Presentation about lipoma and liposarcoma, origin, cause, description, diagnosis, treatment with pictures that help the better understanding of the topic.
non-skeletal mesodermal tissues: adipose tissue, fibrous tissue, muscle, blood vessels and peripheral nerves (despite neuroectodermal origin)
benign, malignant and intermediate (low-grade malignant – locally aggressive, can recur, no metastatic potential)
originate from primitive mesenchymal stem cells
classification according to differentiation lines (e.g. liposarcoma is not a tumor arising from adipose tissue but exhibiting lipoblastic differentiation)
This document provides information about soft tissue tumors. It discusses the epidemiology, classification, etiology, diagnosis and treatment of both benign and malignant soft tissue tumors. Some key points include:
- Benign soft tissue tumors are more common than sarcomas. Common benign tumors include lipomas, schwannomas and giant cell tumors of the tendon sheath.
- Risk factors for soft tissue sarcoma include exposure to herbicides/pesticides, radiation exposure, genetic conditions and viral infections.
- MRI is usually the best imaging modality for evaluating soft tissue tumors. Biopsy is needed for diagnosis.
- Treatment depends on whether the tumor is benign or malignant. Benign tumors may
Lec 9&10 covered soft tissue tumors. Lipomas are benign fatty tumors that are usually solitary, well-encapsulated masses of mature adipocytes. Liposarcomas are malignant tumors of adipocytes that typically present as large, infiltrative masses with areas of necrosis. Nodular fasciitis is a self-limited reactive lesion, while fibromatoses are locally aggressive fibroblastic proliferations. Fibrosarcomas are highly malignant fibrous tumors. Leiomyomas are benign smooth muscle tumors that can occur anywhere, while leiomyosarcomas are malignant variants. Rhabdomyosarcoma is the most common soft tissue sarcoma in children that can vary considerably in
Lipomas are benign fatty tumors that are most common in adults aged 40-60 years. They are soft, mobile, and usually painless masses located under the skin or in deeper tissues. The most common type is a conventional lipoma composed of mature adipocytes. Liposarcoma is a malignant fatty tumor composed of primitive lipoblast cells. It typically occurs in deep tissues of thighs and retroperitoneum in older adults. Prognosis depends on histologic subtype, with well-differentiated and myxoid types having better outcomes than pleomorphic liposarcoma.
Identified in 1921 by James Ewing
2nd most common bone tumor in children
Ewing’s Sarcoma Family of tumors:
Ewing’s sarcoma (Bone –87%)
Extraosseous Ewing’s sarcoma (8%)
Peripheral PNET(5%)
Askin’s tumor
Lipoma is the most common soft tissue tumor arising from yellow fat deposits. It presents as a mobile, lobular mass that is non-tender and has a characteristic "slip sign" where the mass can slip between the examiner's fingers. Lipomas most commonly occur as encapsulated soft tissue masses but can also be found in various locations throughout the body. While lipomas are generally benign and can be excised, certain histological subtypes or locations carry a higher risk of malignant transformation.
This document discusses squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), a type of non-melanoma skin cancer. It notes that SCC comprises about 20% of non-melanoma skin cancers. Risk factors for SCC include cumulative sun exposure, fair skin, genetic conditions, immunosuppression, arsenic exposure, and other skin damage or diseases. Actinic keratosis is a precancerous lesion that can progress to SCC. Diagnosis involves biopsy and imaging if needed to assess spread. Treatment depends on risk factors and location but commonly includes surgery, Mohs surgery, radiation, or a combination for more advanced cases.
Papillary thyroid cancer is the most common type of thyroid cancer, accounting for 85% of cases. It is more common in females than males and often spreads to lymph nodes in the neck. Follicular thyroid cancer is the second most common type, making up around 17% of cases. Both types are generally treated with total thyroidectomy followed by radioactive iodine therapy and thyroid hormone suppression treatment. Long term surveillance of thyroid cancer involves monitoring thyroglobulin levels via blood tests and imaging scans to detect any recurrence or metastasis.
non-skeletal mesodermal tissues: adipose tissue, fibrous tissue, muscle, blood vessels and peripheral nerves (despite neuroectodermal origin)
benign, malignant and intermediate (low-grade malignant – locally aggressive, can recur, no metastatic potential)
originate from primitive mesenchymal stem cells
classification according to differentiation lines (e.g. liposarcoma is not a tumor arising from adipose tissue but exhibiting lipoblastic differentiation)
This document provides information about soft tissue tumors. It discusses the epidemiology, classification, etiology, diagnosis and treatment of both benign and malignant soft tissue tumors. Some key points include:
- Benign soft tissue tumors are more common than sarcomas. Common benign tumors include lipomas, schwannomas and giant cell tumors of the tendon sheath.
- Risk factors for soft tissue sarcoma include exposure to herbicides/pesticides, radiation exposure, genetic conditions and viral infections.
- MRI is usually the best imaging modality for evaluating soft tissue tumors. Biopsy is needed for diagnosis.
- Treatment depends on whether the tumor is benign or malignant. Benign tumors may
Lec 9&10 covered soft tissue tumors. Lipomas are benign fatty tumors that are usually solitary, well-encapsulated masses of mature adipocytes. Liposarcomas are malignant tumors of adipocytes that typically present as large, infiltrative masses with areas of necrosis. Nodular fasciitis is a self-limited reactive lesion, while fibromatoses are locally aggressive fibroblastic proliferations. Fibrosarcomas are highly malignant fibrous tumors. Leiomyomas are benign smooth muscle tumors that can occur anywhere, while leiomyosarcomas are malignant variants. Rhabdomyosarcoma is the most common soft tissue sarcoma in children that can vary considerably in
Lipomas are benign fatty tumors that are most common in adults aged 40-60 years. They are soft, mobile, and usually painless masses located under the skin or in deeper tissues. The most common type is a conventional lipoma composed of mature adipocytes. Liposarcoma is a malignant fatty tumor composed of primitive lipoblast cells. It typically occurs in deep tissues of thighs and retroperitoneum in older adults. Prognosis depends on histologic subtype, with well-differentiated and myxoid types having better outcomes than pleomorphic liposarcoma.
