Honing is an abrasive machining process that produces a precision surface on a metal work piece by scrubbing an abrasive stone against it along a controlled path.
Honing is primarily used to improve the geometric form of a surface, but may also improve the surface texture.
PPT IS IMPORTANT FOR FE PUNE UNIVERSITY STUDENTS FOR SUBJECT BME. DETAILED DESCRIPTION IS GIVEN ABOUT LATHE MACHINE, DRILLING MACHINE AND GRINDING MACHINE
A tool that has a single point for cutting purpose is called single point cutting tool. It is generally used in the lathe machine, shaper machine etc. It is used to remove the materials from the workpiece.
Fundamentals of Metal cutting and Machining Processes
MACHINING OPERATIONS AND MACHINING TOOLS
Turning and Related Operations
Drilling and Related Operations
Milling
Machining Centers and Turning Centers
Other Machining Operations
High Speed Machining
Honing is an abrasive machining process that produces a precision surface on a metal work piece by scrubbing an abrasive stone against it along a controlled path.
Honing is primarily used to improve the geometric form of a surface, but may also improve the surface texture.
PPT IS IMPORTANT FOR FE PUNE UNIVERSITY STUDENTS FOR SUBJECT BME. DETAILED DESCRIPTION IS GIVEN ABOUT LATHE MACHINE, DRILLING MACHINE AND GRINDING MACHINE
A tool that has a single point for cutting purpose is called single point cutting tool. It is generally used in the lathe machine, shaper machine etc. It is used to remove the materials from the workpiece.
Fundamentals of Metal cutting and Machining Processes
MACHINING OPERATIONS AND MACHINING TOOLS
Turning and Related Operations
Drilling and Related Operations
Milling
Machining Centers and Turning Centers
Other Machining Operations
High Speed Machining
The drilling machine or drill press is one of the most common and useful machine employed in industry for producing forming and finishing holes in a workpiece.
This is a presentation by Dada Robert in a Your Skill Boost masterclass organised by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan (EFSS) on Saturday, the 25th and Sunday, the 26th of May 2024.
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Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
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The Indian economy is classified into different sectors to simplify the analysis and understanding of economic activities. For Class 10, it's essential to grasp the sectors of the Indian economy, understand their characteristics, and recognize their importance. This guide will provide detailed notes on the Sectors of the Indian Economy Class 10, using specific long-tail keywords to enhance comprehension.
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The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
The Art Pastor's Guide to Sabbath | Steve ThomasonSteve Thomason
What is the purpose of the Sabbath Law in the Torah. It is interesting to compare how the context of the law shifts from Exodus to Deuteronomy. Who gets to rest, and why?
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
5. Introduction
Working Principle
Construction
Specification For Portable Drilling
Machine
Types Of Drilling Machine
Operation Of Drilling Machine
6. The drilling machine or drill press
is one of the most common and
useful machine employed in
industry for producing forming
and finishing holes in a work
piece. The unit essentially consists
of:
1. A spindle which turns the tool
(called drill) which can be
advanced in the work piece either
automatically or by hand.
2. A work table which holds the
work piece rigidly in position.
7. The rotating edge of the drill
exerts a large force on the work
piece and the hole is generated.
The removal of metal in a drilling
operation is by shearing and
extrusion.
Use:- Drilling machine is used to
drill blind and through holes in
work pieces.
8. The machine has only a hand feed
mechanism for feeding the tool into
the work piece.
This enables the operator to feel how
the drill is cutting and accordingly he
can control the down feed pressure.
Sensitive drill presses are
bench or floor
manufactured
models, i.e.,
in
the base of machine
may be mounted on a bench or floor.
The main
sensitive
operating
machine/drill
parts of a
press are
Base, Column, Table, and Drill Head.
9. Bench Drilling Machine :- The simplest
type of sensitive drilling machine is
shown in figure. This is used for light
duty drilling work. This machine is
capable to drill hole up to 12.5mm
diameter
1. Motor :- An electric motor supplies the
required driving force to stepped pulley.
2. Base :- Base is the bottom part of
machine in which the column is fitted
upright.
3. Feed handle :- Handle is provided to
feed the drill in to the work piece. A
rake and pinion mechanism is provided
to drive the chuck.
10. 4.Column:- Column is the main
cylindrical part of drill machine on which
the other components are mounted.
5.Belt guard:- Belt guard is provided to
cover the belt and pulley drive
mechanism to minimize the hazard of
accident.
