern mechanical engineering.
Sri Guru Hargobind Ji - Bandi Chor Guru.pdfBalvir Singh
Sri Guru Hargobind Ji (19 June 1595 - 3 March 1644) is revered as the Sixth Nanak.
• On 25 May 1606 Guru Arjan nominated his son Sri Hargobind Ji as his successor. Shortly
afterwards, Guru Arjan was arrested, tortured and killed by order of the Mogul Emperor
Jahangir.
• Guru Hargobind's succession ceremony took place on 24 June 1606. He was barely
eleven years old when he became 6th Guru.
• As ordered by Guru Arjan Dev Ji, he put on two swords, one indicated his spiritual
authority (PIRI) and the other, his temporal authority (MIRI). He thus for the first time
initiated military tradition in the Sikh faith to resist religious persecution, protect
people’s freedom and independence to practice religion by choice. He transformed
Sikhs to be Saints and Soldier.
• He had a long tenure as Guru, lasting 37 years, 9 months and 3 days
Null Bangalore | Pentesters Approach to AWS IAMDivyanshu
#Abstract:
- Learn more about the real-world methods for auditing AWS IAM (Identity and Access Management) as a pentester. So let us proceed with a brief discussion of IAM as well as some typical misconfigurations and their potential exploits in order to reinforce the understanding of IAM security best practices.
- Gain actionable insights into AWS IAM policies and roles, using hands on approach.
#Prerequisites:
- Basic understanding of AWS services and architecture
- Familiarity with cloud security concepts
- Experience using the AWS Management Console or AWS CLI.
- For hands on lab create account on [killercoda.com](https://killercoda.com/cloudsecurity-scenario/)
# Scenario Covered:
- Basics of IAM in AWS
- Implementing IAM Policies with Least Privilege to Manage S3 Bucket
- Objective: Create an S3 bucket with least privilege IAM policy and validate access.
- Steps:
- Create S3 bucket.
- Attach least privilege policy to IAM user.
- Validate access.
- Exploiting IAM PassRole Misconfiguration
-Allows a user to pass a specific IAM role to an AWS service (ec2), typically used for service access delegation. Then exploit PassRole Misconfiguration granting unauthorized access to sensitive resources.
- Objective: Demonstrate how a PassRole misconfiguration can grant unauthorized access.
- Steps:
- Allow user to pass IAM role to EC2.
- Exploit misconfiguration for unauthorized access.
- Access sensitive resources.
- Exploiting IAM AssumeRole Misconfiguration with Overly Permissive Role
- An overly permissive IAM role configuration can lead to privilege escalation by creating a role with administrative privileges and allow a user to assume this role.
- Objective: Show how overly permissive IAM roles can lead to privilege escalation.
- Steps:
- Create role with administrative privileges.
- Allow user to assume the role.
- Perform administrative actions.
- Differentiation between PassRole vs AssumeRole
Try at [killercoda.com](https://killercoda.com/cloudsecurity-scenario/)
Accident detection system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
The Rapid growth of technology and infrastructure has made our lives easier. The
advent of technology has also increased the traffic hazards and the road accidents take place
frequently which causes huge loss of life and property because of the poor emergency facilities.
Many lives could have been saved if emergency service could get accident information and
reach in time. Our project will provide an optimum solution to this draw back. A piezo electric
sensor can be used as a crash or rollover detector of the vehicle during and after a crash. With
signals from a piezo electric sensor, a severe accident can be recognized. According to this
project when a vehicle meets with an accident immediately piezo electric sensor will detect the
signal or if a car rolls over. Then with the help of GSM module and GPS module, the location
will be sent to the emergency contact. Then after conforming the location necessary action will
be taken. If the person meets with a small accident or if there is no serious threat to anyone’s
life, then the alert message can be terminated by the driver by a switch provided in order to
avoid wasting the valuable time of the medical rescue team.
Impartiality as per ISO /IEC 17025:2017 StandardMuhammadJazib15
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2. Definition for Machine tool
A machine tool is a power driven device which is used
to produce jobs of desired size, shape and surface
finish by removing excess material from the
preformed blanks in the form of chips with the help
of cutting tools moved past the work surface(s).
