The document provides an introduction to computer numerical control (CNC) machine tools and part programming. It discusses the evolution of CNC from numerical control, the development of computer-controlled machine tools, and some key components of CNC systems like controllers, feedback systems, and programming. The document also presents examples of different CNC machine types, industries that utilize CNC, sample CNC manufactured parts, and concepts like open-loop vs closed-loop control and manual part programming.
IN THIS PRESENTATION CONSIST ON LATHE AND ITS TYPES EXPLAIN SHORT &
SWEET WITH GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION
Note : PART-A CONTINUOUS..... Remaining Unit Update soon ...WIsh you Happy Learning.....
Introduction to CNC machine and Hardware. aman1312
Complete detailing of cnc machine and its operations with its required hardware necessary for increasing its Automation and increasing its manufacturing capability. Also increase in complex shape manufacturing.
Unit 2 Machinability, Cutting Fluids, Tool Life & Wear, Tool MaterialsMechbytes
Concept of machinability, machinability index, factors affecting machinability
Different mechanism of tool wear types of tool wear (crater, flank etc.), Measurement and control of tool wear
Concept of tool life, Taylor's tool life equation (including modified version)
Different tool materials and their applications including effect of tool coating
Introduction to economics of machining
Cutting fluids: types, properties, selection and application methods
Producing hole is one of the most common machining operation on a machining center.
Machining center have many hole making cycles such as Spot Drilling, Reaming, Deep Hole drilling, Peck drilling etc.
in this Ppt all canned cycle are explained i;e G70 G71 G72 G73 G75 G76 G81
MILLING – Cutting parameters, machine time calculation
Milling operation – Plain milling, side & face milling, form milling, gang milling, end milling, face milling, T slot milling, slitting
GEAR CUTTING – Gear cutting on milling machine – dividing head and indexing method, gear hobbing, principle of operation, advantages & limitation, hobbing tech, gear shaping, gear finishing process
Specifications of lapping, honing and broaching machineKaran Prajapati
This slide is prepared with the collective effort of Karan Prajapati, Athar Kothawal, Yudhishthir Ramnani and Samiraj Anupam who are doing B.Tech in Mechanical Engineering at School of Technology, Pandit Deendayal Petroleum University. The presentation describes the main terms of specifications in lapping, honing and broaching machines and also explaining the respective manufacturing processes. These machines are used for super-finishing processes.
IN THIS PRESENTATION CONSIST ON LATHE AND ITS TYPES EXPLAIN SHORT &
SWEET WITH GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION
Note : PART-A CONTINUOUS..... Remaining Unit Update soon ...WIsh you Happy Learning.....
Introduction to CNC machine and Hardware. aman1312
Complete detailing of cnc machine and its operations with its required hardware necessary for increasing its Automation and increasing its manufacturing capability. Also increase in complex shape manufacturing.
Unit 2 Machinability, Cutting Fluids, Tool Life & Wear, Tool MaterialsMechbytes
Concept of machinability, machinability index, factors affecting machinability
Different mechanism of tool wear types of tool wear (crater, flank etc.), Measurement and control of tool wear
Concept of tool life, Taylor's tool life equation (including modified version)
Different tool materials and their applications including effect of tool coating
Introduction to economics of machining
Cutting fluids: types, properties, selection and application methods
Producing hole is one of the most common machining operation on a machining center.
Machining center have many hole making cycles such as Spot Drilling, Reaming, Deep Hole drilling, Peck drilling etc.
in this Ppt all canned cycle are explained i;e G70 G71 G72 G73 G75 G76 G81
MILLING – Cutting parameters, machine time calculation
Milling operation – Plain milling, side & face milling, form milling, gang milling, end milling, face milling, T slot milling, slitting
GEAR CUTTING – Gear cutting on milling machine – dividing head and indexing method, gear hobbing, principle of operation, advantages & limitation, hobbing tech, gear shaping, gear finishing process
Specifications of lapping, honing and broaching machineKaran Prajapati
This slide is prepared with the collective effort of Karan Prajapati, Athar Kothawal, Yudhishthir Ramnani and Samiraj Anupam who are doing B.Tech in Mechanical Engineering at School of Technology, Pandit Deendayal Petroleum University. The presentation describes the main terms of specifications in lapping, honing and broaching machines and also explaining the respective manufacturing processes. These machines are used for super-finishing processes.