Identified in 1921 by James Ewing
2nd most common bone tumor in children
Ewing’s Sarcoma Family of tumors:
Ewing’s sarcoma (Bone –87%)
Extraosseous Ewing’s sarcoma (8%)
Peripheral PNET(5%)
Askin’s tumor
Lipoma is the most common soft tissue tumor arising from yellow fat deposits. It presents as a mobile, lobular mass that is non-tender and has a characteristic "slip sign" where the mass can slip between the examiner's fingers. Lipomas most commonly occur as encapsulated soft tissue masses but can also be found in various locations throughout the body. While lipomas are generally benign and can be excised, certain histological subtypes or locations carry a higher risk of malignant transformation.
This document discusses squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), a type of non-melanoma skin cancer. It notes that SCC comprises about 20% of non-melanoma skin cancers. Risk factors for SCC include cumulative sun exposure, fair skin, genetic conditions, immunosuppression, arsenic exposure, and other skin damage or diseases. Actinic keratosis is a precancerous lesion that can progress to SCC. Diagnosis involves biopsy and imaging if needed to assess spread. Treatment depends on risk factors and location but commonly includes surgery, Mohs surgery, radiation, or a combination for more advanced cases.
Papillary thyroid cancer is the most common type of thyroid cancer, accounting for 85% of cases. It is more common in females than males and often spreads to lymph nodes in the neck. Follicular thyroid cancer is the second most common type, making up around 17% of cases. Both types are generally treated with total thyroidectomy followed by radioactive iodine therapy and thyroid hormone suppression treatment. Long term surveillance of thyroid cancer involves monitoring thyroglobulin levels via blood tests and imaging scans to detect any recurrence or metastasis.
This document provides a review of Marjolin's ulcers (MUs), which represent malignant degeneration that develops in post-burn scars and wounds. Some key points:
- MUs most commonly occur in areas of full thickness burns that healed through secondary intention, wounds that never fully healed, or unstable post-burn scars.
- The incidence of MUs in post-burn lesions is reported to be 0.77-2%. They typically present as flat, indurated ulcers or exophytic papillary growths.
- Lower limbs are the most frequent site affected. The average latency period between initial burn and MU development is 35 years, though it can range from less than
This document discusses lipomas, which are benign soft tissue tumors composed of adipose tissue enclosed in connective tissue. It covers the epidemiology, causes, classification, clinical features, diagnosis, complications and treatment of lipomas. Lipomas most commonly occur in adults aged 40-60 and can be removed surgically, usually via simple excision, for cosmetic reasons or if the diagnosis is uncertain. While generally benign, liposarcomas can rarely develop with similar clinical features and require complete excision and histological examination.
Soft tissue sarcomas are rare malignant tumors that can arise in any soft tissue of the body. They are characterized by their genetic alterations and histological grade. Diagnosis is made through biopsy and imaging is used to stage the tumor. Treatment typically involves complete surgical resection with negative margins, along with possible adjuvant radiation and chemotherapy depending on tumor grade and size. Prognosis depends on factors like tumor size, grade, depth, and completeness of resection. Recurrence rates remain high, especially for retroperitoneal and visceral soft tissue sarcomas.
- Soft tissue tumors arise from non-epithelial connective tissues like fat, muscle, fibrous tissues, blood vessels, or deep skin tissues. They represent less than 1% of cancers.
- Soft tissue tumors are classified based on the tissue of origin and characteristics like morphology, immunohistochemistry, and genetics. Major categories include adipose, fibrous, skeletal muscle, smooth muscle, and tumors of uncertain origin.
- Specific tumor types discussed in detail include lipoma, liposarcoma, nodular fasciitis, fibromatosis, rhabdomyosarcoma, leiomyoma, leiomyosarcoma, synovial sarcoma, and undifferent
A sentinel lymph node is the first lymph node that cancer is likely to spread to from a primary tumor. A sentinel lymph node biopsy identifies, removes, and examines this lymph node to determine if cancer cells are present. If cancer is found, it indicates the cancer may have spread to other lymph nodes or organs. Examining the sentinel lymph node helps determine the cancer stage and guides treatment planning. The procedure also reduces potential side effects of full lymph node surgery like lymphedema. Sentinel lymph node biopsies are used for cancers like breast cancer, melanoma, and others.
Lipomas are benign soft tissue tumors composed of adipose tissue enclosed in a connective tissue capsule. They are the most common soft tissue tumor and typically present as localized, mobile, soft, non-tender lumps under the skin. Lipomas can occur anywhere on the body but are most common on the neck, back, and shoulders. While lipomas usually do not require treatment, surgical excision is recommended if they are painful, restrict movement, or grow very large in order to confirm benign histology. Surgical removal is typically via simple excision, which effectively cures most cases with few recurrences.
Sentinal lymph node biopsy is a staging procedure used to detect occult metastases in early stage cancers. The sentinel lymph node is the first lymph node to receive drainage from a tumor. During the procedure, a radioactive tracer is injected around the tumor and followed using a gamma probe to identify the sentinel lymph node, which is then surgically removed and examined for cancer cells. Identifying metastases in the sentinel lymph node can help determine the need for further treatment such as neck dissection while avoiding unnecessary procedures in node-negative patients. While controversial in oral cancers due to variability in lymphatic drainage, sentinel lymph node biopsy may help improve staging and individualize treatment when performed by an experienced team.
