The Open Systems Interconnection Basic Reference Model [OSI] is an abstract description for network protocol design, developer as an effort to standardize networking.
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This note is about the introduction of the OSI Model & TCP/IP Model. It contains details of the seven layers of the OSI Model which are Application layer, Presentation Layer, Session Layer, Transport Layer, Network Layer, Data Link Layer, Physical Layer
1.The Open Systems Interconnect (OSI) model has seven layers.The mod.pdfanandatalapatra
1.The Open Systems Interconnect (OSI) model has seven layers.The model partitions a
communication system into abstraction layers. The original version of the model defined seven
layers.OSI means Open Systems Interconnectionis reference model for how applications can
communicate over a network This article describes and explains them, beginning with the lowest
in the hierarchy the physical and proceeding to the highest the application. The layers are stay in
this way:
Application
Presentation
Session
Transport
Network
Data Link
Physical
features osi model:
If network communications need to happen with out any trouble, many problems must be
solved. Coordinating all these problems are so complex and not easy to manage.
Big picture of communication over network is understandable through this OSI model.
We can understand new technologies as they are developed.
Troubleshooting is easier by separate network.
2.
the Data process that takes placethe message from one host to another cab be done as such:
The data to be passed from one host to another can be composed at the first top layer of the
passing device layer N into a protocol data unit.
The protocal data unit is passed to next layer, where it is known as the service data unit.
At next layer let us consider that layer be N-1 the service data unit is observed the with a
header,a footer,some times both,producing a layer next protocal data unit. It is then passed to
layer next layer N-2.
The process repeated until reaching the lower level,from which the data is transmitted to the
receiving device.
At the receiving device the data is passed from the lowest to the highest layer as a series of
SDUs while being successively stripped from each layer\'s header and/or footer, until reaching
the topmost layer, where the last of the data is consumed.
3.
ISO
1.OSI is a generic, protocol independent standard, acting as a communication gateway between
the network and end user.
2.OSI is a conceptual model that characterizes and standardizes the communication functions of
a computing or telecommunication system irrespective of their underlying structure and
technology being used.
3.OSI is a reference model.
4.The OSI model consists of 7 architectural layers
TCp/IP
1. TCP/IP model is based on standard protocols around which the Internet has developed. It is a
communication protocol, which allows connection of hosts over a network.
2.TCP/IP is a core protocol of the Internet Protocol Suite (IPS). It is the basic communication
language or protocol of the internet. It can be used as a communications protocol in a private
network either an intranet or an extranet
3.TCP/IP is an implementation of OSI model.
4.The tcp/ip can contains only 4 laters
4.1.network inerface layer:The most widely-known Application layer protocols are those used
for the exchange of user information.
2.internet layer:The Internet layer is responsible for addressing, packaging, and routing
functions. The core protocols of the Internet layer are I.
Cable is the medium through which information usually moves from one network device to another. There are several types of cable which are commonly used with LANs
A computer is an electronic device that accepts data from the user, processes it, produces results, displays them to the users, and stores the results for future usage.
A computer network is a group of computers that use a set of common communication protocols over digital interconnections for the purpose of sharing resources located on or provided by the network nodes.
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Computer Network [OSI Model]
1. CITY UNIVERSITY
Course Title: Computer Networks
Course Code: CSE317
Topics Name: OSI Model
Submitted By:
Afsana Akther Rubi
ID No: 1834902553
Batch: 49th
Submitted To:
Pranab Bandhu Nath
Senior Lecturer
Department of CSE
City University
2. OSI MODEL:
The Open Systems Interconnection Basic Reference Model [OSI] is an abstract description for
network protocol design, developer as an effort to standardize networking.
There are many protocols are used in OSI model which divided into seven layers each layer has
special protocols.
History of OSI Model:
1. International standard organization [ISO] establishes a committee in 1977 to develop an
architecture for computer communication.
2. Open Systems Interconnection [OSI] reference model is the result of this effort.
3. In 1984, the OSI reference model was approved as an international standard for
communications architecture.
Characteristics of OSI Model:
Here are some important characteristics of the OSI Model.
1. A layer should only be created where the definite levels of abstraction are needed.
2. The function of each layer should be selected as per the internationally standardized
protocols.
3. The number of layers should be large so that separate functions should not be put in the
same layer. At the sometime, it should be small enough so that architecture doesn’t become
very complicated.
4. In the OSI model, each layer relies on the next lower layer to perform primitive functions.
Every level should be able to provide services to the next higher layer.
5. Changes made in one layer should not need changes in other levels.
3. Diagram of OSI Model:
7 Layers of the OSI Model:
OSI model is a layered server architecture system in which each layer is define according to a
specific function to perform. All these seven layers work collaboratively to transmit the data
from one layer to another, is given below:
1. Application layer
2. Presentation layer
3. Session layer
4. Transport layer
5. Network layer
6. Data link layer
7. Physical layer
4. Each layer in details:
Physical layer:-
o The main functionality of the physical layer is to transmit the individual bits from one
node to another node.
o It is the lowest layer of the OSI model.
o It establishes, maintains and deactivates the physical connection.
o It specifies the mechanical, electrical and procedural network interface specifications.
Functions of a Physical layer:
o Line Configuration: It defines the way how two or more devices can be connected
physically.
o Data Transmission: It defines the transmission mode whether it is simplex, half-duplex
or full-duplex mode between the two devices on the network.
o Topology: It defines the way how network devices are arranged.
o Signals: It determines the type of the signal used for transmitting the information.
5. Data-Link Layer
o This layer is responsible for the error-free transfer of data frames.
o It defines the format of the data on the network.
o It provides a reliable and efficient communication between two or more devices.
o It is mainly responsible for the unique identification of each device that resides on a local
network.
o It contains two sub-layers:
o Logical Link Control Layer
o It is responsible for transferring the packets to the Network layer of the
receiver that is receiving.
o It identifies the address of the network layer protocol from the header.
o It also provides flow control.
6. o Media Access Control Layer
o A Media access control layer is a link between the Logical Link Control
layer and the network's physical layer.
o It is used for transferring the packets over the network.
Network Layer
o It is a layer 3 that manages device addressing, tracks the location of devices on the
network.
o It determines the best path to move data from source to the destination based on the
network conditions, the priority of service, and other factors.
o The Data link layer is responsible for routing and forwarding the packets.
o Routers are the layer 3 devices, they are specified in this layer and used to provide the
routing services within an internetwork.
o The protocols used to route the network traffic are known as Network layer protocols.
Examples of protocols are IP and Ipv6.
7. Transport Layer
o The Transport layer is a Layer 4 ensures that messages are transmitted in the order in
which they are sent and there is no duplication of data.
o The main responsibility of the transport layer is to transfer the data completely.
o It receives the data from the upper layer and converts them into smaller units known as
segments.
o This layer can be termed as an end-to-end layer as it provides a point-to-point connection
between source and destination to deliver the data reliably.
8. Session Layer
o It is a layer 3 in the OSI model.
o The Session layer is used to establish, maintain and synchronizes the interaction between
communicating devices.
Presentation Layer
9. o A Presentation layer is mainly concerned with the syntax and semantics of the
information exchanged between the two systems.
o It acts as a data translator for a network.
o This layer is a part of the operating system that converts the data from one presentation
format to another format.
o The Presentation layer is also known as the syntax layer.
Application Layer
o An application layer serves as a window for users and application processes to access
network service.
o It handles issues such as network transparency, resource allocation, etc.
o An application layer is not an application, but it performs the application layer functions.
o This layer provides the network services to the end-users.