GMT started manufacturing lapping & polishing machine in 1971. It was built for in-house use and until then hand lapping process was used for finishing surface plates. Critical parts for our workholding devices required a finishing and buffing machine. There was demand in the market for valve lapping and lapping plates. Since GMT had a captive ferrous foundry, castings for lap plate and lapping machine were easier to source.
Since then GMT has become one of India's largest lapping machine manufacturers and suppliers with over 350 installations throughout India mainly to the valve and pump industry. When a buyer in Japan wanted a super finishing machine for lapping large granite plates, GMT designed and supplied a 3000mm dia flat lapping machine.
Pump manufacturers, electronic industries, valve manufacturers, etc., have found a sure way of obtaining positive sealing.
CNC machining processes for all branches 1st students.
And also important for those who want to have a basic knowledge of different type of machining processes.
This topic is basically depend upon computer assisted machining.
Contents:
1. History
2. Introduction to CNC Milling
3. Elements of CNC Machine
4. How CNC Works
5. CNC Programming
6. Advantages and Disadvantages of CNC
7. Applications of CNC
Modern Machine Tools:
CNC machines: Introduction, principles of operation,
Types – Vertical machining centres and horizontal machining centres,
major elements, functions, applications,
controllers,
open loop and closed loop systems
Types of automatic machines,
Transfer machines
Automobile Management System Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
The proposed project is developed to manage the automobile in the automobile dealer company. The main module in this project is login, automobile management, customer management, sales, complaints and reports. The first module is the login. The automobile showroom owner should login to the project for usage. The username and password are verified and if it is correct, next form opens. If the username and password are not correct, it shows the error message.
When a customer search for a automobile, if the automobile is available, they will be taken to a page that shows the details of the automobile including automobile name, automobile ID, quantity, price etc. “Automobile Management System” is useful for maintaining automobiles, customers effectively and hence helps for establishing good relation between customer and automobile organization. It contains various customized modules for effectively maintaining automobiles and stock information accurately and safely.
When the automobile is sold to the customer, stock will be reduced automatically. When a new purchase is made, stock will be increased automatically. While selecting automobiles for sale, the proposed software will automatically check for total number of available stock of that particular item, if the total stock of that particular item is less than 5, software will notify the user to purchase the particular item.
Also when the user tries to sale items which are not in stock, the system will prompt the user that the stock is not enough. Customers of this system can search for a automobile; can purchase a automobile easily by selecting fast. On the other hand the stock of automobiles can be maintained perfectly by the automobile shop manager overcoming the drawbacks of existing system.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
TECHNICAL TRAINING MANUAL GENERAL FAMILIARIZATION COURSEDuvanRamosGarzon1
AIRCRAFT GENERAL
The Single Aisle is the most advanced family aircraft in service today, with fly-by-wire flight controls.
The A318, A319, A320 and A321 are twin-engine subsonic medium range aircraft.
The family offers a choice of engines
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Vaccine management system project report documentation..pdfKamal Acharya
The Division of Vaccine and Immunization is facing increasing difficulty monitoring vaccines and other commodities distribution once they have been distributed from the national stores. With the introduction of new vaccines, more challenges have been anticipated with this additions posing serious threat to the already over strained vaccine supply chain system in Kenya.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
Forklift Classes Overview by Intella PartsIntella Parts
Discover the different forklift classes and their specific applications. Learn how to choose the right forklift for your needs to ensure safety, efficiency, and compliance in your operations.
For more technical information, visit our website https://intellaparts.com
1. Unit 5 - CNC MACHINE TOOLS AND PART
PROGRAMMING
G.Ravisankar, Asst Prof , Mechanical, Sri
Eshwar college of Engineering , Coimbatore .
1
2. UNIT V - CNC MACHINE TOOLS AND PART PROGRAMMING
2
Numerical Control (NC) machine tools – CNC types,
constructional details, special features, machining
centre, part programming fundamentals CNC – manual
part programming – micromachining – wafer
machining
1. Hajra Choudhury, "Elements of Workshop Technology", Vol.II., Media
Promoters
2. Rao. P.N “Manufacturing Technology - Metal Cutting and Machine Tools",
Tata McGraw-Hill, New Delhi, 2003.