Definition for Machining
It is the process of producing workpiece having desired
size, shape and surface finish by removing excess
material from the preformed blanks in the form of
chips .
2
3. The physical functions of a Machine Tool in
machining are:
firmly holding the workpiece and the tool
transmit motions to the tool and the work piece
provide power to the tool-work pair for the machining
action.
control of the machining parameters, i.e., speed, feed
and depth of cut.
3
4. Lathe
Shaper
Milling machines
Drilling machines
Grinding machines
Slotting machines
Planing machines
Boring machines
Lathe is a machine, which removes the metal from the workpiece to
the required shape &size
4
5. The most common form of lathe, motor driven and comes in large
variety of sizes and shapes
PARTS OF AN ENGINE LATHE
5
7. The six(6) major
components of an
engine lathe are:
Bed
Headstock
Tailstock
Carriage
Feed mechanism
Thread cutting
mechanism
7
8. The foundation of a lathe is the bed.
Head stock and tailstock are located on either end of
the bed and carriage rest over the lathe bed and slides
on it
In order to make rigid ribs are provided on the lathe
bed
The bed provides the basic lathe rigidity and is the
primary source to the alignment of the other major
components of the lathe.
On the top of the bed there are 2 set of
guideways(outer ways and innerways)
Outer guide way provides sliding surface for the
carriage
8
9. Inner guide way act as the sliding surface for the
tailstock
The inverted V type guide ways provides better guide
for carriage,tailstock,ensure accurate alignment and are
unaffected by any wear.
Alloy Cast Iron is the best material for lathe bed. Nickel
and Chromium are the major alloying elements
Requirements of lathe bed material
Good wear resistant
High compressive strength
Good load absorption capacity
9
12. It is attached permanently on the inner ways at the left hand end of
the lathe bed and provides mechanical means of rotating the work
at multiple speeds.
It consist of a hollow spindle and a mechanism for driving and
altering the spindle speed.
Head stock spindle
Made out of carbon or nickel chromium steel.
Spindle revolves on two large bearings provided in the head stock
casting.
12
15. 15
Methods to vary the speed of the lathe spindle
1. By belt drive or cone pulley fitted on the
headstock spindle with or without back gear
arrangement
2. By all gear drive using sliding gears or
clutches
3. By variable speed motor
16. Tail stock is located on the inner ways of the right hand
end of the bed.
Its functions are
It supports the other end of the work when it is being
machined between centres.
It holds the tool for performing operations such as
drilling, reaming, tapping etc
16
19. The Carriage assembly is the work horse of the lathe. It is
composed of:
Saddle
Cross slide
Compound rest
Tool post
Apron
A Saddle, which is an "H" shaped casting machined to fit the
"V"-ways of the bed and slides along the ways
It carries the Cross slide and tool post
Cross slide
We can move the cutting tool right angles to the lathe axis
19
20. Compound rest
Mounted on the top of the cross slide and has a circular base
graduated in degrees.
It is used for obtaining angular cuts and short tapers as well as
convenient positioning of the tool to the work.
There is no power feed to the compound rest.
Tool post
Located on the top of the compound rest to hold the tool and
enable it to be adjusted to a convenient working position
Common types of tool post are
Single screw tool post
Four bolt tool post
Open side tool post
Four way tool post
20
27. APRON
It is attached to the saddle and hangs over the front of the
bed
It contains gears,clutches,levers for operating the carriage
by hand and power feed.
The apron also contains friction clutches for automatic
feed
Apron mechanism makes longitudinal feed of the carriage
and cross feed of the cross slide be automatic
FEED mechanism
Longitudinal feed
Cross feed
Angular feed
27
28. Consist of the following units
End of bed gearing
Feed gear box
Feed rod and lead screw
Apron mechanism
28
30. 30
Feed gear box
Feed gear box or quick-change gear box is fitted
directly below the head stock assembly.
This gear box contains a number of different sizes of
gears which provides a means to change the rate of
feed, and the ratio between revolutions of head stock
spindle and the movement of the carriage for thread
cutting by altering the speed of rotation of lead screw
or feed rod
Feed rod
Feed rod is a long shaft that has the keyway extending
from feedbox across and in front of the bed.
