Classifications of Fungi
Characteristics of all Fungi
Structure of Fungi
Reproduction
Classification of Fungi
Basidiomycota
sexual reproduction occur by basidium , will be present spore is called basidiospore .
Asexual by budding ,fragementation, conidiospores.
Ascomycota
microscopic sexual structure in which nonmotile spores, called ascospores.
Mostly the ascomycota is sexual but some asexual it lacks the ascospore.
Zygomycota
Two spore
mitospores ( or) sporangiospore
chlamitospore (or) zygospore
Deuteromycota
Imperfect Fungi referring to our "imperfect" knowledge of their complete life cycles.
sexual life cycle that is either unknown or absent.
Asexual reproduction is by means of conidia or may be lacking.
culture media
SDA medium – sabouraud dextrose agar
Classifications of Fungi
Characteristics of all Fungi
Structure of Fungi
Reproduction
Classification of Fungi
Basidiomycota
sexual reproduction occur by basidium , will be present spore is called basidiospore .
Asexual by budding ,fragementation, conidiospores.
Ascomycota
microscopic sexual structure in which nonmotile spores, called ascospores.
Mostly the ascomycota is sexual but some asexual it lacks the ascospore.
Zygomycota
Two spore
mitospores ( or) sporangiospore
chlamitospore (or) zygospore
Deuteromycota
Imperfect Fungi referring to our "imperfect" knowledge of their complete life cycles.
sexual life cycle that is either unknown or absent.
Asexual reproduction is by means of conidia or may be lacking.
culture media
SDA medium – sabouraud dextrose agar
This presentation contains information about Bacterial Taxonomy, techniques of bacterial classification (Classical and Molecular characteristics) and Bergey's Manual
This presentation contains information about Bacterial Taxonomy, techniques of bacterial classification (Classical and Molecular characteristics) and Bergey's Manual
The content of this presentation was taken from the:
MIT Open Course Ware http://ocw.mit.edu
ES.S10 Drugs and the Brain
This was made on behalf of the final requirements for:
CEIT321 Course in Middle East Technical University
Sedatives and Hypnotics
Pharmacology
Clinical uses
Sedation
Coping with stress and anxiety
Smoothing effects of stimulants
Potentiation of narcotics
Treatment of serious mental disorders
Pleasurable sensations, including intoxication
Classifications
Benzodiazepines
Diazepam, Clonazepam, Oxazepam, Clobazam, Clordiazepoxide, Midazolam
Barbiturates
Phenobarbitone, Amobarbital, Thiopental-Na
Newer drugs
Zolpidem, Zaleplon, Buspirone
Chloral hydrate
Paraldehyde
Diphenhydramine
Benzodiazepines
Properties
High therapeutic index (high LD50)
Relatively safe in overdose
Develop tolerance slowly
Less addiction liability
Benzodiazepines
Benzodiazepines
Most commonly prescribed Benzodiazepines
All Benzodiazepines are classified as Controlled Drugs in some countries.
Most are CD Schedule 4
Diazepam (Valium,Anxicalm)
Alprazolam (Xanax)
Bromazepam (Lexotan)
Clobazam (Frisium)
Lormetazepam (Noctamid)
Nitrazepam (Mogadon)
Clonazepam
Two are CD Schedule 3
Flurazepam (Rohypnol)
Temazepam (Nortem)
Structure Activity Relationship
In ring A an electron – withdrawing group such as Cl, Br, NO2 or CN at position 7.
A methyl Group is attached to the nitrogen atom in position 1 in ring B. However, substituents at position 1 that are metabolically are still clinically useful e.g. Flurazepam.
Replacement of the carbonyl function with two hydrogens in position 2 gives medazepam, less potent than diazepam.
Replacement of one of the hydrogen with a OH group on position 3 lower the activity on the one hand and aids elimination on the other.
Introduction of a carbonyl function in the 3 position increases the duration of action and also favours formation of water soluble salts.
e) α-pyridyl derivative and cycloalkyl substituent at 5 position give potent compounds.
f) Electronegative substituents such as Cl or F at the ortho and disubstituted in both ortho positions in ring C.
g) Derivatives with additional rings joining the diazepine nucleus at the 1 and 2 positions are generally more active than the corresponding 1-methylbenzodiazepines.
h) Replacement of the benzene ring by heteroaromatic (e.g. pyrazole) resulted in compounds with interesting anxiolytic properties ( e.g. ripazepam).
i) Saturation of the 4,5- double bond reduces potency, as does a shift of the unsaturation into the 3,4-position.