4. Introduction
• CNC: Computer Numerical Control
• Production of machined parts whose production is
controlled by a computer.
• Computer uses a controller to drive each axis of
the machine tool. (X,Y,Z)
• Controls direction, speed, and length of time
motor rotates.
4
5. Introduction
• A programmed path is loaded into the computer
and then executed.
• Program consists of numeric point data (X,Y,Z),
along with machine control and function
commands.
• Numerical Control (NC) & Computer Numerical
Control (CNC) mean the same.
5
6. Introduction
• A major manufacturing development in past 60
years.
• Resulted in:
▫ new manufacturing techniques
▫ higher production levels
▫ higher quality
▫ stabilization of manufacturing costs
6
7. Evolution of CNC
• Single items produced by crafts people
• Interchangeable Parts
▫ Eli Whitney (Cotton Gin)
▫ Manual labor was still the most cost effective
method.
• WW II manufacturers could not maintain quantity
& quality parts.
7
8. Evolution of CNC
• Machinists could produce superior quality but not
at high volume that was required.
• As quantity increased, quality decreased due to
human factors
8
9. Evolution of CNC
• ENIAC – developed by the United States Army
Ballistic Research Lab & University of Pennsylvania
• First digital computer.
• Vacuum tube technology. (30,000)
• Used to calculate artillery tables.
• Programming involved setting hundreds of
switches and cables.
9
12. CNC & WW II
• Need to manufacture large amount of products for
the war.
• Need for quantity and quality.
• U.S. Air Force set up companies to develop and
produce NC systems to handle volume and
repeatability.
• Repeatability: the ability to perform the same
operation over & over within specified
parameters.
12
13. Specific Goals
• Increase production
• Improve quality & accuracy of machined parts.
• Stabilize manufacturing costs.
• Speed up production & assembly operations.
13
14. NC Timeline
• 1949 - First contract awarded for NC machine.
• 1951 - servo system for machines developed.
• 1952 - tape-fed machine was created.
14
15. History
• Development of G codes - Punch tape input
(Cartesian Coordinate System)
• 1970’s Development of computer chips
▫ Cheaper processing power
▫ Smaller computers
▫ More reliable
15
18. • Strip of paper tape with holes in it.
• Machine read pattern of holes and performed the
required operation.
Paper Tape Control
18
19. Paper Tape Control
• Disadvantages
▫ Difficult to identify parts of program.
▫ Programs could be quite large.
▫ Stored on large bulky reels.
▫ Fragile, could rip easily.
19
20. CNC
• Further developments in the computer allowed it
to be used to control the machine instead of the
paper tape.
20
21. Definitions
• NC - A method of accurately controlling the
operation of a machine tool by a series of coded
instructions, consisting of numbers, letters of
the alphabet, and symbols that the machine
control unit can understand
• MCU - Machine Control Unit - decodes NC codes
to drive and monitor servo motor movements.
21
22. Definition
• CNC - Computer Numeric Control - computer
provides machine codes to the MCU.
• Control Systems
▫ Open loop system - servo motor driven by pulses
without feed back encoders.
▫ Closed loop system - servo motor is driven by
electrical pulses. An encoder provides feedback
to verify machine movements.
22
23. History of CNC
1949
US Air Force asks MIT to develop a "numerically
controlled" machine.
1952
Prototype NC machine demonstrated (punched tape input)
1980-
CNC machines (computer used to link directly to controller)
1990-
DNC: external computer “drip feeds” control
programmer to machine tool controller
23
24. CNC Advantages vs. NC
• Programs could be stored in computer memory.
• Easier to edit.
• More complex parts could be manufactured.
• Use of 3d geometry.
• Networking/file sharing / other computers.
24
25. Advantages of CNC
• Increased productivity after programming is
completed
• Reliability - reduces human error
• Often eliminates need for special jigs and
fixtures
• Reduces location of part features
• Makes possible the machining of complex
shapes requiring simultaneous 3 axis motion
25
26. Advantages
• Single part and production runs can be
programmed and machined with minimum effort
and cost.
• Programs can readily be altered and re-run
• Reduced inspection costs (more reliable)
• Once programming, setup and verified the
equipment can be operated by a less skilled
operator.