Pleomorphic adenoma is the most common benign tumor of the parotid gland. It consists of both epithelial cells and spindle-shaped mesenchymal cells within an abundant mucoid matrix. On pathology, it displays well-differentiated epithelial cells and spindle/stellate cells in a pleomorphic stroma with mucoid material. The tumor presents as a slow-growing, painless swelling of the parotid gland and is diagnosed by FNAC. The treatment is complete surgical excision via superficial parotidectomy while preserving the facial nerve. Recurrence is possible if there are pseudopods left behind or inadequate margins. Malignant transformation may occur in long-standing tumors.
The document summarizes key anatomical and clinical aspects of the rectum:
1. The rectum is 12-15 cm long, located in the pelvis behind the lower sacrum and coccyx. It has three sections with varying peritoneal coverage and blood supply.
2. Rectal cancer is the third most common cancer in the US. Risk factors include diet, family history, and conditions like ulcerative colitis. Symptoms often include changes in bowel habits or bleeding.
3. Treatment involves surgery like low anterior resection or abdominoperineal resection. Total mesorectal excision improves outcomes by completely removing the mesorectum and reducing local recurrence rates.
This document provides an overview of various types of non-specific ulcers, including their causes, characteristics, and treatments. It discusses ulcers caused by trauma, arterial issues, venous issues, pressure, infection, tropical conditions, frostbite, hypertension, diabetes, mycobacteria, cancer, and more. For most ulcer types, it outlines key features like location, appearance, complications, investigations needed, and management approaches involving wound care, antibiotics, surgery, or other therapies.
1) Solitary thyroid nodules are common and usually detected by palpation or ultrasound. Evaluation is needed to rule out malignancy given the risk of cancer in solitary nodules.
2) Ultrasound and fine needle aspiration biopsy are important diagnostic tools, with ultrasound assessing features suggestive of malignancy and FNAB providing cytology results.
3) Treatment depends on FNAB and risk factor results, ranging from observation for benign nodules to surgery for malignant or suspicious nodules. Surgery type depends on cancer risk and includes lobectomy or total thyroidectomy.
This document discusses the ultrasound characteristics of various thyroid cancers and lesions. It notes that papillary carcinoma is the most common thyroid cancer, often appearing as a solid, hypoechoic nodule with punctate microcalcifications and intranodular vascularity. Anaplastic carcinoma grows rapidly with areas of necrosis. Medullary carcinoma contains echogenic foci related to amyloid and calcification. Follicular lesions cannot be distinguished as benign or malignant without biopsy. Metastases to the thyroid typically appear as a well-defined hypoechoic mass, most often in the lower pole.
Phyllodes tumors are rare breast tumors that are usually benign but can sometimes be malignant. They make up 1% of breast tumors. Phyllodes tumors typically present as large, rapidly growing masses in women over 40 years old. Diagnosis is made through biopsy and imaging tests. Treatment is complete surgical excision with wide margins. For malignant tumors, adjuvant radiation or chemotherapy may be considered. Prognosis is generally good for benign and borderline tumors treated with surgery alone, while malignant tumors have a 5-year survival rate of 60-80% even with additional treatment.
Mesenteric cysts are rare fluid-filled masses that form between the two layers of the small bowel mesentery. They have an incidence of 1 in 100,000 hospital admissions, with about 1/3 diagnosed in patients under 15 years old. The most common type is the chylolymphatic cyst, which occurs due to congenitally misplaced lymphatic tissue. Ultrasound and CT scans are used to identify the fluid-filled cystic structures. Surgical treatment involves enucleation of chylolymphatic cysts or excision with intestinal resection. Prognosis is generally favorable with low recurrence rates following complete excision.
This document provides information about testicular cancers, including:
- Testicular cancer accounts for 1% of cancers in males and is highly curable when detected early, often affecting young men.
- The testis has blood supply from the testicular artery and drains into the pampiniform plexus and internal spermatic veins. Lymphatic drainage is to retroperitoneal lymph nodes.
- The majority (95%) are germ cell tumors, including seminomas and non-seminomas. Staging involves tumor markers, imaging scans, and lymph node dissection. Treatment depends on the type and stage but may include surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy.
Dermoid cysts are cysts lined with squamous epithelium that contain skin adnexa such as sweat glands, sebaceous glands, and hair follicles. There are several types of dermoid cysts including congenital dermoid cysts that form along embryonic fusion lines and can cause bony defects, implantation dermoid cysts that form after skin implantation injuries, and teratomatous dermoid cysts containing tissues from all germ layers. Dermoid cysts typically present as slow-growing, painless swellings and are diagnosed based on location and imaging findings showing cystic masses sometimes eroding adjacent bone. Excision is the treatment.
1) The document discusses the management of breast cancer including surgical approaches such as mastectomy, radiotherapy, hormone therapy, and chemotherapy.
2) Surgical approaches range from conservative surgeries to radical mastectomies and include procedures such as lumpectomy, quadrantectomy, and total mastectomy.
3) Management depends on the stage of breast cancer and may involve a multi-pronged approach using combinations of surgery, radiotherapy, hormone therapy, and chemotherapy. Single modalities are generally not effective.
There are three types of retrosternal goiters (RGs): 1) primary intra-thoracic goiters that arise from aberrant thyroid tissue in the mediastinum, 2) secondary RGs that develop from downward migration of the thyroid gland into the mediastinum, and 3) plunging goiters that rise and fall through the thoracic inlet. Secondary RGs are most common and are connected to the cervical thyroid, receiving blood supply from cervical vessels. Symptoms include dyspnea that is worsened by positions reducing the thoracic inlet, and sometimes dysphagia. Thyroidectomy is the treatment, performed via cervical approach but sometimes requiring median sternotomy.
