Notes about blood hemoglobin estimation, lecture notes to Medical Laboratory Students at Medical Laboratory Technology, Middle Technical University, Baqubah, Iraq
Notes about blood hemoglobin estimation, lecture notes to Medical Laboratory Students at Medical Laboratory Technology, Middle Technical University, Baqubah, Iraq
An absolute eosinophil count is a blood test that measures the number of one type of white blood cells called eosinophils.
Eosinophils become active when you have certain allergic diseases, infections, and other medical conditions.
Collecting blood samples and other biological specimens is crucial to the understanding, prevention, and treatment of disease. However, from the patient’s perspective, it can also be painful, unnerving, frightening, and inconvenient.
Glucose tolerance test- Indications, contraindications, preparation of a patient, precautions, types of GTT, normal curve, diabetic curve, renal glycosuria, lag curve, Criteria for diagnosis of DM
Fetal hemoglobin and rh incompatibilityrohini sane
A comprehensive presentation on fetal hemoglobin & Rh incompatibility for undergraduate medical, dental, biotechnology & pharmacology students for self-learning .Presentation has physical & chemical properties of fetal hemoglobin along with its function. Binding affinity for O₂ of HbF and oxygen dissociation curve for HbF elucidated with suitable diagrams. Molecular constitution of Embryonic Hb ( Grover I &Grover II )with electrophoretic patterns are presented here . Importance of Kleihauer staining for detection of fetal cells is described briefly.
Diagrammatic representation of Rh- incompatibility is done for complete understanding of the concept. Signs & symptoms Kernicterus are presented diagrammatically.
Direct and indirect Coomb’s Test for Rh- incompatibility for diagnosis of Erythroblastosis Fetalis is illustrated. Biochemical aspects of Hemolytic Disease of Newborn (HDN) and Physiological /Neonatal Jaundice are presented. Comparison of Causes & biochemical findings for Hemolytic Jaundice along hepatic and obstructive jaundice is done in this presentation.
Molecular mechanism involved in biosynthesis of Hb Bart and Hb H along with their electrophoretic patterns for their detection are illustrated.
Hereditary persistent fetal Hb( HPFH ) & Point mutations causing HPFH are described in lucid manner. Google images are used for intense impact of the subject.
An absolute eosinophil count is a blood test that measures the number of one type of white blood cells called eosinophils.
Eosinophils become active when you have certain allergic diseases, infections, and other medical conditions.
Collecting blood samples and other biological specimens is crucial to the understanding, prevention, and treatment of disease. However, from the patient’s perspective, it can also be painful, unnerving, frightening, and inconvenient.
Glucose tolerance test- Indications, contraindications, preparation of a patient, precautions, types of GTT, normal curve, diabetic curve, renal glycosuria, lag curve, Criteria for diagnosis of DM
Fetal hemoglobin and rh incompatibilityrohini sane
A comprehensive presentation on fetal hemoglobin & Rh incompatibility for undergraduate medical, dental, biotechnology & pharmacology students for self-learning .Presentation has physical & chemical properties of fetal hemoglobin along with its function. Binding affinity for O₂ of HbF and oxygen dissociation curve for HbF elucidated with suitable diagrams. Molecular constitution of Embryonic Hb ( Grover I &Grover II )with electrophoretic patterns are presented here . Importance of Kleihauer staining for detection of fetal cells is described briefly.
Diagrammatic representation of Rh- incompatibility is done for complete understanding of the concept. Signs & symptoms Kernicterus are presented diagrammatically.
Direct and indirect Coomb’s Test for Rh- incompatibility for diagnosis of Erythroblastosis Fetalis is illustrated. Biochemical aspects of Hemolytic Disease of Newborn (HDN) and Physiological /Neonatal Jaundice are presented. Comparison of Causes & biochemical findings for Hemolytic Jaundice along hepatic and obstructive jaundice is done in this presentation.
Molecular mechanism involved in biosynthesis of Hb Bart and Hb H along with their electrophoretic patterns for their detection are illustrated.
Hereditary persistent fetal Hb( HPFH ) & Point mutations causing HPFH are described in lucid manner. Google images are used for intense impact of the subject.
