This presentation provides information on the zika virus, includes zika introduction, how Zika is spread, zika symptoms, zika Viral Structure, Diagnosis, Treatment and Prevention.
Zika virus disease is a mosquito-borne viral infection that primarily occurs in tropical and subtropical areas of the world.
It is related to other pathogenic vector borne flaviviruses including dengue, West-Nile and Japanese encephalitis viruses but produces a comparatively mild disease in humans
Genre: Flavivirus
Vector: Aedes mosquitoes (which usually bite during the morning and late afternoon/evening hours)
Reservoir: mosquitoes (gut, blood, saliva )
human ( blood, prostate, semen and testes )
Dengue (pronounced DENG-gay) can affect anyone but tends to be more severe in people with compromised immune systems. Because it is caused by one of four serotypes of virus, it is possible to get dengue fever multiple times. However, an attack of dengue produces immunity for a lifetime to that particular serotype to which the patient was exposed.
A picornavirus is a virus belonging to the family Picornaviridae, a family of viruses in the order Picornavirales. Vertebrates, including humans, serve as natural hosts. Picornaviruses are nonenveloped viruses that represent a large family of small, cytoplasmic, plus-strand RNA viruses with a 30-nm icosahedral capsid.
Zika virus disease is a mosquito-borne viral infection that primarily occurs in tropical and subtropical areas of the world.
It is related to other pathogenic vector borne flaviviruses including dengue, West-Nile and Japanese encephalitis viruses but produces a comparatively mild disease in humans
Genre: Flavivirus
Vector: Aedes mosquitoes (which usually bite during the morning and late afternoon/evening hours)
Reservoir: mosquitoes (gut, blood, saliva )
human ( blood, prostate, semen and testes )
Dengue (pronounced DENG-gay) can affect anyone but tends to be more severe in people with compromised immune systems. Because it is caused by one of four serotypes of virus, it is possible to get dengue fever multiple times. However, an attack of dengue produces immunity for a lifetime to that particular serotype to which the patient was exposed.
A picornavirus is a virus belonging to the family Picornaviridae, a family of viruses in the order Picornavirales. Vertebrates, including humans, serve as natural hosts. Picornaviruses are nonenveloped viruses that represent a large family of small, cytoplasmic, plus-strand RNA viruses with a 30-nm icosahedral capsid.
Zika virus is a virus spread by aedes mosquito- the same mosquito that spreads dengue, chikungunya and yellow fever. The virus is known to circulate in Africa, the Americas, Asia and the Pacific. People with Zika virus disease usually have a mild fever, skin rash (exanthema) and conjunctivitis. These symptoms normally last for 2-7 days. There is no specific treatment or vaccine currently available. The best form of prevention is protection against mosquito bites.
Zika Virus is very Dangerous & a Silent Killer which is becoming Major cause of deaths in several countries around the World. Most of the people don't know about it in developed countries & the situation is worse in under-developed countries.
As a Doctor of Pharmacy, I (Dr. Ayesha Zaheer) prepared these Slides for spreading information about this Zika Virus so people know about it & its treatment. It is also useful for Students.
I hope it will be helpful.
Thanks & Regards,
Dr, Ayesha Zaheer
To know more about the viral infections caused by different viral pathogens such as the Zika virus.
Zika virus is spread to people primarily through the bite of an infected mosquito.
Flow cytometry is a laser-based technique to count and analysis the size, shape and properties of individual cells within a heterogeneous population of cells.
ELISA Development Guide from Creative Diagnostics. Creative Diagnostics provides contract ELISA kit development services for the R&D and IVD community.
This PPT is about P38 signaling pathway. It includes the introduction of p38, mechanisms of p38 MAPK activation, signaling pathway, physiological functions, and related disease.
This video we talk about immunocytes, Immunocyte is any cell which can react with antigen to produce antibody or to participate in cell-mediated reactions.
Excess amyloid β-peptide is believed to be a main contributor to the dysfunction and degeneration of neurons that occurs in Alzheimer’s disease. Aβ is a 38 to 43 amino acid peptide that is derived from the β amyloid precursor protein, APP.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
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2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
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ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
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2. Zika Introduction
• Belongs to the Flaviviridae family of positive
strand RNA viruses.
• Primarily through the bite of an infected Aedes
species mosquito (Ae. aegypti and Ae.
albopictus).
• Many people won’t have symptoms or will only
have mild symptoms.
• Infection during pregnancy can cause
microcephaly and other severe brain defects.
3. • 1947: Zika virus was first discovered in a
sentinel rhesus monkey in the Zika valley of
Uganda.
• 1948: isolated from mosquitos
• 1952: isolated from humans
• 2007-2016: the virus spread eastward,
across the Pacific Ocean to the Americas,
leading to the 2015–2016 Zika virus
epidemic.
Zika Introduction
4. Spread and Symptoms
• Zika can be spread through
• Mosquito bites
• From a pregnant woman to her fetus
• Sex with an infected person
• Laboratory exposure
• Zika may be spread through blood
transfusion.
• No reports of infants getting Zika through
breastfeeding.
7. Viral Structure
The surface structure and cross-section profile are
show in (a). and (b). respectively.
Genomic RNA
M Protein
E Protein
C Protein
8. Diagnosis, Treatment and Prevention
A diagnosis of Zika virus infection can only be
confirmed through laboratory tests on blood or
other body fluids, such as urine, saliva or
semen.
Specimens for nucleic acid testing (NAT) testing:
≤ 7 days.