Feed rod is used to move the carriage or cross slide for
turning ,boring, facing and all other operations except
thread cutting.
31. Lead screw
Lead screw is a long threaded shaft used as a master
screw and is used in case of thread cutting.
Reversal of feed
Tumbler gear mechanism
Bevel gear feed reversal mechanism
Tumbler gear mechanism
is used to change the direction of rotation of lead
screw and feed rod.
By engaging tumbler gear the carriage can be moved
automatically from tailstock end to head stock end
and vice versa.
During thread cutting this mechanism is used .
31
36. Speed lathe
Engine Lathe or centre lathe
Bench Lathe
Tool room lathe
Tracer lathe
Automatic Lathe
Capstan and Turret Lathe
Computer Controlled Lathe
Special purpose lathe
36
37. Types of lathe
Speed lathe
In construction and operation simplest of all types of
lathe. 2 to 3 spindle speeds are available. High spindle
speed from 1200- 3600 rpm
Engine Lathe or centre lathe
The most common form of lathe, motor driven and
comes in large variety of sizes and shapes.
Bench Lathe
A bench top model usually of low power used to make
precision machine small work pieces.
Tracer Lathe
a lathe that has the ability to follow a template to copy
a shape or contour.
37
38. Automatic Lathe
High speed, heavy duty, mass production lathes with automatic
control
Performs automatically all operations to finish the job
Changing of tools, speeds and feeds are done automatically
Machine repeats the cycles producing identical parts without an
operator after completing a job
Turret Lathe
A lathe which have multiple tools mounted on turret either
attached to the tailstock or the cross-slide, which allows for
quick changes in tooling and cutting operations.
Computer Controlled Lathe
A highly automated lathe, where both cutting, loading, tool
changing, and part unloading are automatically controlled by
computer coding.
38
39. 39
Tool room lathe
Features similar to engine lathe
More accurately built and has wide range of spindle speeds –
very low to quite high upto 2500 rpm
Equipped with a chuck, taper turning attachment, collet
attachment, steady and follower rest etc.
Used for precision work on tools, dies, gauges where accuracy
is needed.
Costlier than engine lathe of the same size
Special purpose lathe
Used for special purposes
For jobs which cannot be machined on standard lathe
43. Accessories are used for holding and supporting the work or for holding the tool
Attachments are additional equipment used for specific purposes.
Different Accessories are on lathe are
Centres
Catch plates and carrier dogs
chucks
Collets
Face plate
Angle plate
Mandrels
Rests ( steady rest & follower rest)
Attachments are
Grinding attachment
Milling attachment
Grinding attachment
Gear cutting attachment
43
48. Chucks
A chuck is one of the most important device for holding and rotating
the work piece on lathe
Chuck is attached to the lathe spindle by means of bolt with back
plate screwed on to the spindle nose.
Different types of chucks are
4 jaw chuck
3 jaw chuck
Air or hydraulic operated chuck
Magnetic chuck
Collet chuck
Combination chuck
Magnetic chuck
Drill chuck
Combination chuck
48
54. 54
MANDRELS
A mandrel is a device for holding and rotating a hollow piece of work that has been
previously drilled or bored
The work revolves with the mandrel which is mounted between two centres
Different types of mandrels are employed for specific requirements
Plain mandrel, step mandrel,Collar mandrel, screwed mandrel,Gang mandrel,
Expansion mandrel
84. Height of centres
Swing dia. Over bed
Length between centres
Swing diameter over carriage.
Maximun bar diameter.
Length of the bed
The bore diameter of the spindle
The width of the bed
The type of the bed
Pitch value of the lead screw
Horse power of the motor
.Number and range of spindle speeds
Number of feeds
Spindle nose diameter
Floor space required
84
88. 88
DRILLING MACHINE OPERATIONS
1. Drilling: it is an operation of producing a circular hole in a work piece
by forcing a drill in the work piece.
2. Boring: it is an operation of enlarging a hole that has already been
drilled. Single point cutting tool is used in boring.
3. Reaming: Reaming is done with reamers. It is done to generate the hole
of proper size and finish after drilling
4. Tapping: It is an operating of producing internal threads in a hole by
means of a tap.