26
27. Disadvantages
• Initial cost of CNC machine tools
• Servicing of equipment
• Larger machines require more space
• Personnel must be trained in the programming
and operation of this equipment.
27
30. Horizontal Milling machine architecture
Conventional milling machines
How does the table move along X- Y- and Z- axes ?
30
31. NC machines
Motion control is done by: servo-controlled motors
~
Servo Controller
Counter Comparator
Encoder A/C Motor
Input (converted from analog to digital value)
Table
Leadscrew
31
33. 33
CNC SYSTEM ELEMENTS
A typical CNC system consists of the following six
elements
• Part program
• Program input device
• Machine control unit
• Drive system
• Machine tool
• Feedback system
33
35. CNC terminology
BLU: basic length unit
smallest programmable move of each axis.
Controller: (Machine Control Unit, MCU)
Electronic and computerized interface between operator
and m/c
Controller components:
1. Data Processing Unit (DPU)
2. Control-Loops Unit (CLU)
35
36. Controller components
Data Processing Unit:
Input device [RS-232 port/ Tape Reader/ Punched Tape Reader]
Data Reading Circuits and Parity Checking Circuits
Decoders to distribute data to the axes controllers.
Control Loops Unit:
Interpolator to supply machine-motion commands between
data points
Position control loop hardware for each axis of motion
36
51. Types of CNC machines
Based on Motion Type:
Point-to-Point or Continuous path
Based on Control Loops:
Open loop or Closed loop
Based on Power Supply:
Electric or Hydraulic or Pneumatic
Based on Positioning System
Incremental or Absolute
51
53. Open loop control of a Point-to-Point NC drilling machine
NOTE: this machine uses stepper motor control
53
54. Components of Servo-motor controlled CNC
Motor speed control
Two types of encoder configurations
Motor lead screw rotation table moves
position sensed by encoderfeedback
54
55. Motion Control and feedback
Encoder outputs: electrical pulses (e.g. 500 pulses per revolution)
Rotation of the motor linear motion of the table: by the leadscrew
The pitch of the leadscrew: horizontal distance between successive threads
One thread in a screw single start screw: Dist moved in 1 rev = pitch
Two threads in screw double start screw: Dist moved in 1 rev = 2* pitch
55
72. Manual NC programming
Part program: A computer program to specify
- Which tool should be loaded on the machine spindle;
- What are the cutting conditions (speed, feed, coolant
ON/OFF etc)
- The start point and end point of a motion segment
- how to move the tool with respect to the machine.
72
73. Part program
The RS274-D is a word address format
Each line of program == 1 block
Each block is composed of several instructions, or (words)
Sequence and format of words:
N3 G2 X+1.4 Y+1.4 Z+1.4 I1.4 J1.4 K1.4 F3.2 S4 T4 M2
sequence no
preparatory function
destination coordinates dist to center of circle
feed rate spindle speed
tool
miscellaneous function
73
78. (4, 4)
(2, 2)
5”
p0
p1
p2
5”
2.5”
1”
45°
p3
p4
p5
4. Cut profile from p1 to p2
N040 G01 X3.875 Y9.125
Linear interpolation
target coordinates
N040 G01 Y9.125
X-coordinate does not change no need to program it
or
78
84. PART PROGRAMMING
• Part program is a sequence of instructions, which
describe the work, which has to be done on a part, in the
form required by a computer under the control of a
numerical control computer program
• Programming is where all the machining data are
compiled and where the data are translated into a
language which can be understood by the control system
of the machine tool.
The machining data is as follows :
(a) Machining sequence classification of process, tool start up
point, cutting depth, tool path, etc.
(b) Cutting conditions, spindle speed, feed rate, coolant, etc.
(c) Selection of cutting tools.
84
85. PART PROGRAMMING
While preparing a part program, need to perform the
following steps :
(a) Determine the startup procedure, which includes the
extraction of dimensional data from part drawings and data
regarding surface quality requirements on the machined
component.
(b) Select the tool and determine the tool offset.
(c) Set up the zero position for the work piece.
(d) Select the speed and rotation of the spindle.
(e) Set up the tool motions according to the profile required.