Neurofibroma is a benign tumor that arises from the connective tissue of nerves. It consists of neural and fibrous elements. Neurofibromas can be single or multiple, and form fusiform swellings along nerves. They can occur in cranial, spinal, or peripheral nerves. The main types are nodular, plexiform, generalized (von Recklinghausen's disease), elephantiatic, and pachydermatocoele. Nodular neurofibromas commonly affect peripheral nerves in adults as single, firm nodules. Plexiform neurofibromas often involve the face and can cause vision problems or bone erosion. Generalized neurofibromatosis is an inherited condition with
This document discusses lipomas, which are benign soft tissue tumors composed of adipose (fat) tissue. Some key points:
- Lipomas are common, usually appearing as soft, movable lumps under the skin on the neck, back, or arms.
- While generally harmless, lipomas can sometimes be confused with potentially dangerous liposarcomas, so biopsy is used for diagnosis.
- Removal is usually via simple excision surgery but sometimes liposuction is used. Factors like size, location, and suspicion of cancer determine treatment.
- Histopathological examination reveals mature fat cells arranged in lobules, similar to normal fat but metabolically distinct. Genetic factors may play
Penile cancer most often develops in uncircumcised men over age 50. 95% are squamous cell carcinoma, developing on the foreskin or penis. Diagnosis involves physical exam, biopsy. Treatment depends on stage but may include surgery, radiation, chemotherapy, or biological therapies to remove cancer and prevent spread. Prognosis is best if caught early before spreading.
This document provides a review of Marjolin's ulcers (MUs), which represent malignant degeneration that develops in post-burn scars and wounds. Some key points:
- MUs most commonly occur in areas of full thickness burns that healed through secondary intention, wounds that never fully healed, or unstable post-burn scars.
- The incidence of MUs in post-burn lesions is reported to be 0.77-2%. They typically present as flat, indurated ulcers or exophytic papillary growths.
- Lower limbs are the most frequent site affected. The average latency period between initial burn and MU development is 35 years, though it can range from less than
This document discusses lipomas, which are benign soft tissue tumors composed of adipose tissue enclosed in connective tissue. It covers the epidemiology, causes, classification, clinical features, diagnosis, complications and treatment of lipomas. Lipomas most commonly occur in adults aged 40-60 and can be removed surgically, usually via simple excision, for cosmetic reasons or if the diagnosis is uncertain. While generally benign, liposarcomas can rarely develop with similar clinical features and require complete excision and histological examination.
Soft tissue sarcomas are rare malignant tumors that can arise in any soft tissue of the body. They are characterized by their genetic alterations and histological grade. Diagnosis is made through biopsy and imaging is used to stage the tumor. Treatment typically involves complete surgical resection with negative margins, along with possible adjuvant radiation and chemotherapy depending on tumor grade and size. Prognosis depends on factors like tumor size, grade, depth, and completeness of resection. Recurrence rates remain high, especially for retroperitoneal and visceral soft tissue sarcomas.
- Soft tissue tumors arise from non-epithelial connective tissues like fat, muscle, fibrous tissues, blood vessels, or deep skin tissues. They represent less than 1% of cancers.
- Soft tissue tumors are classified based on the tissue of origin and characteristics like morphology, immunohistochemistry, and genetics. Major categories include adipose, fibrous, skeletal muscle, smooth muscle, and tumors of uncertain origin.
- Specific tumor types discussed in detail include lipoma, liposarcoma, nodular fasciitis, fibromatosis, rhabdomyosarcoma, leiomyoma, leiomyosarcoma, synovial sarcoma, and undifferent
A sentinel lymph node is the first lymph node that cancer is likely to spread to from a primary tumor. A sentinel lymph node biopsy identifies, removes, and examines this lymph node to determine if cancer cells are present. If cancer is found, it indicates the cancer may have spread to other lymph nodes or organs. Examining the sentinel lymph node helps determine the cancer stage and guides treatment planning. The procedure also reduces potential side effects of full lymph node surgery like lymphedema. Sentinel lymph node biopsies are used for cancers like breast cancer, melanoma, and others.
Lipomas are benign soft tissue tumors composed of adipose tissue enclosed in a connective tissue capsule. They are the most common soft tissue tumor and typically present as localized, mobile, soft, non-tender lumps under the skin. Lipomas can occur anywhere on the body but are most common on the neck, back, and shoulders. While lipomas usually do not require treatment, surgical excision is recommended if they are painful, restrict movement, or grow very large in order to confirm benign histology. Surgical removal is typically via simple excision, which effectively cures most cases with few recurrences.
Sentinal lymph node biopsy is a staging procedure used to detect occult metastases in early stage cancers. The sentinel lymph node is the first lymph node to receive drainage from a tumor. During the procedure, a radioactive tracer is injected around the tumor and followed using a gamma probe to identify the sentinel lymph node, which is then surgically removed and examined for cancer cells. Identifying metastases in the sentinel lymph node can help determine the need for further treatment such as neck dissection while avoiding unnecessary procedures in node-negative patients. While controversial in oral cancers due to variability in lymphatic drainage, sentinel lymph node biopsy may help improve staging and individualize treatment when performed by an experienced team.
Pleomorphic adenoma is the most common benign tumor of the parotid gland. It consists of both epithelial cells and spindle-shaped mesenchymal cells within an abundant mucoid matrix. On pathology, it displays well-differentiated epithelial cells and spindle/stellate cells in a pleomorphic stroma with mucoid material. The tumor presents as a slow-growing, painless swelling of the parotid gland and is diagnosed by FNAC. The treatment is complete surgical excision via superficial parotidectomy while preserving the facial nerve. Recurrence is possible if there are pseudopods left behind or inadequate margins. Malignant transformation may occur in long-standing tumors.