Barbiturates
Barbiturates
Barbiturates
Barbiturate poisoning
Treatment of Barbiturate poisoning
Buspirone
The slides describe morphology, ultra structure, growth curve and growth measurement, physical requirements, nutritional requirements and biochemical testes used for identification of bacteria.
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This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
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Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
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Safalta Digital marketing institute in Noida, provide complete applications that encompass a huge range of virtual advertising and marketing additives, which includes search engine optimization, virtual communication advertising, pay-per-click on marketing, content material advertising, internet analytics, and greater. These university courses are designed for students who possess a comprehensive understanding of virtual marketing strategies and attributes.Safalta Digital Marketing Institute in Noida is a first choice for young individuals or students who are looking to start their careers in the field of digital advertising. The institute gives specialized courses designed and certification.
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Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
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2. Basis of Bacterial Classification
1) Rigidity of cell and mode of cell division
2) Shape of bacteria
3) Motility
4) Staining behavior
5) Gaseous requirement
6) Temperature
7) Relationship to their host
8) pH tolerance or requirement
9) Salt tolerance
10) Influence of atmospheric pressure
11) Pigmentation
12) Mode of nutrition
13) Metabolism
14) Possession of photosynthetic pigment
15) Sulphur granules
3. 1. Rigidity of cell and mode of cell
division
• True bacteria:- Single binary fission
• Spirochaetes:- Transverse binary fission
• Mycoplasma:- Cellwall less bacteria
• Rickettsia and chlamydia:- Obligate parasite
4. Shape of bacteria
• Spherical or oval shape:- Cocci
• Straight rod:- Bacillus
• Rods that are helically curved:- Spirilla
• Coma shaped:- Vibrio
• Chinese letter or V-shaped pattern or
pallisade arrangement :- Cornebacterium
5. Shape of bacteria…
Cocci in
• Pairs:- Diplococci
• Chain:- Streptococci
• Group of four:- Tetrad
• Grapes like cluster:- Staphylococci
• Group of eight:- Sarcina
6. Shape of bacteria…
Bacillus in
• Pairs:- Diplobacilli
• Coccobacilli:- length of individual organisms
approximately its width. Eg, Brucella spp.
• Streptobacillus:- arranged in chain. Eg,
Streptobacillus moniliformis .
• Branched aggregation type rod:- Mycobacterium
tuberculosis
• Long chain of rod:- Lactobacillus spp.
7. 3. On the basis of motility
• Motility test:- Hanging drop method, Dark
ground microscopy.
Motility
Motile with flagella Motile without flagella
Gliding motility.
Eg, Cytophage
spp.
Swimming motility.
Eg, Spirochaete
8. 3. On the basis of motility
On the basis of flagellar arrangement, bacteria can
be divided into
• Monotrichous:- Single polar flagella. Eg,
Psedomonas aeruginosa, Vibrio cholerae.
• Lophotrichus:- Cluster of polar flagella. Eg,
Pseudomonas fluorescens.
• Amphitrichous:- flagella either single or clusters
at both poles. Eg, Aquaspirillum serpens.
• Peritrichous:- Surrounded by lateral flagella. Eg,
Salmonella typhi, Proteus spp, E. coli etc.
9.
10. 4. On the basis of staining behaviour
• Gram staining
Gram +ve :- All cocci are Gram positive except
Neisseria and Branhamella.
Gram –ve:- All rods are gm-ve except
Corynebacterium, Mycobacterium, Bacillus,
Clostridium, Actinomyces, Listeria,
Erysiopelothrix are gm-ve.
11. • Acid fast staining:- Ziehl Neelson staining
method.
• Acid fast bacteria:- Mycobacterium tuberculosis,
Mycobaterium leprae, Nocardia Spp.