5. Counter Boring: It is an operation of enlarging the entry of a drilled
hole to accommodate the bolt head etc. Counter boring tool does it.
6. Spot Facing: It is an operation done on the drilled hole to provide
smooth seat for bolt head.
7. Counter Sinking: It is an operation to bevel the top of a drilled hole for
making a conical seat. A counter sunk drill is used in this operation.
8.Trepanning
Trepanning is the operation of producing a hole in sheet metal by
removing metal along the circumference of a hollow cutting tool.
Trepanning operation is performed for producing large holes
90. Work holding devices on drilling machine
T bolt and clamp
Drill press vise
Step block
V block
angle plate
Drill jig
T bolt and clamp
90
97. AXIS: Imaginary straight line that forms the center line of the drill
BODY: Portion of the drill extending from its extreme point to the commencement of neck.
DRILL DIAMETER: The diameter over the margins of the drill measured at the point.
CHISEL EDGE: Edge formed by the intersection of flanks.
BODY DIAMETER CLEARANCE The portion of the body surface which is reduced in diameter to
provide diametral clearance.
CHISEL EDGE CORNER Corner formed by the intersection of a lip and the chisel edge..
FLUTE : Groove in the body of the drill which provides lip
FLANK: The surface on point which extends behind the lip to the following flute.
FACE : The portion of the flute surface adjacent to the lip on which the chip impinges
as it cut from the work.
HEEL : Edge formed by the intersection of flute surface and body clearance.
LAND : Cylindrically ground surface on the leading edge of the drill flutes.
LIP(CUTTING EDGE): Edge formed by the intersection of flank and face
POINT Sharpened end of the drill consisting all part of the drill which is sharpened to
produce lips,faces,flanks and chisel edge.
TANG: The flattened end of taper shank intended to fit into a drift slot in the spindle.
SHANK Part of the drill by which it is held and rotate
WEB: The central portion of the body that joins the lands. The extreme end of the web
forms the chisel edge on a two-flute drill
97
98. BACK TAPER: Slight decrease in diameter from point towards shank, in the
body of the drill.
FLUTE LENGTH: The axial length from the extreme end of the point to the
termination of the flute at the shank end of the body.
LEAD OF HELIX : The distance measured parallel to the drill axis between
the corresponding point on the leading edge of the flute in one complete turn
of the flute.
LIP LENGTH Minimum distance between Outer corner and the chisel edge
corner of the lip.
OVERALL LENGTH : The length over the extreme ends of the point and the
shank of the drill.
DRILL ANGLES
CHISEL EDGE ANGLE included angle between the chisel edge and lip as
viewed from the end of the drill
. Usual value of this is 120 deg to 135 deg.
HELIX ANGLE Angle formed by the leading edge of the land with a plane
having the axis of the drill.
If flute is right handed – the rake angle is positive .
If flute is left handed – the rake angle is negative
Value : 30 deg to 45 deg.
98
99. POINT ANGLE: Included angle between 2 lips projected upon a plane parallel to the drill
axis and parallel to the 2 cutting lips.
Point angle of standard twist drill is 118 deg.
LIP CLEARANCE ANGLE : angle formed by the flank and a plane right angles to the drill
axis.
lip clearance angle is usually 12 deg.
99
102. Designation of twist drill
eg . Parallel shank twist drill(long) 10.00-IS :599-CS-S-80
Drill materials
One piece construction : HSS or carbon steel
Two piece construction-
cutting portion :HSS
Shank portion :carbon steel
Cemented carbide tipped drills are also used in mass production
work
102
104. PARTS
Bed
Headstock
step cone pulley head stock
Electric motor driven head stock
All geared head stock
Pre selective head stock
Turret head and saddle
Cross slide
104
127. CLAMPING ON VICE
CLAMPING DIRECTLY ON TABLE
USING T BOLT AND STRAP CLAMP
USING STRIP AND STOP PINS
USING A WEDGE STRIP AND STOP PIN
CLAMPING ON AN ANGLE PLATE
CLAMPING OVER A VEE BLOCK
CLAMIG USING FIXTURES
127
136. Shaper size specifications
•Length of stroke
•Ratio of cutting time to return time
•Power required (kW)
•Floor space required
•Weight of the machine
136