1. 2011 Spanish Grammar Book
Tiana Anthony

2. Table of Contents
Title page
Table of Contents
Present
Stem Changers
Irregular “Yo” verbs
Saber vs. Conocer
Reflexives
“Se” impersonal
Dipthongs with accents
Verbs similar to Gustar
Irregular verbs ending in Uir/Guir, Cer/Cir, Ger/Gir
Hace + ___ + que ___ + present/preterito
Imperfect
Preterite
– Cucaracha verbs
– Spock verbs
– Snake and snakey
– Trigger words
Future
Comparatives
Superlatives

3. Presente –er, -ar, -ir
-ar -er -ir
yo O O O
Tu As Es Es
El/Ella/ A E E
Usted
Nosotros Amos Emos Imos
(as)
Ellos (as)/ An En En
Ustedes

4. Stem Changers
e  ie
o  ue
eI
u ue
Also called boot verbs. There is no stem
change in the nosotros/vosotros

5. Irregular –zco, -go, -oy
-oy(dar) -go(tener) -zco(conocer)
doy damos tengo tenemos conozco
das dais tienes tieneis conoces conoseis
da dan tiene tienen conoce conocen
***Irregular “YO” verbs only change in the yo form

6. Saber vs. Conocer
Conocer- to know
Saber-to know
Use saber Use conocer
-express knowledge -recognizing a
or info about a certain a person, place,
thing or object.

7. Los Reflextivos
What are they?
– They are what are reflected upon oneself or other.
Me Lavarse- Mi lavo mi cara.
Te Peintarse- Te peines tu pelo.
Se Cepillarse- Se cepilla mi dientes.
Nos Pedirse- Nos pedimos a maestra.
Os Levantarse-Os levantiosa mi cama.
Se Rescarse- Se rescan los brazos

8. Dipthongs with accents
Weak vowel- I, y, u Yo- equio Nosotros-
Strong vowel- a,e,o Esquiamos
Used when a strong
vowel or 2 weak Tu-Esquias Vosotros-
vowel come together Esquiais
to firm one syllable.
El,Ella, Ellos-
Esuiar- to ski Usted- Esquian
Esquia

9. “Se” impersonal
What is it used for?
– It is used to make general statements.
– Se + third person form
Passive Voice Reciprocal Action
-specifys what happened to the -point out the action being
subject performed on the subjects.
-Without saying who or what did frequently what they are
the action. doing something to or with
each other.

10. Verbs like -ger/-gir
-ger/-gir
– Change the “g” to an “j” in verbs that end in
ger/-gir ONLY in the Yo form
Coger----> Cojo
Dirigir ----> Dirijo
Exigir----> Exijo

11. Verbs like -cer/-cir
Verbs that end in a vowel
– + cer/cir add “z” before the “c” ONLY in the
“Yo” form
Verbs that end in a consanant
– + cer/cir change the “c” to a “z” ONLY in the
“yo” form
Convencer---> Convenzo

12. Verbs like –uir/-guir
-Guir verbs change from “gu” to “g” ONLY in the
“yo” form
Verbs that have endings in –uir, add “y” before
“a”, “e”, and “o” endings
Atribuir
Atribuyo Atribuimos
Atribuyes Atribuis
Atribuye Atribuyen

13. Hace + Time + Que + Present
tense of the Verb
This is used to tell how long an action was
happening or the length of time an action
took place
EXAMPLE: Hace + dos dias + que + corro

14. Imperfect
Imperfect is a form of past tense
Ar Er/Ir
Aba ía
ábamos íamos
Abas ías
Aba as
Aban ía
ían

15. Preterite
The preterite form alows you to refer to
specific past actions.
At a fixed point in time
A specific number of times
During an elapsed amount of time

16. Preterite- Car/Gar/Zar
Car Gar Zar
Qué Gué
Cé
Gaste
Aste Aste
Ó
ó Amos Ó
Amos Asteis Amos
Asteis Asteis
Aron
Aron Aron

17. “Cucaracha” verbs
Andar: anduv-
Estar: estuv-
Poder: Pud-
Poner: Pus- -e
Querer: Quis- -iste
Saber: sup- -o
Tener: tuv- -imos
Venir: Vin- -isteis
Conductir: conduj- -ieron
Productir: produj-
Traducir: traduj-
Decir: dij-
Traer: tra-

18. “Spock” verbs
Ir/ser Dar/Ver Hacer
– Fui -d/vi -hice
– Fuiste -d/viste -hiciste
– Fue -d/vio -hizo
– Fuimos -d/vimos -hicimos
– Fueron -d/vieron -hicieron

19. Snake and Snakeys
Are in the past tense.
They are used when 3 vowels are in a
row.
Replace “I” with “Y”

20. Trigger words
Words that elude to the use of the
preterite tense
Ayer, Anocher, la semana pesada, cada
dia
Ayer, Mi comida una hamburguesa.