Red blood cells (RBCs), also called erythrocytes, are the most common type of blood cell and the vertebrate organism's principal means of delivering oxygen (O2) to the body tissues—via blood flow through the circulatory system.
Techniques related to blood and related diseases. And tests for underlying disease detection. Blood dyscrasia and clotting disorders can be detected by Bleeding time and clotting time tests.
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Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
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Here is the updated list of Top Best Ayurvedic medicine for Gas and Indigestion and those are Gas-O-Go Syp for Dyspepsia | Lavizyme Syrup for Acidity | Yumzyme Hepatoprotective Capsules etc
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
ABDOMINAL TRAUMA in pediatrics part one.drhasanrajab
Abdominal trauma in pediatrics refers to injuries or damage to the abdominal organs in children. It can occur due to various causes such as falls, motor vehicle accidents, sports-related injuries, and physical abuse. Children are more vulnerable to abdominal trauma due to their unique anatomical and physiological characteristics. Signs and symptoms include abdominal pain, tenderness, distension, vomiting, and signs of shock. Diagnosis involves physical examination, imaging studies, and laboratory tests. Management depends on the severity and may involve conservative treatment or surgical intervention. Prevention is crucial in reducing the incidence of abdominal trauma in children.
Local Advanced Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex Sys...Oleg Kshivets
Overall life span (LS) was 1671.7±1721.6 days and cumulative 5YS reached 62.4%, 10 years – 50.4%, 20 years – 44.6%. 94 LCP lived more than 5 years without cancer (LS=2958.6±1723.6 days), 22 – more than 10 years (LS=5571±1841.8 days). 67 LCP died because of LC (LS=471.9±344 days). AT significantly improved 5YS (68% vs. 53.7%) (P=0.028 by log-rank test). Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: N0-N12, T3-4, blood cell circuit, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells-CC and blood cells subpopulations), LC cell dynamics, recalcification time, heparin tolerance, prothrombin index, protein, AT, procedure type (P=0.000-0.031). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and N0-12 (rank=1), thrombocytes/CC (rank=2), segmented neutrophils/CC (3), eosinophils/CC (4), erythrocytes/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), stick neutrophils/CC (8), leucocytes/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (error=0.000; area under ROC curve=1.0).
2. Learning Objectives
• By the end of this class, you should know
about
• Basic Structure of Hemoglobin.
• Function of Hemoglobin.
• Various laboratory methods for estimation of
Hemoglobin.
• Enumerate the advantages and disadvantages
of each method.
3. Introduction
• Hemoglobin is the major constituent of the
red cell cytoplasm, accounting for
approximately 90% of the dry weight of the
mature cell.
• It is comprised of heme and globin.
4. Structure of Hemoglobin
• Hemoglobin molecule is a tetramer
consisting of two pairs of similar
polypeptide chains called globin
chains.
• To each of the four chains is attached
heme which is a complex of iron in
ferrous form and protoporphyrin.
• The major (96%) type of
hemoglobin present in adults is
called HbA and it has
2 alpha globin chains and
2 beta globin chains (α2β2).
5. Structure of Hemoglobin
• The gene that codes for
• the formation of α globin
chains is located on
chromosome 16.
• The gene that codes for the
formation of β globin chains is
on chromosome 11.
• In adults, a minor amount of
HbA2 (α2β2) is also present
and constitutes less than
3.5%.
6. During embryonic and fetal life, other different types of hemoglobins predominate.
• Gower I, Gower II and Hb Portland present in early embyronic life.
• After the 8th week of development, embryonic hemoglobins are replaced by Fetal hemoglobin HbF
(α2β2)
– This remains the predominant hemoglobin until after birth and constitutes 50-90% of the total hemoglobin.
– After birth, it’s concentration decreases to less than 2% by 30 weeks of age.
• HbA is then the predominant hemoglobin.
• HbA2
• Abnormal - HbS,HbC,HbD,HbE
Haemoglobin variants
7. Function of Hemoglobin
• Heme has the ability to
bind oxygen reversibly and
carry it to tissues.
• It also facilitates the
exchange of carbon dioxide
between the lungs and
tissues.
Thus, hemoglobin functions
as the primary medium of
exchange of oxygen and
carbon dioxide.