The document summarizes key anatomical and clinical aspects of the rectum:
1. The rectum is 12-15 cm long, located in the pelvis behind the lower sacrum and coccyx. It has three sections with varying peritoneal coverage and blood supply.
2. Rectal cancer is the third most common cancer in the US. Risk factors include diet, family history, and conditions like ulcerative colitis. Symptoms often include changes in bowel habits or bleeding.
3. Treatment involves surgery like low anterior resection or abdominoperineal resection. Total mesorectal excision improves outcomes by completely removing the mesorectum and reducing local recurrence rates.
This document provides an overview of various types of non-specific ulcers, including their causes, characteristics, and treatments. It discusses ulcers caused by trauma, arterial issues, venous issues, pressure, infection, tropical conditions, frostbite, hypertension, diabetes, mycobacteria, cancer, and more. For most ulcer types, it outlines key features like location, appearance, complications, investigations needed, and management approaches involving wound care, antibiotics, surgery, or other therapies.
1) Solitary thyroid nodules are common and usually detected by palpation or ultrasound. Evaluation is needed to rule out malignancy given the risk of cancer in solitary nodules.
2) Ultrasound and fine needle aspiration biopsy are important diagnostic tools, with ultrasound assessing features suggestive of malignancy and FNAB providing cytology results.
3) Treatment depends on FNAB and risk factor results, ranging from observation for benign nodules to surgery for malignant or suspicious nodules. Surgery type depends on cancer risk and includes lobectomy or total thyroidectomy.
This document discusses the ultrasound characteristics of various thyroid cancers and lesions. It notes that papillary carcinoma is the most common thyroid cancer, often appearing as a solid, hypoechoic nodule with punctate microcalcifications and intranodular vascularity. Anaplastic carcinoma grows rapidly with areas of necrosis. Medullary carcinoma contains echogenic foci related to amyloid and calcification. Follicular lesions cannot be distinguished as benign or malignant without biopsy. Metastases to the thyroid typically appear as a well-defined hypoechoic mass, most often in the lower pole.
Phyllodes tumors are rare breast tumors that are usually benign but can sometimes be malignant. They make up 1% of breast tumors. Phyllodes tumors typically present as large, rapidly growing masses in women over 40 years old. Diagnosis is made through biopsy and imaging tests. Treatment is complete surgical excision with wide margins. For malignant tumors, adjuvant radiation or chemotherapy may be considered. Prognosis is generally good for benign and borderline tumors treated with surgery alone, while malignant tumors have a 5-year survival rate of 60-80% even with additional treatment.
Mesenteric cysts are rare fluid-filled masses that form between the two layers of the small bowel mesentery. They have an incidence of 1 in 100,000 hospital admissions, with about 1/3 diagnosed in patients under 15 years old. The most common type is the chylolymphatic cyst, which occurs due to congenitally misplaced lymphatic tissue. Ultrasound and CT scans are used to identify the fluid-filled cystic structures. Surgical treatment involves enucleation of chylolymphatic cysts or excision with intestinal resection. Prognosis is generally favorable with low recurrence rates following complete excision.
This document provides information about testicular cancers, including:
- Testicular cancer accounts for 1% of cancers in males and is highly curable when detected early, often affecting young men.
- The testis has blood supply from the testicular artery and drains into the pampiniform plexus and internal spermatic veins. Lymphatic drainage is to retroperitoneal lymph nodes.
- The majority (95%) are germ cell tumors, including seminomas and non-seminomas. Staging involves tumor markers, imaging scans, and lymph node dissection. Treatment depends on the type and stage but may include surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy.
Dermoid cysts are cysts lined with squamous epithelium that contain skin adnexa such as sweat glands, sebaceous glands, and hair follicles. There are several types of dermoid cysts including congenital dermoid cysts that form along embryonic fusion lines and can cause bony defects, implantation dermoid cysts that form after skin implantation injuries, and teratomatous dermoid cysts containing tissues from all germ layers. Dermoid cysts typically present as slow-growing, painless swellings and are diagnosed based on location and imaging findings showing cystic masses sometimes eroding adjacent bone. Excision is the treatment.
1) The document discusses the management of breast cancer including surgical approaches such as mastectomy, radiotherapy, hormone therapy, and chemotherapy.
2) Surgical approaches range from conservative surgeries to radical mastectomies and include procedures such as lumpectomy, quadrantectomy, and total mastectomy.
3) Management depends on the stage of breast cancer and may involve a multi-pronged approach using combinations of surgery, radiotherapy, hormone therapy, and chemotherapy. Single modalities are generally not effective.
There are three types of retrosternal goiters (RGs): 1) primary intra-thoracic goiters that arise from aberrant thyroid tissue in the mediastinum, 2) secondary RGs that develop from downward migration of the thyroid gland into the mediastinum, and 3) plunging goiters that rise and fall through the thoracic inlet. Secondary RGs are most common and are connected to the cervical thyroid, receiving blood supply from cervical vessels. Symptoms include dyspnea that is worsened by positions reducing the thoracic inlet, and sometimes dysphagia. Thyroidectomy is the treatment, performed via cervical approach but sometimes requiring median sternotomy.
Neurofibroma is a benign tumor that arises from the connective tissue of nerves. It consists of neural and fibrous elements. Neurofibromas can be single or multiple, and form fusiform swellings along nerves. They can occur in cranial, spinal, or peripheral nerves. The main types are nodular, plexiform, generalized (von Recklinghausen's disease), elephantiatic, and pachydermatocoele. Nodular neurofibromas commonly affect peripheral nerves in adults as single, firm nodules. Plexiform neurofibromas often involve the face and can cause vision problems or bone erosion. Generalized neurofibromatosis is an inherited condition with
This document discusses lipomas, which are benign soft tissue tumors composed of adipose (fat) tissue. Some key points:
- Lipomas are common, usually appearing as soft, movable lumps under the skin on the neck, back, or arms.