21. Comparatives
Used to compare something to another
Tan + adj/adv + como : Mas/menos
+adj/adv/noun + que
Tan:so *When using numbers, use de not que
Tanto: so much
Tantos/as: so many

22. Superlatives
El, Las, la, los + Noun + adj + de
EXAMPLE:Tu eres es mas alto en tus clase

23. Future
Infinitive +
– É
– Ás
– Á
– Emos
– Án
Vivir, comer, hablar (all ar,er,ir verbs)
– te amare’
Ir+A+infinitive
(Immediate future)
****WILL****

24. Future Irregulars
Decir: dir- to say
Haber: habr- there to be; to have
Hacer: har- to make, do
Poder: podr- to be able
Poner: pondr- to put, place, set
Querer: querr- to want, love
Saber: sabr- to know(fact), know how
Salir: saldr- to leave, go out
Tener: tendr- to have
Valer: valdr- to be worth
Venir: vendr- to come

25. Conditional
To talk about what you should, could,
or would do.
Used to make polite requests.
Ex: Yo no me quejaría tanto. Yo me
llevaría bien con todos.
Irregular stem in future, same endings.
ía íamos Infinitive Future Condition
ías íais stem al
ía ían Decir diré diría

26. Para
Destination: toward, in the directionof
Deadline/specific time in future: by, for
Purpose/goal + (infinative): in order to
Purpose + (noun): for, used for
Recipient of something: for
Comparison withothers or an opinion: for,
considering
In the employment of: for

27. Por
Motion/General location: round, through,
along, by
Duration of action: for, during, in
Reason/motive for action: because of, on
account of, on behalf of
Object of a search: for, in search of
Means by which something is done: by, by
way of, by means of
Exchange/Substitution: in exchange for
Unit of measure: per, by

28. Para vs. Por
Por and Para cannot be used
interchangeably.
Parapose vs. Parapose
Paraguay vs. Portugal
Ex. El avión para Atlanta sale a las 8 en punto.
Ex. Todos los días pasean por el parque.

29. Commands!
Take the YO form of verb in the
present tense and change ending.
Example: Estudie mucho.
Endings:
Usted AR: -e
Usted ER/IR: -a
Ustedes AR: -en
Ustedes ER/IR: -an

30. Present perfect
Haber + ar -> ado
Haber +er/ir -> ido
– He/Había
– Has/Habías
– Ha/Había
– Hemos/Habíamos
– Han/Habían

31. Present Perfect Irregulars
Abrir Abierto
Cubrir Cubierto
Decir Dicho
Escribir Escrito
Hacer Hecho
Morir Muerto
Poner Puesto
Resolver Resuelto
Romper Roto
Ver Visto
Volver Vuelto
Ir Ido

32. Adverbs
Slowy, quickly, readily, frequently
(-ly ------- –mente)
If it ends with “o” change to “a”
(accent stays if there is one)
Ex. Rápido- rápidamente

33. Se Impersonal
Use “se” to avoid .
specifyimg a person “se” can be used in all
who is doing action of tenses.
the verb. – Se hizo mucho.
– Se vende fruta en la – Se hará mucho.
frutería. – Se había hecho.
When using “se”, the
verb is alwayss in third
person.
– Aquí se habla español.

34. Double Object pronouns
Díle(changes to se)la or no se la digas.
Give him the present(<- DOP)
Da le(se) lo…..Daselo
VERB + IOP +
DOP

35. Subjunctive
Indicates mood (facts Singular Forms:
or to express facts). – Yo-hable, Tu-hables,
Uses: will and Ud/el/ella-hable
influence, emotion, Plural Forms:
doubt, disbelief, and – Nos-hablemos, vos-
denial, indefinitiness habléis, Uds/ellos/ellas-
and nonexistence. hablen
Main Clause,
Subordinationg
Clause (_+que+_)

36. Progressives With
Ir/Andar/Seguir
-Ando
- Iendo
-Yendo
IR + Present Particple= is slowly but surely ____ing.
ANDAR + Present Particple= is going around ____ing.
SEGUIR +Present Particple= is still ____ing.