10. Blood can be collected from 3 different
sources:
Capillary blood.
Venous blood.
Arterial blood.
11.
12. • Determine presence and severity of anemia
• Screening for polycythemia
• Response to specific therapy in anemia
• Estimation of red cell indices
• Selection of blood donors
Indications for Hb estimation
13. • Colour comparison between standard and test sample by
Visual methods
– Sahlis acid hematin,
– Tallqvist hemoglobin chart,
– WHO hemoglobin Color scale,
– Oxyhemoglobin Method
– Specific gravity method
Photoelectric methods
Cyanhemoglobin method
Oxyhemoglobin Method
Alkaline Hematin Method
Colorimetric methods
14. Gasometric Method
Oxygen carrying capacity
measured by Van Slyke apparatus
Based on formula,1 gm of Hb
carries 1.34 ml of oxygen
It does not measure
carboxyhemoglobin
sulfhemoglobin
methemoglobin.
Time-consuming and expensive.
Result is 2 percent less than other
methods.
15. • Iron content of hemoglobin is first estimated.
• Indirectly Hb is derived - 100 grams of
hemoglobin contain 374 grams of iron.
• Time-consuming method.
• This method is used to calibrate all other
methods of Hb estimation.
Chemical method
16. • Rough estimate is made from specific gravity
of blood
• Copper sulfate technique.
• Used in mass screening like selection of
donors.
Specific Gravity method
17. • Rapid and simple
• Commonly used in blood donor selection
• A drop of blood is allowed to fall in copper
sulphate solution of specific gravity of 1.053 from
a height of 1 cm
• Specific gravity is equivalent to 12.5 grams/dl
• Drop gets covered with copper proteinate
• If drop sinks,specific gravity is higher than copper
sulfate
Specific Gravity Method
18. Principle -
• Blood is mixed with an acid solution so that
Hb is converted to brown colored acid
hematin
• Diluted with water till brown colour matches
that of brown glass standard
• Hb value is read directly from the scale
Sahli’s Acid Hematin Method
21. Sahli’s Acid Hematin Method
• Place N/10 HCl into Hb tube upto 2
grams.
• Blood sample in Sahli’s Hb pipette
upto 20 micro litre.
• Add blood sample to acid solution.
• Mix with a stirrer.
• Allow to stand for 10 minutes.
• Add distilled water drop by drop till
the colour of the solution matches
to brown glass standard.
• Take the reading of the lower
meniscus from the graduated tube in
grams.
22. Sahli’s Acid Hematin Method
Advantages
• Easy to perform
• Quick
• Inexpensive
• Can be used as a bedside procedure
• Does not require technical expertise
23. Disadvantages
• For maximum colour, longer time is required
• Perfect matching with brown glass standard is not
possible
• Carboxyhemoglobin,methemoglobin and
sulfhemoglobin are not converted to acid hematin
• Developed of colour is slow and acid hematin is not
stable
• Source of light will influence the comparison of colours
Sahli’s Acid Hematin Method
24. • Most accurate method for estimation of Hb.
• Recommended by International Committee
for Standardisation in hematology because : -
All forms of Hb are converted to cyanmethemoglobin
(except sulfhemoglobin)
Stable and reliable standard is available.
Cyanmethemoglobin Method
25. Principle
• Blood is mixed with Drabkins solution.
Drabkins solution –pH 7.0 -7.4
Potassium ferricyanide
Potassium cyanide
Potassium dihydrogen phosphate
Non-ionic detergent
Distilled water
• Erythrocytes are lysed producing an evenly distributed Hb solution.
• Potassium ferricyanide converts Hb to methemoglobin.
• Methemoglobin combines with potassium cyanide to form cyanmethemoglobin.
• All Hbs present in blood are converted to this form.