(f) Return the cutting tool to the reference point after
completion of work.
(g) End the program by stopping the spindle and coolant
85
86. PART PROGRAMMING
Methods of part programming can be of two types
depending upon the two techniques as below :
(a) Manual part programming,
(b) Computer aided part programming
Manual Part Programming
• The programmer first prepares the program
manuscript in a standard format.
• Manuscripts are typed with a device known as flexo
writer, which is also used to type the program
instructions.
86
87. PART PROGRAMMING
Computer Aided Part Programming
• Complex-shaped component requires calculations to
produce the component are done by the
programming software contained in the computer.
• The programmer communicates with this system
through the system language, which is based on
words.
• There are various programming languages
developed in the recent past, such as APT
(Automatically Programmed Tools), ADAPT,
AUTOSPOT, COMPAT-II, 2CL, ROMANCE, SPLIT
87
88. PART PROGRAMMING
Computer Aided Part Programming
A translator known as compiler program is used to
translate it in a form acceptable to MCU.
The programmer has to do only following things
(a) Define the work part geometry.
(b) Defining the repetition work.
(c) Specifying the operation sequence.
88
91. Direct Numerical Control (DNC)
• Direct numerical simultaneously control the operations of a
group of NC machine tools using a shared computer.
Programming, editing part programs and downloading part
programs to NC machines are main responsibilities of the
computers in a NC system.
91
92. G - Code Programming
• G – Code Programming
• Originally called the “Word Address” programming
format.
• Processed one line at a time sequentially.
92
93. Common Format of a Block
Sequence
#
Preparatory
Function
Dimension
Words
Feed
Rate
Spindle
Function
Tool
Function
Misc.
Function
N50 G90 G01 X1.40Y2.25 F10 S1500 T01 M03
Individual Words
93
94. Word Address 1
• N – Sequence or line number
• A tag that identifies the beginning of a block of code.
It is used by operators to locate specific lines of a
program when entering data or verifying the
program operation.
• G – Preparatory function
• G words specify the mode in which the milling
machine is to move along its programmed axes.
94
95. Word Address 2
• Dimension Words
X – Distance or position in X direction
Y – Distance or position in Y direction
Z – Distance or position in Z direction
• M – Miscellaneous functions
• M words specify CNC machine functions not related to
dimensions or axial movements.
95
96. • F – Feed rate (inches per minute or millimeters
per minute)
• Rate at which cutting tool moves along an axis.
• S – Spindle speed (rpm – revolutions per minute)
• Controls spindle rotation speed.
• T – Tool number
• Specifies tool to be selected.
Word Address 3
96
97. • I – Circular cutting reference for x axis
• J – Circular cutting reference for y axis
• K – Circular cutting reference for z axis
Word Address 4
97
98. G Word
• G words or codes tell the machine to perform
certain functions. Most G words are modal which
means they remain in effect until replaced by
another modal G code.
98
99. Common G Codes
• G00 – Rapid positioning mode
• Tool is moved along the shortest route to
programmed X,Y,Z position.
• Usually NOT used for cutting.
• G01 – Linear Interpolation mode
• Tool is moved along a straight-line path at
programmed rate of speed.
• G02 – Circular motion clockwise (cw)
• G03 – Circular motion counter clockwise
(ccw)
99
100. Common G Codes, con.,
• G17 – XY plane
• G18 – XZ plane
• G19 – YZ plane
• G20 – Inch Mode
• G21 – Metric Mode
• G28 – Return to axis machine Zero (Home)
100
101. G Codes: G90, G91
G90 – Absolute Coordinate Reference
References the next position from an absolute zero
point which is set once for the entire program.
G91 – Incremental Coordinate Reference
References the next position from the previous
position.
101
102. G Codes: Canned Cycles
• G80 – Cancel canned cycle
• G81 – Drilling cycle
• G83 – Peck drilling cycle
• G84 – Tapping cycle
• G85 – Boring cycle
• G86 – Boring cycle
• NOTE: A canned cycle stays in effect until
cancelled by a G80.