6.Chuck:- Chuck is provided to hold the
drill of different sizes up to 6.5 mm. Drill
size of more than 6.5 mm are to be fitted
directly in the Morse taper of spindle
7.Work Table:- Work pieces are mounted
and held in position by the table. This
table can be tilted for drilling at an angle.
11. DESCRIPTION SPECIFIED
CAPACITY
•Drilling Capacity in Steel of 60
Kg/mm²Tensile Strength
•Tapping Capacity in Steel of 60
Kg/mm² Tensile Strength
50 mm(min.)
50 mm(min.)
SPINDLE
•Spindle feed traverse
•Spindle Morse Taper
•Spindle Ovality
350 mm(min.)
MT5/MT 6
0.005(max.)
SPINDLE SPEED AND FEEDS
•Spindle Speeds (Range)( Approx.)
•Number of Speed steps
•Feed range (Approx.)
•Number of feed steps
16 – 800 RPM
15(min.)
0.05 - 0.5 mm/rev
6(min.)
12. TRAVERSES
•Vertical Travel of Arm (Min)
•Range of Swing of Arm
•Traverse of column in bed
2400mm(min.)
0-360 Deg.
1200mm(min.)
DISTANCES
•Swing Radius of drilling spindle 2250 mm( min)
1420 mm( Max.)
•Farthest Distance of Spindle end 2700mm( min)
from floor when horizontal
drilling
•Lowest Distance of Spindle end 300 mm ( max)
from floor when horizontal
drilling
14. It is a very small, compact and self
contained unit carrying a small
electric motor inside it.
It is very commonly used for
drilling holes in such components
that cannot be transported to the
shop due to their size or weight or
where lack of space does not
permit their transportation to the
bigger type of drilling machine.
In such cases, the operation is
performed on the site by means
of the portable electric drill.
15. This type of drilling machine is
used for very light work.
Its construction is very simple and
so is the operation .
It consists of as shown in fig. of a
cast iron having a fixed table over
it.
16. This machine is very useful
because of its wider range of
action.
Its principal use is in drilling holes
on such work is difficult to be
handled frequently.
With the use of this machine, the
tool is moved to the desired
position instead of moving the
work to bring the latter in
position for drilling.
17. It is nothing but a type of multiple
spindle drilling machine, in which
the spindles are arranged in a
row.
These spindles may be driven
either separately or collectively.
This machine is very useful when
the nature of work is such that a
number of operations like drilling,
reaming, counter boring and
tapping, etc. are to be performed
in succession on it.
20. Drilling :- It is the main operation
done on this machine. It is the
operation of producing a circular
hole in a solid metal by means of
a revolving tool called drill.
Boring :- It is an operation used
for enlarging a hole to bring it to
the required size and have a
better finish.
Counter sinking :- It is the
operation used for enlarging the
end of a hole to give it a conical
shape for a short distance.
21. • Reaming :- It is the operation of
finishing a hole to bring it to
accurate size and have afine
surface finish . This operation is
performed by means of a multi
tooth tool called reamer.
• Counter boring :- This operation
is used for enlarging only a limited
portion of the hole is called
counter boring .
• Tapping:- It is the operation done
for forming internal threads by
means of the tool called tap.
22.
23. Nomenclature of Twist Drill
Axis – It is the longitudinal center line of the drill running through
the centres of the tang and the chisel edge.
Body – It is the part of the drill from its extreme point to the
commencement of the neck, if present. Otherwise, it is the part
extending upto the commencement of the shank. Helical grooves are
cut on the body of the drill.
Shank – It is the part of the drill by which it is held and driven. It is
found just above the body of the drill. The shank may be straight or
taper. The shank of the drill can be fitted directly into the spindle or
by a tool holding device.
Tang – The flattened end of the taper shank is known as tang. It is
meant to fit into a slot in the spindle or socket. It ensures a positive
drive of the drill.
24. Nomenclature of Twist Drill
Neck – It is the part of the drill, which is diametrically undercut
between the body and the shank of the drill. The size of the drill is
marked on the neck.
Point – It is the sharpened end of the drill. It is shaped to produce
lips, faces, flanks and chisel edge.
Lip – It is the edge formed by the intersection of flank and face.
There are two lips and both of them should be of equal length. Both
lips should be at the same angle of inclination with the axis (59°).