- While generally harmless, lipomas can sometimes be confused with potentially dangerous liposarcomas, so biopsy is used for diagnosis.
- Removal is usually via simple excision surgery but sometimes liposuction is used. Factors like size, location, and suspicion of cancer determine treatment.
- Histopathological examination reveals mature fat cells arranged in lobules, similar to normal fat but metabolically distinct. Genetic factors may play
Penile cancer most often develops in uncircumcised men over age 50. 95% are squamous cell carcinoma, developing on the foreskin or penis. Diagnosis involves physical exam, biopsy. Treatment depends on stage but may include surgery, radiation, chemotherapy, or biological therapies to remove cancer and prevent spread. Prognosis is best if caught early before spreading.
This document discusses lipomas, which are benign soft tissue tumors composed of adipose tissue enclosed in connective tissue. It covers the epidemiology, causes, classification, clinical features, diagnosis, complications and treatment of lipomas. Lipomas most commonly occur in adults aged 40-60 and can be found anywhere fat is located in the body. Surgical excision is the primary treatment, with liposuction and injectable lipolysis compounds also being used in some cases.
Madam Asiah, age 35, was admitted to the ward with generalized abdominal pain, more on the right side and back. She has stage IV bilateral breast cancer and is scheduled for surgery. The doctor wants assessments of nausea/vomiting due to chemotherapy and interventions to improve nutrition. Counseling will also be provided to address changes to her body image and self-esteem from the cancer treatments. Pain management interventions are needed to relieve her discomfort.
The document discusses neoplasia (abnormal cell growth), including:
1. Malignant tumors cause over 1 million cancer deaths worldwide each year from cancers like gastric, lung, and breast. The highest frequency of cancers is seen in countries like Italy, France, and the US.
2. Tumors are classified based on structure, location, benign vs malignant characteristics, and organ of origin. There are over 200 tumor types grouped into 7 categories.
3. Tumors can be benign (noncancerous), malignant (cancerous), or have local destructive growth. Malignant tumors spread via metastasis and affect the body, while benign tumors do not spread or affect the body.
4.
The document discusses various soft tissue tumors. It describes that soft tissue tumors can be benign or malignant and arise from mesenchymal tissues. Some common soft tissue tumors mentioned include lipoma, liposarcoma, fibromas, fibrosarcomas, and synovial sarcoma. The prognosis and treatment of soft tissue tumors depends on factors like grade, stage, and ability to completely surgically remove the tumor.
from Ancient Greek - neo- "new" and plasia "formation, creation"), tumor or tumour
is an abnormal mass of tissue as a result of abnormal growth or division of cells
The term "cancer" implies malignancy, but neoplasms can be subclassified as either benign or malignant.
Skin cancers arise from abnormal skin cells that can invade or spread. The three main types are basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and melanoma. Basal cell carcinoma grows slowly and rarely spreads, while squamous cell carcinoma is more likely to spread. Melanoma is the most aggressive and dangerous type. Signs of skin cancer include changes to moles or growths on the skin.
This document discusses breast pathology, including cancer diagnosis and benign breast diseases. It covers breast anatomy, histology of different tumor types, lymph node groups related to breast cancer metastasis, and diagnostic techniques. Diagnosis is based on symptoms, palpation, mammography, and biopsy. Common benign breast anomalies include supernumerary breasts, absence of breast tissue, and gynecomastia in men. Surgical treatment aims to remove tissue in cases of hyperplasia and implant prosthetics for hypoplasia or absence of breast tissue.
The document discusses retroperitoneal masses. It notes that primary retroperitoneal masses originate in the retroperitoneum outside major organs. CT and MRI are important imaging modalities. Retroperitoneal masses can be solid or cystic neoplastic or non-neoplastic tumors. The majority are malignant. Common solid neoplastic masses include mesodermal tumors like liposarcomas, neurogenic tumors, and germ cell tumors. Imaging findings of common tumor types are described.
The skin is the largest organ of the body and performs many vital functions like protection and thermoregulation. It has three layers - the epidermis, dermis and subcutaneous tissue. Skin cancer occurs more often in people with fair skin exposed to UV rays and can be basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, or melanoma. Diagnosis involves examination of suspicious lesions and sometimes lymph nodes. Treatment options depend on cancer type and stage but may include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or a combination. Preventive measures incorporate sun protection and treating precancerous skin conditions.
This document provides information on benign tumors, including their definition, differences between benign and malignant tumors, and descriptions of specific benign tumor types. Some key points:
- Benign tumors are slow-growing and do not invade other structures or spread to other parts of the body, while malignant tumors are rapidly growing and can invade nearby tissues and spread via lymphatics or bloodstream.
- Common benign tumor types described include lipomas, fibromas, papillomas, neurofibromas, and pigmented nevi. Specific features and classifications of lipomas and neurofibromas are outlined.
- Treatment options for benign tumors typically involve surgical excision to address cosmetic concerns or prevent complications from
The document discusses benign and malignant tumors. It defines neoplasia as an abnormal mass of tissue that grows in an uncontrolled way. Benign tumors are slow-growing, localized, and not life-threatening, while malignant tumors spread rapidly throughout the body and can cause death. Cancer refers specifically to malignant tumors. Risk factors for cancer development include age, sex, heredity, occupation, and lifestyle. The document outlines cancer prevention strategies like avoiding carcinogens, maintaining a healthy diet and lifestyle, and undergoing regular screening tests.
