The document discusses the OSI model, which is a standard framework for network communication. It divides network architecture into seven layers: physical, data link, network, transport, session, presentation, and application. Each layer only communicates with the layers directly above and below it and has a specific set of functions. This layered approach makes networks easier to design, troubleshoot, and maintain when changes are made. The physical layer deals with physical connections and bit transmission. The data link layer organizes bits into frames and controls flow. The network layer decides how data moves between networks. Higher layers ensure reliable and secure delivery of data between applications.

1. NetworkingStandards and Protocols

2. Standards and ProtocolsThe OSI Model

3. What is the OSI Model?

4. What is the OSI Model?OSI Stands for Open Systems Interconnection.The OSI model is a layered, abstract description for communications and computer network protocol design.The Open Systems Interconnection model is a set of standard specifications that allows various computer platforms to communicate with each other openly.It is concerned with the interconnection between systems – the way the systems exchange information – and not with the internal functions of the particular system

5. What is the OSI Model?It divides the network architecture into seven layers:PhysicalData LinkNetworkTransportSessionPresentationApplication

6. What is the OSI Model?Each of these different layers has its own set of functions and only communicates with the layers directly above and below and with its opposite layer on other computers.

7. Why a Layered Model?

8. Why a Layered Model?Change:When changes are made to one layer, the impact on the other layers is minimized.If the model consists of a single, all-encompassing layer, any change affects the entire model.

9. Why a Layered Model?Design:A layered model defines each layer separately.As long as the interconnections between layers remain constant, protocol designers can specialize in one area (layer) without worrying about how any new implementations affect other layers.

10. Why a Layered Model?Learning:The layered approach reduces a very complex set of topics, activities, and actions into several smaller, interrelated groupings.This makes learning and understanding the actions of each layer and the model generally much easier.

11. Why a Layered Model?Troubleshooting:The protocols, actions, and data contained in each layer of the model relate only to the purpose of that layer.This enables troubleshooting efforts to be pinpointed on the layer that carries out the suspected cause of the problem.

12. Why a Layered Model?Standards:Probably the most important reason for using a layered model is that it establishes a prescribed guideline for interoperability between the various vendors developing products that perform different data communications tasks.Remember, though, that layered models, including the OSI model, provide only a guideline and framework, not a rigid standard that manufacturers can use when creating their products.

13. The Seven Layers of the OSI Model

14. Physical Layer

15. Physical LayerThe Physical layer is the lowest or first layer of the OSI Model. This layer contains the physical networking medium, such as cabling, connectors, and repeaters.The Physical Layer defines:Physical network structuresMechanical and electrical specifications for using the transmission mediumBit transmission encoding and timing rules

16. Physical LayerThe physical layer does not include a description of the medium and does not provide any sort of error correction.However, implementations of physical protocols are transmission-media-specific

17. Physical LayerThe following network connectivity hardware are normally associated with the OSI physical layer:Network interface boards (NIC, adaptors, and so on)Hubs, and repeaters that regenerate electrical signalsTransmission media connectors, which provide the mechanical interface to interconnect devices to the transmission media (cables, BNC connectors, etc)Modems and codec's, which perform digital analogue conversions.

18. Data Link Layer

19. Data Link LayerThe second layer of the OSI Model, the Data Link Layer, controls communications between the Network layer and the Physical layer.Its primary function is to divide data it receives from the Network layer into distinct frames that can be transmitted by the Physical layer.

20. Data Link LayerThe basic purposes of the data link layer protocol implementations are:Organise the physical layer’s bits into logical groups of information called framesDetect and correct errorsControl data flowIdentify computers on the network

21. Network Layer

22. Network LayerThe primary function of the Network Layer, the third layer in the OSI Model has the main objective of moving data to specific network locations.

23. Network LayerIt does this by translating logical addresses into the appropriate physical address and then decides on the best route for the data to take from sender to receiver.This appears similar to what the data link layer accomplishes through physical decide addressing.However, data link layer addressing only operates on a single network

24. Network LayerThe network layer describes methods for moving information between multiple independent networks, called internetworks.

25. Transport Layer

26. Transport LayerThe transport layer provides enhancements to the services of the network layer.Its main tasks is to ensure that data sent form one computer arrives reliably, in the correct sequence and without errors at the receiving computer.To ensure reliable delivery, the transport layer builds on the error control mechanism provided by the lower layer

27. Transport LayerThis layer is the last chance for error recovery. The transport layer is also responsible for flow control.It s here that there rate of transmission is determined, based on how fast the receiving computer can accept the data packets being sent to it.Data on the sending computer is broken down into packets that are the maximum size that the type of network can handle.

28. Session Layer

29. Session LayerThe Session Layer is responsible for establishing and maintaining communication between two nodes on the network.

30. Session LayerThe term session refers to a connection for data exchange between two parties; it is most often used in the context of terminal and mainframe communications, in which the terminal is a device with little (if any) of its own processing or disk capacity that depends on a host to supply it with applications and data processing services.

31. Session LayerOften, this layer also helps the upper layers identify and connect to the services that are available on the network.If a communication session is broken, is the session layer that determines where to restart the transmission once the session has been reconnected

32. Session LayerThis layer is also responsible for determining the terms of the communication session – it will determine which computer or node can communicate first and for how longIt is sometimes known as the ‘traffic cop’ of the network

33. Presentation Layer

34. Presentation LayerThe Presentation Layer serves as a translator between the application and the network.At the Presentation layer, data become formatted in a schema that the network can understand; this format varies with the type of network used.The Presentation Layer manages data encryption and decryption, such as the scrambling of system passwords.

35. Application Layer

36. Application LayerThe top or seventh layer of the OSI Model is the Application layer.The Application provides interfaces to the software that enable programs to use network services.

37. Application LayerThe term “Application Layer” does not refer to a particular software application, such as Microsoft Word, running on the network.Instead, some of the services provided by the Application layer include file transfer, file management, and message handling for electronic mail.

38. Application LayerExamples of common functions include:Protocols for providing remote file services, such as open, close, read, write, and shared access to filesFile transfer services and remote database accessMessage handling services for electronic mail applicationsGlobal directory services to locate resources on a networkA uniform way of handling a variety of system monitors and devicesRemote job execution