ZIKA VIRUS INFECTION

1. Zika VirusZika Virus
OutbreakOutbreak

2. Presented by
DR. RUHUL AMIN
Asst. Registrar
Dept. of Medicine
Jalalabad Ragib-Rabeya Medical College
Hospital, Sylhet.

3. Zika Virus

4. Introduction
Zika virus is re-emerging mosquito-borne virus
that was first identified in Uganda in 1947 in
rhesus monkeys through a monitoring network
of sylvatic yellow fever. It was subsequently
identified in humans in 1952 in Uganda and the
United Republic of Tanzania. Outbreaks of Zika
virus disease have been recorded in Africa, the
Americas, Asia and the Pacific.

5.  Genre: Flavivirus
 Vector: Aedes mosquitoes (which
usually bite during the morning
and late afternoon / evening
hours)
 Reservoir: Unknown

6. Structure
of
Zika Virus

8. Genome of Zika Virus
 Non-segmented, single-stranded, positive-
sense RNA genome

9. EPIDEMIOLOGYEPIDEMIOLOGY

10. The virus was first isolated in 1947
from a rhesus macaque in the Zika
Forest of Uganda.
It was later identified in humans in
1968 for the first time in Nigeria
The first major outbreak, with 185
confirmed cases, was reported in
2007 in the Yap Islands.

11. The first cases confirmed in Brazil was
in May 2015 and the country is currently
experiencing the largest epidemic ever
recorded with 440,000 to 1,300,000
suspected cases reported by the Brazilian
health authorities.
There are 3174 cases and 38 deaths from
microcephaly in Brazil as of 21 October
2015.
There has been total death of 152 as of 21
October 2015 in the world

12. Zika-affected
Areas

13. • Prior to 2015, Zika virus outbreaks have
occurred in areas of Africa, Southeast Asia, and
the Pacific Islands
• In May 2015, the Pan American Health
Organization (PAHO) issued an alert regarding
the first confirmed Zika virus infections in Brazil.
• Currently, outbreaks are occurring in many
countries.
• Zika virus will continue to spread and it will be
difficult to determine how the virus will spread
over time

15. Modes of
Transmission

17.  Zika virus is transmitted by daytime-active
mosquitoes and has been isolated from a
number of species in the genus Aedes,
such as A. aegypti, and arboreal
mosquitoes such as A. africanus, A.
apicoargenteus, A. furcifer, A. hensilli, A.
luteocephalus and A. vitattus.

18. • Studies show that the extrinsic incubation
period in mosquitoes is about 10 days.
Zika virus can migrate between humans
through sexual contact and it can also
cross the placenta, affecting an unborn
fetus. A mother already infected with Zika
virus near the time of delivery can pass
on the virus to her newborn around the
time of birth, but this is rare.
• The vertebrate hosts of the virus are
primarily monkeys and humans.

20. Signs and
Symptoms

21. The incubation period (the time from exposure to
symptoms) of Zika virus disease is not clear, but is
likely to be a few days.
The symptoms are similar to other arbovirus
infections such as dengue, and include fever, skin
rashes, conjunctivitis, muscle and joint pain,
malaise, and headache. These symptoms are
usually mild and last for 2-7 days

22. During large outbreaks in French Polynesia and
Brazil in 2013 and 2015 respectively, national
health authorities reported potential neurological
and auto-immune complications of Zika virus
disease. Recently in Brazil, local health authorities
have observed an increase in Zika virus infections
in the general public as well as an increase in
babies born with microcephaly in northeast Brazil.
Agencies investigating the Zika outbreaks are
finding an increasing body of evidence about the
link between Zika virus and microcephaly.

23. Link to microcephaly

25. Diagnosis
& Reporting:

26. • Preliminary diagnosis is based on the
patient’s clinical features, places and
dates of travel, and activities.
• Laboratory diagnosis is generally
accomplished :
 by testing serum or plasma to detect
virus, viral nucleic acid
 virus-specific immunoglobulin M and
 neutralizing antibodies.

29. Treatment

30. • No vaccine or medications are available to prevent or treat
Zika infections.
• Treat the symptoms:
 Get plenty of rest
 Drink fluids to prevent dehydration
 Take medicine such as acetaminophen to relieve and
pain
 Do not take aspitin and other non-steroidal anti-
inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Like ibuprofen and
naproxen. Aspirin and NSAIDs should be avoided
until dengue can be ruled out to reduce the risk of
hemorrhage (bleeding). If you are taking medicine for
another medical condition, talk to your healthcare
provider before taking additional medication.

31. • If you have Zika, avoid mosquito bites for
the first week of your illness.
 During the first week of infection, Zika
virus can be found in the blood and
passed from an infected person to
another mosquito through mosquito
bites.
 An infected mosquito can then spread
the virus to other people

32. Prevention

33. 1. reducing mosquito populations by
eliminating their potential breeding
sites, especially containers and other
items (such as discarded tires) that can
collect water in and around
households; and
2. using personal protection measures to
prevent mosquito

34. In January 2016, the CDC issued a level 2 travel alert for
people traveling to regions and certain countries where
Zika virus transmission is ongoing.The agency also
suggested that women thinking about becoming pregnant
should consult with their physicians before
traveling.Governments or health agencies of the United
Kingdom, Ireland,New ZealandCanada,and the European
Union soon issued similar travel warnings. In
Colombia, Minister of Health and Social
Protection Alejandro Gaviria Uriberecommended to avoid
pregnancy for eight months, while the countries of
Ecuador, El Salvador, and Jamaica have issued similar
warnings