Cancer is predominantly a disease of middle age and elderly. Environment and genetics influence cancer risk. The global cancer burden is estimated at 10 million new cases per year, predicted to rise to 15 million by 2020. Cancer is the second most common cause of death in developed countries. The major cancers vary by sex, with lung cancer most common in men and breast cancer in women. Cancer risk depends on factors like age, sex, geography, occupation, diet, and smoking. Cancer spreads locally, through lymphatics, blood vessels, body cavities, and along epithelial surfaces. Premalignant conditions include changes in benign tumors, intraepithelial neoplasia, and malignancies from chronic inflammation.
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Soft tissue sarcomas are a rare and heterogeneous group of tumors that arise from mesenchymal tissues. They account for less than 1% of adult cancers and 7% of childhood cancers. The most common types in adults are malignant fibrous histiocytoma, leiomyosarcoma, and liposarcoma. Treatment involves surgical resection with negative margins, often combined with radiation therapy. For high-risk localized or metastatic disease, chemotherapy may also be used. Accurate diagnosis and treatment planning by a multidisciplinary team is important for managing these rare tumors.
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3. Definition
Lipomas are single or multiple subcutaneous tumours, easily recognizable
by the soft, round/lobulated shape they have.
They do not develop into cancer as they are made of fat cells with the
same morphology as normal ones and can’t propagate.
They can appear everywhere but are usually found on the chest, the neck,
the arms and the back.
They are the most common non-cancerous growth of soft tissue.
They are not painful.
They are rarely harmful.
4.
5. Risk Factors of lipoma
The exact cause of lipoma is unknown or not fully understood but some
hypothesis were made.
It can be triggered by minor injury and can develop due to an inherited
condition called familial lipomatosis (familial lipoma syndrome).
This syndrome is an autosomal dominant trait appearing in early adulthood,
consists of hundreds of slowly growing non-tender lesions.
Lipoma develops more often in adults, between the age of 40 and 60 but may
affect all ages and sex.
Single lipomas affect both sex equally but multiple ones are more common in
men.
Conditions such as Cowden’s syndrome, Gardner’s syndrome, Madelung’s
disease increase the risk of lipoma development.
6.
7. Diagnosis
Lipomas are not dangerous. However, since they are very similar to
liposarcomas, it is important to diagnose them.
Usually, they are not painful and develop slowly. However, if they develop
internally, they may affect organ and nerves and cause symptoms.
Those symptoms may be pain, swelling foul-smelling discharge of the
lipoma.
Lipomas are diagnosed quite easily by visual examination thanks to their
characteristic dome-shaped.
Upon palpation, they are soft and easily movable under the skin, without
any pain.
In case of doubt whether it’s a lipoma or a liposarcoma, a biopsy can be
performed.
If the biopsy reveals liposarcoma, CT and MRI are to be performed.
8. Treatment
Being harmless, they are removed only by request of the patient or if the doctor
judges it necessary. Different methods are available depending on some factors
such as :
1. Size of lipoma
2. Number of tumours
3. Location of tumour
4. Patient’s personal history of skin cancer
5. Patient’s family history of skin cancer
6. Whether or not the lipoma is painful
Therefore, as methods, we have
1. Surgery
2. Liposuction and squeeze technique
3. Injections of steroid hormones
9. Surgery
Under local anaesthesia, the surgeon will make an incision and excise or
remove the lipoma. The skin is then closed using sutures and a small scar
forms once the wound is healed. For deep-lying or large lipomas, the surgery
may be performed under general anaesthesia in an operating room.
Lipomas rarely grow back after a surgical intervention
10.
11. Liposuction & Squeezing technique
Since lipomas are fat-based, liposuction can work well to reduce its size.
Liposuction involves a needle attached to a large syringe and is practiced
under local anaesthesia.
Squeeze technique (a small incision is made over the lipoma and the fatty
tissue is squeezed through the hole).
If the entire lipoma is not removed, there’s a possibility of it coming back.
12.
13.
14. Injection of steroid hormones
Local injections of steroid hormones can be made in order to shrink the
lipoma. However, this method does not get rid of it.
The exact mechanism of action behind it is still unknown. In every case,
involutional lipoatrophy was observed with evidence of macrophages in close
proximity to altered adipocytes. Those macrophages where observed
engulfing altered adipocytes.
A speculation was made that injection of steroid hormones lead to an
inflammatory response with secondary macrophage activation and
productions of cytokines.
15. Outcome
The outcome of lipomas is excellent. There’s a possibility of recurrence if the
removal is incomplete.
As a benign tumour, there’s no chance of it spreading.
Subcutaneous lipomas never present any risk while internal lipomas may lead
to some complication if not remove such as bleeding, ulceration
(gastrointestinal tract).
Finally, worsening of the tumour into a malignant form is very rare and have
been reported only for bone and kidneys lipomas.
17. Definition
Liposarcoma is a rare cancer of connective tissue resembling fat cells
under the microscope.
They account for about 18% of soft tissue sarcomas and can develop
anywhere.
They most often grow on thigh, groin and back of the abdomen.
They are not painful and slow growing.
The abdominal ones are especially dangerous because they can grow a lot
before being found.
18.
19. (a) A well-
circumscribed soft
tumor with outer
surface covered by
fibrous capsule. (b)
Cut section
showing yellowish,
greasy solid tumor
with lobulated
appearance
20. Risk Factors of liposarcoma
The exact cause of liposarcoma is unknown or not fully understood but
some hypothesis were made.
There are no evidence of it developing after any sort of injury.
They are slightly more common in men than in women.
Liposarcoma develops more often in adults, between the age of 40 and 60
but may affect all ages and sex.
