This document discusses sedative and hypnotic drugs as well as antipsychotic drugs. It notes that sedatives reduce excitement and calm a person while hypnotics produce sleep resembling normal sleep. It then lists common benzodiazepines and their therapeutic uses such as treating insomnia, seizures, anxiety, and alcohol withdrawal symptoms. Adverse effects include drowsiness and drug dependence. The document also discusses antipsychotic drugs used to treat schizophrenia and lists chlorpromazine as an example that works by blocking dopamine receptors to reduce psychotic symptoms, with potential side effects like movement disorders and sedation.

1. Sedatives and
Hypnotics

2. Sedative –
A drug that reduces excitement and
calms the person.
Hypnotic –
A drug that produces sleep resembling
normal sleep.

3. Benzodiazepines
• Nitrazepam
• Clonazepam
• Midazolam
• Triazolam
• Diazepam
• Oxazepam
• Lorazepam
• Flurazepam

4. Therapeutic uses
 As sedative and hypnotic – preferred
drug for short term-insomnia
 Anticonvulsants
 Diagnostic & minor operative
procedures
- sedative, amnesic, analgesic & muscle
relaxant properties

5.  As anxiolytic
 Pre-anesthetic medication
 Skeletal muscle relaxant (centrally acting)
 To treat alcohol-withdrawal symptoms

6. Adverse effects
 Drowsiness, confusion, blurred vision, amnesia &
disorientation
 Tolerance & drug dependence
 Withdrawal symptoms - insomnia, tremors,
restlessness, nervousness & loss of appetite
 During labor - respiratory depression & hypotonia
in newborn

7. Antipsychotics

8. • Antipsychotics are drugs used to
treat psychotic disorders such as
schizophrenia

9. • Positive/active symptoms include thought
disturbances, delusions, auditory & visual
hallucinations
• Negative/passive symptoms include social
withdrawal, lack of motivation and emotion, strange
speech, lack of personal hygiene
Schizophrenia

10. Examples of antipsychotics
• Chlorpromazine
• Triflupromazine
• Thiothixene
• Haloperidol
• Clozapine
• Olanzapine
• Aripiprazole

11. Overactivity of dopaminergic
neurotransmission in the mesolimbic
system - symptoms of psychosis

12. Chlorpromazine
Mechanism of action –
• Mainly blocks D2 receptors in the
mesolimbic system – antipsychotic
effect

13. Uses of chlorpromazine
I. Psychiatric indications
1.Schizophrenia – positive symptoms,
agitation, aggression, impulsive behaviour
2. Mania – suppress an acute attack of mania
3. Tourette’s syndrome (motor and phonic tics)

14. II. Non – psychiatric indications
1.As antiemetic
2.As preanesthetic medication
3. Intractable hiccups

15. Adverse effects of chlorpromazine
 Parkinson-like syndrome – tremors,
rigidity, hypokinesia
 Acute dystonia
 Tardive dyskinesia – abnormal facial &
limb movements

16.  Neuroleptic malignant syndrome
 Hyperprolactinaemia in women
 Loss of libido & infertility in men
 Hypersensitivity reactions
 Sedation

17. Thank you