102
103. Canned Cycles: G81
• G81 – Drilling Cycle
• Feed to depth, rapid return
Example of program code:
• N35 G81 X.500 Y.500 Z-1.000 R.100 F1.50
• N36 X1.000 Y1.500
• N37 X1.500 Y2.000
• N38 G80
103
104. Canned Cycles: G83, G84
• G83 – Peck Drilling Cycle
• Feed to an intermediate depth, rapid out, rapid back
to just above previous depth, feed to next depth,
rapid out, repeat until reaching full depth.
• G84 – Tapping Cycle
• This cycle creates internal threads in an existing
hole.
• NOTE: One cannot over-ride the feed rate.
104
105. Canned Cycles: G85, G86
• G85 - Boring Cycle
• Feed to depth, feed back out.
• G86 – Boring Cycle
• Feed to depth, rapid out.
105
107. Table of Important G codes
G00 Rapid Transverse
G01 Linear Interpolation
G02 Circular Interpolation, CW
G03 Circular Interpolation, CCW
G17 XY Plane, G18 XZ Plane, G19 YZ Plane
G20/G70 Inch units
G21/G71 Metric Units
G40 Cutter compensation cancel
G41 Cutter compensation left
G42 Cutter compensation right
G43 Tool length compensation (plus)
G43 Tool length compensation (plus)
G44 Tool length compensation (minus)
G49 Tool length compensation cancel
107
108. Table of Important G codes
G80 Cancel canned cycles
G81 Drilling cycle
G82 Counter boring cycle
G83 Deep hole drilling cycle
G90 Absolute positioning
G91 Incremental positioning
108
109. M Word
• M words tell the machine to perform certain
machine related functions, such as: turn spindle
on/off, coolant on/off, or stop/end program.
109
110. Common M words
• M00 – Programmed pause
• Automatically stops machine until operator pushes a button
to resume program.
• M01 – Optional stop
• A stop acted upon by the machine when operator has
signaled this command by pushing a button.
• M02 – End of program
• Stops program when all lines of code are completed. Must be
last command in program.
110
111. • M03 – Turn spindle on
• In clockwise direction
• M04 – Turn spindle on
• In counter clockwise direction
• M05 – Stop spindle
• Usually used prior to tool change or at end of program.
• M06 – Tool change
• Stops program and calls for a tool change, either
automatically or manually.
Common M words
111
112. • M08 – Turns Accessory 1 on.
• M09 – Turns Accessory 1 off.
• M10 – Turns Accessory 2 on.
• M11 – Turns Accessory 2 off.
• M30 – End of program
• Similar to M02 but M30 will also “rewind” the program. Must
be last statement in program. If used, DO NOT use M02.
Common M words
112
113. Zero Points
• Part Zero
▫ Used for absolute programming mode.
▫ Usually a position on the part that all absolute
coordinates are referenced to.
▫ Changes with different parts and programs.
• Machine Zero or Machine Home Position
▫ Fixed for each machine from the manufacturer.
▫ Not changeable.
113
114. Cutter Path Generation
• Cutter path is generated by moving the tool from
point to point. The points are previously defined
from the part drawing dimensions.
• Each line of code will show the destination point
of where the tool will go to.
114
115. Interpolation
• Method of determining intermediate points along a
cutting path.
• Two methods:
• Linear interpolation – cut a path along a specified
angle at a specified feed rate.
• Circular interpolation – cut a path along an arc or
circle at a specified feed rate.
115
119. TYPES OF CNC MACHINES
In every aspects of manufacturing CNC machines are
used. It can be mainly classified in eight classes.
▫ Mills and Machining centers
▫ Lathes and Turning centers
▫ EDM Machines
▫ Grinding machines
▫ Cutting Machines
▫ Fabrication Machines
▫ Welding Machines
▫ Coordinate Measuring Machines
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120. CNC
• CNC – Turning Center • CNC – Machining Center
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122. CNC – Machining Center
• It is a machine tool capable of multiple machining
operations on a work part in one setup under NC
program control.
Classification
• Machining centres are classified as vertical,
horizontal, or universal.
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128. Automatic part programming and DNC
Very complex part shapes very large NC program
NC controller memory may not handle HUGE part program
computer feeds few blocks of
NC program to controller
When almost all blocks executed,
controller requests more blocks
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129. Summary
CNC machines allow precise and repeatable control in machining
CNC lathes, Milling machines, etc. are all controlled by NC programs
NC programs can be generated manually, automatically
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