If it develops in younger people, it is usually during the teenage years
(about 4% of the cases of soft tissues sarcomas).
21. Types of liposarcoma
There are four types of liposarcoma, each with its own unique characteristics
and behaviours.
Well-differentiated liposarcoma is the most common subtype and
usually starts as a low grade tumour. Low grade tumour cells look much
like normal fat cells under the microscope and tend to grow and change
slowly.
Myxoid liposarcoma is an intermediate to high grade tumour. Its cells
look less normal under the microscope and may have a high grade
component.
Pleomorphic liposarcoma is the rarest subtype and is a high grade
tumour with cells that look very different from normal cells.
Dedifferentiated liposarcoma occurs when a low grade tumour changes,
and the newer cells in the tumour are high grade.
22. Tumour composed of
lobules of adipose
tissue containing
lipoblasts suggesting
well-differentiated
liposarcoma. Highly
pleomorphic
lipoblasts (inset) were
also seen (H and E,
×10 and ×40)
23. (a) Tumour
showing mosaic
pattern with well-
differentiated
liposarcoma. (b)
Abruptly
transforming into
nonlipogenic
sarcomatous
component. (H and
E, ×10)
24. This myxoid
liposarcoma shows
a basophilic
background stroma
with a prominent
plexiform vascular
pattern with
scattered mature
adipocytes with
spindled and
stellate malignant
cells seen between
the vessels.
25. Microscopic
sections reveal
numerous atypical
adipocytes
suspended in a
prominent myxoid
stroma with
‘chicken wire’
capillary
vasculature,
characteristic of
myxoid
liposarcoma.
A focal area
demonstrated
numerous
lipoblasts. No
round cell
component was
identified in the
lesion.
26. Cytology smears
showing clusters of
pleomorphic
spindle to round
cells. Many
multinucleated
tumor giant cells
(upper inset);
bizarre appearing
lipoblasts
displaying
scalloped nucleus
having multiple
cytoplasmic
vacuolations (lower
inset) (H and E, ×20
and ×40)
28. Here, at high power
is a field of
pleomorphic cells
that have no
phenotypic
appearance of
lipoblasts, The
tumour was + for
MDM2 and CDK4.
The diagnosis is
dedifferentiated
liposarcoma
29. In the myxomatous
area (surrounded
by the blue dashes
in the photograph
aside), lipoblasts
with round, sharp,
clear vacuoles and
pleomorphism are
seen. This
represents the
dedifferentiated
liposarcoma
portion of the
tumour.
30.
31. Diagnosis
Liposarcomas are not felt by patients since they are painless which may
cause problem especially in abdomen where they can reach a huge size
before being noticed.
Patients may notice a lump, which can be soft or firm.
Liposarcomas by visual examination. Lumps larger than 5cm are subjected
to biopsy.
After biopsy results, we can also use CT, X-ray or MRI.
There are two main types of biopsy: a needle and a surgical biopsy. The
location, incision and technical aspects of the biopsy can affect a patient’s
treatment options and outcome.
The results of the biopsy and imaging studies provide stage of liposarcoma
and helps finding the best treatment plan.
32. (a) Diffuse, huge,
ill-defined soft
tissue swelling. (b)
Contrast enhanced
computed
tomography scan
showing a well-
defined, lobulated,
hypodense seen
along the muscular
plane of left thigh.
Multiple enhancing
septae noted within
with no
calcifications. (c)
Anterior and lateral
view
33.
34. Treatment
Depending on whether or not the liposarcoma formed metastases and spread
to other organs, there are two main ways of treatment
1. Surgery
2. Combination between surgery and Radiation Therapy
35. Surgery
It is the treatment for primary liposarcomas that have not yet spread to other
organs. Most of the time, the tumour will be removed with a lot of healthy
tissue in order to make sure that the tumour have been totally removed and
can’t come back anymore. In approximately 5% of cases, liposarcomas on the
limbs were so big that the amputation was the only solution to guarantee
complete removal of the tumour.
36.
37.
38. Combination between radiation
therapy and surgery
This method prevents recurrence at the surgical site in about 85-90% of
the cases, results vary depending on types of liposarcoma. Radiation
therapy may be used before, during of after the surgery to kill tumour
cells. It has also some disadvantage. It slows down healing process since it
kills healthy cells as well.
Chemotherapy is recommended in situations where patients are at high
risk of recurrence or in case the tumour already spread.
39. Outcome
Five-year disease specific survival rates (chances of not dying from cancer-
related causes) :
100% in well-differentiated liposarcoma.
88% in myxoid liposarcoma.
56% in pleomorphic liposarcoma.
Ten-year survival rates :
87% in well-differentiated liposarcoma.
76% in myxoid liposarcoma.
39% in pleomorphic liposarcoma.
40. SOURCES
"Lipoma" Author : Abino David, Medical Student at MBBS, Kerala, India
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http://www.dermnetnz.org/topics/lipoma-and-liposarcoma/
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on 08 March 2016 - http://www.healthline.com/health/skin/lumps#Outlook6
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Reconstructive Surgeon, Mountain View Regional Medical Center
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Pediatrics, Medicine, and Preventive Medicine and Community Health, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School; Visiting
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Dermatologist, Dermatology Associates of Central NJ
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liposarcoma
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Cancer Investig J 2016;5:188-92
Barbara Lamagna, Adelaide Greco, Anna Guardascione, Luigi Navas, Manuela Ragozzino, Orlando Paciello, Arturo Brunetti
and Leonardo Meomartino “Canine Lipomas Treated with Steroid Injections: Clinical Findings”
http://www.brown.edu/Courses/Digital_Path/systemic_path/bone/MyxoidLiposarcoma.html