• Absorbance is measured in spectrophotometer at 540 nm
• To obtain amount of unknown Hb sample,its absorbance is compared with the standard
cyanmethemoglobin solution
Cyanmethemoglobin Method
26. Cyanmethemoglobin Method - Equipment
• Photoelectric
colorimeter or
spectrophotometer
• Sahlis pipette at 20
micro litre
• Pipette 5 ml
27. • Take 5 ml of Drabkins solution and to it add 20
microlitres of blood
• Stopper the tube,mix by inverting serveral times
• Allow to stand for 5 minutes
• Transfer the sample to cuvette
• Read the absorbance in the spectrophotometer
at 540 nm
• Also take the absorbance of the standard solution
Cyanmethemoglobin Method
28. • Hemoglobin is derived from the formula
below
Cyanmethemoglobin Method
29. • A graph can be plotted when a large number of
samples are processed
• Hb concentration on horizontal axis and
absorbance on vertical axis
Note
• Hypertriglyceremia,leucocytosis,plasma cell
dyscrasias cause erroneous results
• Cyanmethemoglobin solution is stable
• Any delay will not affect the result
Cyanmethemoglobin Method
30. Cyanmethemoglobin Method
Advantages
• All forms of Hb except sulphemoglobin are converted to
hemiglobincyanide/cyanmethemoglobin (HiCN).
• Visual error is not there as no color matching is required.
• Cyanmethemoglobin solution is stable and it’s color does not fade with
time so readings may not be taken immediately.
• Absorbance may be measured soon after dilution.
• A reliable and stable reference standard is available from World Health
Organisation for direct comparison
31. Cyanmethemoglobin Method
Disadvantages
• Diluted blood has to stand for a period of time to ensure complete
• conversion of Hb.
• Potassium cyanide is a poisonous substance and that is why Drabkin’s
• solution must never be pipetted by mouth.
• The rate of conversion of blood containing carboxyhemoglobin is slowed
• considerably. Prolonging the reaction time to 30min can overcome this
• problem.
• Abnormal plasma proteins cause turbidity when blood is diluted with
• Drabkin’s solution.
• A high leucocyte count also causes turbidity on dilution of blood.
Centrifuging the diluted blood can help overcome the turbidity.
32. • Modification of cyanehaemoglobin method
• Other chemicals-sodium lauryl
sulphate,imidazole,sodium dodecyl sulphate
• Measurements are made at various
wavelengths depending on final stable
product
Automated Blood Count Method
33. • MCV,MCHC,RDW,hematocrit and platelet
parameters
• Two chambers-
– Hb/WBC chamber
– RBC/platelets chamber
3 part Differential Analyzers
34. 5 part Differential Analyzers
• Classify cells as
neutrophils,eosinophils,
basophils,lymphocytes
and monocytes
• These provide accurate
platelet count,red cell
parameters including
various reticulocyte
parameters,immature
platelets
35. • Series of lithographed colors said to correspond
to Hb values ranging from 10 to 100 percent
• Blood obtained from finger puncture
• Placed on a piece of absorbent paper
• Colour is matched against the colour on the chart
• Corresponding reading taken
• Cheap and simple
• Error-20 to 50 percent
Tallqvist Hemoglobin Chart
36.
37. • Devised by Scott and Lewis
• Principle is similar to Tallqvist method
• Rapid,simple,inexpensive,reliable
• 1 gram/dl for diagnosis of anemia
• Printed set of colors corresponding to Hb values
from 4-14 grams/dl
• Efficiency-greater than 90 percent in detecting
anemia
• 86 percent-in classifying its grade
WHO Hemoglobin Colour Scale
38. • Useful for screening blood donors
• Screening women and children in health
programmes
• Iron-therapy
WHO Hemoglobin Colour Scale
39.
40. • Blood mixed with weak ammonia solution
• Absorbance compared with the standard
• Rapid and simple
• No stable solution is available
Oxyhemoglobin Method
41. • Adult males- 150 ± 20 g/l.
• Adult females(non pregnant )- 135 ± 15 g/l.
• Various methods of Hb are-
– Sahli’s acid hematin.
– Cyanhemoglobin Method.
– Gasometric Methods.
– Tallqvist Hemoglobin Chart.
– WHO Hemoglobin Color Scale.
– Oxyhemoglobin Method.
– Oxyhemoglobin Method.
• Most commonly practiced is Sahlis acid hematin method.
• Principle - Hb converted to hematin on mixture with acid solution.
• Most accurate method for estimation of Hb is Cyanhemoglobin Method.
Summary