Serology (IgM detection): ≥ 7 days.
9. Diagnosis, Treatment and Prevention
• There is no specific medicine or vaccine for
Zika virus infection.
• Treat the symptoms
• Rest
• Drink fluids to prevent dehydration
• Do not take aspirin or other non-steroidal anti-
inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS)
• Take acetaminophen (Tylenol®) to reduce
fever and pain
10. Diagnosis, Treatment and Prevention
• Wear long-sleeved shirts and long pants.
• Stay in places with air conditioning and window
and door screens to keep mosquitoes outside.
• Take steps to control mosquitoes inside and
outside your home.
• Sleep under a mosquito bed net if you are
overseas or outside.
This presentation provides information on the zika virus, includes zika introduction, how Zika is spread, zika symptoms, zika Viral Structure, Diagnosis, Treatment and Prevention.
Content of these slides comes from Creative Diagnostics company.
Zika virus belongs to the Flaviviridae family of positive strand RNA.
Zika virus is spread to people primarily through the bite of an infected Aedes species.
Many people infected with Zika virus won’t have symptoms or will only have mild symptoms.
Zika virus infection during pregnancy can cause microcephaly and other severe brain defects.
.
Zika virus was first discovered in a sentinel rhesus monkey in the Zika valley of Uganda in 1947. And subsequently isolated from mosquitos in 1948 and from humans in 1952 from Uganda and Tanzania. After that, there are only a few infected case reported in Africa and south Asia area for a long period of time until 2007 when it caused a first large outbreak of disease on Yap Island in Micronesia, followed by outbreaks in Oceania in 2013-2014. Following its introduction into Brazil in 2015, the virus has spread rapidly across the Americas. In July 2015 Brazil reported an association between Zika virus infection and Guillain-Barré syndrome. In October 2015 Brazil reported an association between Zika virus infection and microcephaly.
Zika virus is spread to people primarily through the bite of an infected Aedes species mosquito.
Mosquitoes that spread Zika virus bite during the day and night.
A pregnant woman can pass Zika virus to her fetus during pregnancy or around the time of birth.
A person infected with Zika virus can pass it to his or her sex partners.
Zika virus may be spread through blood transfusions.
Transmission of Zika virus through breast milk has not been documented. Benefits of breastfeeding outweigh theoretical risk of Zika virus transmission through breast milk.
There is no evidence that Zika is spread through touching, coughing, or sneezing.
Anyone with possible exposure to Zika virus through travel or sexual transmission should go to a doctor or healthcare provider if they have any of the symptoms listed.
Symptoms include
Fever
Rash
headache
Joint pain
Conjunctivitis (red eyes)
Muscle pain
Microcephaly is a condition where a baby’s head is much smaller than expected. During pregnancy, a baby’s head grows because the baby’s brain grows. Microcephaly can occur because a baby’s brain has not developed properly during pregnancy or has stopped growing after birth, which results in a smaller head size.
Some babies with microcephaly have been reported among mothers who were infected with Zika virus while pregnant. Researchers recently confirm the possible link between Zika virus infection and microcephaly.
Microcephaly is a lifelong condition. There is no known cure or standard treatment for microcephaly.
Guillain-Barré syndrome is an inflammatory disorder of the peripheral nerves. The peripheral nerves convey sensory information from the body to the brain and motor signals from the brain to the body. Guillain-Barré syndrome is characterized by weakness and numbness or tingling in the legs and arms, and possible loss of movement and feeling in the legs, arms, upper body, and face.
Zika virus is enveloped, spherical, ~50 nm in diameter with an electron dense core of ~30 nm. It contain a genome of ~10.8 kb positive-sense, single-stranded RNA, and a proteome of a single polyprotein, co- & post-translationally cleaved into 11 mature proteins, mainly include E, M and C protein.
The E and M proteins are organized in icosahedral symmetry consisting of 60 repeating units, and each asymmetric unit contains three individual E proteins (molecules A, B and C).
The E proteins are arranged as dimers, with three dimers lying parallel to each other forming a raft; there are 30 such rafts covering the viral surface. The E ectodomain contains three domains: DI, DII and DIII.
A diagnosis of Zika virus infection can only be confirmed through laboratory tests on blood or other body fluids, such as urine, saliva or semen.
Specimens for nucleic acid testing testing: Whole blood, serum collected in a dry tube and/or urine collected from patients presenting with onset of symptoms ≤ 7 days.
Serology (IgM detection): Whole blood collected in a dry tube and serum collected from patients presenting with onset of symptoms ≥ 7 days. Wherever possible, paired serum specimens should be collected at least 2-3 weeks apart, ideally with the first serum specimen collected during the first 5 days of illness.
There is no vaccine to prevent or medicine to treat Zika virus. Zika virus disease is usually mild and requires no specific treatment. People sick with Zika virus should Get plenty of rest, drink fluids to prevent dehydration. Do not take aspirin and other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS) until dengue can be ruled out to reduce the risk of bleeding. If you are taking medicine for another medical condition, talk to your doctor or other healthcare provider before taking additional medication.
Protection against mosquito bites is a key measure to prevent Zika virus infection. When in areas with Zika and other diseases spread by mosquitoes, take the following steps: • Wear long-sleeved shirts and long pants. • Stay in places with air conditioning and window and door screens to keep mosquitoes outside. • Take steps to control mosquitoes inside and outside your home. • Sleep under a mosquito bed net if you are overseas or outside