Land – It is the cylindrically ground surface on the leading edges of
the drill flutes adjacent to the body clearance surface. The alignment
of the drill is maintained by the land. The hole is maintained straight
and to the right size.
25. Nomenclature of Twist Drill
Flutes – The grooves in the body of the drill are known as flutes.
Flutes form the cutting edges on the point. It allows the chips to
escape and make them curl. It permits the cutting fluid to reach the
cutting edges.
Angles
Chisel edge angle – The obtuse angle included between the chisel
edge and the lip as viewed from the end of the drill. It usually ranges
from 120° to 135°.
Helix angle or rake angle – The helix or rake angle is the angle
formed by the leading edge of the land with a plane having the axis
of the drill. If the flute is straight, parallel to the drill axis, then there
would be no rake. If the flute is right handed, then it is positive rake
and the rake is negative if it is left handed. The usual value of rake
angle is 30° or 45°.
26. Nomenclature of Twist Drill
Point angle – This is the angle included between the two lips
projected upon a plane parallel to the drill axis and parallel to the
two cutting lips. The usual point angle is 118°. When hard alloys are
drilled the value increases.
Lip clearance angle – The angle formed by the flank and a plane at
right angles to the drill axis. The angle is normally measured at the
periphery of the drill. The lip clearance angle ranges from 12° to 15°.
28. • Broaching is a machining operation in which a tool
used is called as broach
having series of cutting teeth.
• In this operation broach is either Pulled or
Pushed with the help of broaching machine on
the workpiece surface.
• Parts that is produced by the broaching have good
surface finish and
dimensional accuracy.
31. • Broach consist of three sets of cutting
teeth.Theyare:
1. Roughing teeth
2. Semi finishing teeth
3. Finishing teeth
32. • When the broach is fed in a straight line, metal is cut
in several successive layer with the help of broach.
• The thickness of each layer is same and called as feed
per tooth and sum of the thickness of all the layers is
called as depth of cut.
33. • Mainly broaching machines which are used in the
industries are of following types:-
1. Horizontal Broaching Machine
2. Vertical PullType BroachingMachine
3. Continuous Broaching Machine
4. RotaryTable BroachingMachine
5. Surface BroachingMachine
6. Keyway BroachingMachine
34. • Horizontal Broaching Machines are capable of both internal
and external
surfaces.
• In operation either workpiece is kept stationery and broach is
fed past or broach is kept stationery and workpiece is fed
past.
• This machine has bed similar to the lathe machine.
• This machine range from 2 to 60 tones and stroke of 3m for
internal broaching machine and for external broaching
machine it ranges upto 100 tones and stroke of 9m.
35. • This type of machine are
available forboth
pull up and pull down type of
machine.
• This machine is only used
for internal broaching or
hole broaching.
• In this machine we can mount
more than
one broach.
• In the pull down type the
workpiece is mounted on
table and the broach is
lowered to pass its front pilot
through the workpiece.
• In the pull up type, the only
difference is that the ram is
provided at the top which
will carry the broach from
bottom to top.
36. • This machine are available both in horizontal and vertical
type.
• In this machine the broach remains stationery while
the workpiece moves continuously past.
• In this machine the workpiece are fed past on the
chain which is traveling continuously with the help
of sprockets on both the end.
• The chain has a series of fixtures which will hold the
workpiece.
• In this machine the workpiece is loaded on a side and
unloaded on the other side.
37. • This machine is also used as a
Continuous Broaching
Machine.
• In this machine a table is
provided which
continuously rotates about
a vertical axis.
• On this the fixtures are
mounted and broach is
held tightly on broach
holder.
• The shape of the broach is
same as of the
table.
• As the table rotates the
workpieces are
loaded, machined and
unloaded.
38. • In this machine either workpiece or broach moves
across each other.
• This machines are generally vertical and hydraulically
operated.
• This machine is an alternative to milling machine so
machine fixtures are also used to hold the workpiece.
• These machines are used for large quantities of
workpiece having flat surfaces.
39. • This machine is the simplest type of machine and it can
be used forgeneral purpose also.
• If multiple keyways or splines are to be cut the single
broach can beused with the workpiece and indexed
after each other.
• This machines method is the oldest methods of all.
40. • Broach has a longer life than other tools.
• Broach can perform roughing and finishing
operations.
• High skilled operator is not required.
• Interchangeable components can be
produced at fasterrate.
41. • In this process, all jobs need a fixture.
• Sharpening of broach is difficult and
expensive.