14. 5. On the basis of GASEOUS
REQUIREMENTS
• Aerobic:- Bacillus Spp., Pseudomonas Spp
• Anaerobic:- Clostridium Spp., Bacteroides Spp.,
Fusobacterium Spp., Peptostreptococcus.,
Peptococcus., Ruminococcus
• Facultative anaerobes:- members of family of
enterobcateriaceae.
• Microaerophilic:- Mycobacterium tuberculosis.,
Camplylobacter Spp., Helicobacter pylori
15. On the basis of temperature
• Psychrophiles:- grow well at 0⁰C or below 7 ⁰C and
have optimum temperature of 15-25 ⁰C.
Eg:- Pseudomonas, Alcaligens, Lactobacillus,
Achromobacter, Flavobacterium, Psychromobacter
• Mesophiles:- grow at 20-45⁰C and optimum
temperature at 37 ⁰C. eg:- all member of
enterobacteriaceae etc.
• Thermophiles:- Grow well above 45 ⁰C and optimum at
55-60 ⁰C. Eg:- Bacillus stereothermophilus, Clostridium
Spp.
• Hyperthermophilus:- grow well at 70 ⁰C and optimum
at 80-90 ⁰C. eg:- Thermus aquaticus, Thermococcus
Spp., Pyrococcus Spp., Pyrodictium Spp.
16. On the basis of relationship with their
host
• Saprophytism :- Those bacteria that are free
living but depend on dead and decayed
organic matter for their growth.
• Parasites:- Those bacteria that can establish
themselves and multiply in host tissue
deriving nourishment from the host.
17. On the basis of pH requirement
• Acidophiles:- These bacteria which require low pH and
unable to grow at high pH i.e, pH˃ 5. eg. Thiobacillus
ferroxidans can tolerate up to pH 1. Flavobacterium
acidurans, Sulfolobus Spp., Thermoplasma Spp.
Some acid tolerant bacteria are lactobacillus,
Acetobacter.
• Neutrophiles:- growth on neutral pH 6.8. Most of
bacteria are neutrophils. Eg:- Alcaligens, Pseudomonas,
E. coli
• Alkalophiles:- Grow well above pH 8. i.e, basic pH
Eg:- Bacillus alcalophiles, Bacillus circulans,
Natranococcus Spp., Natranobacterium Spp.,
Ectothhiorhodo Spirillum Spp.
18. On the basis of salt requirement
• Non halophiles:- Unable to grow in high salt
concentration. Eg: E. coli
• Halotolerant:- tolerate low level of salt
concentration i.e 8% salt
• Halophiles:- grow in high salt concentration ie salt
loving
– Slightly:- Require 0.5to 3% Nacl
»Pseudomonas spp
»Vibrio
»Moraxella
»Acinetobater
20. On the basis of influence of
atmospheric pressure
• Bacteria that can tolerate high pressure and
isolated from deep sea are called Barotolerant.
– 300 M depth Barotolerant
– 4000-6000 M depth Barophilic
– 10,000 M depth extremely
Barophilic
Eg:
Shewenella, Photobacterium, Moritella japonica,
Methanococcus .
21. On the basis of pigmentation
Microbial pigments are secondary metabolites.
22.
23. On the basis of mode of nutrition
• On the basis of energy source utilization-
Phototrophs and chemotrophs
• On the basis of carbon source utilization-
autotrophs and heterotrophs
Autotrophs use CO2 and heterotrophs require
organic carbon source.
24.
25. On the basis of metabolism
• Heterotrophic bacteria are classified into two
types;
– Respiratory
– Fermentative
Respiratory mechanism may be aerobic or anerobic.
In aerobic respiration, oxygen serves as the terminal
electron acceptor whereas in anaerobic respiration
NO3 ¯, SO4¯, C03¯ etc
Partial oxidation of organic compound in case of
fermentation.
26. On the basis of possession of
photosynthetic pigments
• 95%of bacteria do not contain the
photosynthetic pigment. Only 5% of bacteria
which are autotrophs contain bacterio-
chlorophyll (eg, Nitrobacter, Nitrosomonas)
27. On the basis of possession of sulfur
granules
• Thiobacillus spp are categorised on the basis
of sulfur granules
– Thiobacillus thiooxidans - Iron eater
– Thiocbacillus concreteadians - Concrete cement
eater