• With the help of broaching, it is difficult to
produce blind holes.
• Initial cost of broach and broaching machine is
very high.
42. • Broaching used for producing the variety of
shapes, internal and external, regular and
irregular profiles.
• The examples of components produced by
broaching are as follows:
1. Bearing caps
2. Bearing bodies
3. Cylinder blocks
4. Connecting rods
5. Gears andTurbine
6. Keyways
7. Splines
45. Grinding
Grinding is a surface finishing operation
where very thin layer of material is removed
in the form of dust particles.
Thickness of material removed is in range of
0.25 to 0.50 mm.
Tool used is a abrasive wheel.
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NOTES | QUESTION PAPERS 45
46. Abrasives
Abrasive is the material employed for
sharpening, grinding and polishing
operations.
Natural abrasive – emery, corundum,
quartz, sandstone, diamond, etc.
Artificial abrasive – carborundum,
aloxite, alundum, etc.
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NOTES | QUESTION PAPERS 46
47. Applications of abrasives
Corundum : is a natural mineral which consists
of aluminium oxide. Hardest natural substance
after diamond.
Used for shaping, finishing and polishing other tools.
Emery : natural abrasive consisting of
aluminium oxide and little amount of iron
oxide.
Silicon carbide : synthetic abrasive harder than
aluminium oxide.
Used to grind metals like iron, brass and soft bronze.
Used in non metals like wood and leather industries.
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NOTES | QUESTION PAPERS 47
48. Zirconia aluminia : it is a mixture of
zirconium oxide and aluminium oxide.
Used in casting and foundry industries.
Cubic boron nitride : is made up of
boron nitride with a cubic crystalline
structure.
Used for hard coating material.
Diamond :
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NOTES | QUESTION PAPERS 48
49. Bonding materials
These are adhesives which holds the
abrasive grains together.
Vitrified process :
Silicate process :
Elastic process :
Rubber or vulcanite process :
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NOTES | QUESTION PAPERS 49
50. Grinding machines
Grinding machine is a power operated
machine tool where, the work piece is fed
against constantly rotating abrasive wheel
to remove thin layer of material from
work.
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NOTES | QUESTION PAPERS 50
51. Principle of grinding machines
Work piece is fed against the rotating abrasive
wheel.
Due to action of rubbing or friction between the
abrasive particles and work piece material is
removed.
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NOTES | QUESTION PAPERS 51
52. Classification of grinding
machine
Bench grinding machine
Surface grinding machine
Cylindrical grinding machine
Center less grinding machine
Internal grinding machine
Special purpose grinding machine
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NOTES | QUESTION PAPERS 52
53. Surface grinding machine
It is machine basically used to grind flat
surface.
Job is mounted to a table which moves
longitudinally as well as in transverse
direction.
Manual feed or power feed.
Work piece can clamped in two ways
Manual clamps.
Magnetic chuck.
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NOTES | QUESTION PAPERS 53
54. Internal pump and piping arrangement for
coolant.
Protective guard for safety.
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NOTES | QUESTION PAPERS 54
55. Base
Column
Table traverse
and vertical feed
hand wheel.
Wheel guard
and protective
guard.
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NOTES | QUESTION PAPERS 55
56. Working
Work piece is clamped to the table by
operating magnetic chuck.
Required grade of grinding tool is fixed to
spindle.
Grinding operation is carried out be
operating both table traverse wheel and
vertical feed hand wheel.
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NOTES | QUESTION PAPERS 56
57. Cylindrical grinding machine
It is a process of grinding curved surfaces.
Surface may be straight or tapered.
Work piece is mounted on two centers, one
is tailstock centre and the other is headstock
centre.
Head stock center may or may not revolve.
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NOTES | QUESTION PAPERS 57
60. Centre less grinding
machine
It is used to grind curved surface work piece
which are long and slender.
Work piece rests on a work-rest blade and is
backed by a second wheel called as
regulating wheel.
Grinding wheel pushes the work piece down
the work-rest blade against the regulating
wheel.
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NOTES | QUESTION PAPERS 60
63. Cutting terminology
Speed : it is the peripheral speed of the
work piece per unit time. (m/min)
Feed : it is the distance travelled by the
tool during each revolution of the work
piece. (mm/revolution).
Depth of cut : it is the perpendicular
distance measured from the original
surface to the machined surface of the
work piece. (mm)
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NOTES | QUESTION PAPERS 63