Zika virus was first discovered in Uganda in 1947 and has since spread to many countries. It is transmitted by Aedes mosquitoes and can cause microcephaly in fetuses if the mother is infected during pregnancy. While most Zika infections cause only mild symptoms, it poses a serious threat during pregnancy due to the risk of birth defects. Diagnostic tests for Zika look for viral RNA or IgM antibodies. There is no vaccine or specific treatment, so prevention focuses on controlling mosquito populations and protecting against bites.

1. ZIKA VIRUSA HIDDEN THREAT
PRESENTATION GIVEN BY :-
AMAR NATH
B.Sc. Biotechnology
Doaba collage (Jal.)

2. INTRODUCTION WITH ZIKA
 WHAT IS ZIKA ?
 WHERE HAS ZIKA BEEN FIRST FOUND ?
 EPIDIMOLOGY OF ZIKA VIRUS ?
 STRUCTURE OF ZIKA VIRUS ?
 HOW IT IS SPREAD ?
 MECHANISM OF INFECTION ?

3. WHAT IS ZIKA ?
 It belong to family- Flaviviridae, genus- flavivirus.
 Transmitted through arthropod vectors like Aedes
species mosquito (Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus).
 Infected people with Zika virus won’t have
symptoms or will only have mild symptoms.
 Infection during pregnancy can cause
microcephaly and other severe brain defects.

4. WHERE HAS ZIKA BEEN FIRST
FOUND ?
 First discovered in Rhesus monkey in the Zika Forest of
Uganda (Africa) in 1947.
 Zika outbreaks in many locations because the
symptoms are similar many other diseases so not have
been recognized.
https://www.google.com/map459+54586

5. EPIDEMIOLOGY OF ZIKA VIRUS
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29267914

6. EPIDEMIOLOGY OF ZIKA VIRUS
DATES COUNTRIES
1947 Zika first reported in Rhesus monkey of zika forest of Uganda, Africa.
1952 First human case detected in Uganda and the United Republic of Tanzania.
1969-1983 Zika expands to equatorial Asia and Africa, where the virus detected in mosquitos
2007 The first large outbreak of ZIKV infection occurred in island Yap, Federated States
of Micronesia and Gabon, Africa.
2013-2014 Second large outbreak in four other region French Polynesia, Easter Island, the
Cook Islands, and New Caledonia.
2015 Brazil notifies WHO of reported of an illness by zika virus. 7000 cases reported
with zika infection.
2016 The WHO reported 84 countries or territories with current or previous ZIKA Virus.
2017 WHO reported epidemic condition in some Asian countries like Bangladesh, Burma
(Myanmar), Cambodia, India, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Pakistan,
Philippines,Singapore,Thailand,Vietnam.

7. EPIDEMIOLOGY IN INDIA
• On 15 May 2017, the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare-Government of India
(MHFW) reported three laboratory-confirmed cases of Zika virus disease in
Bapunagar area, Ahmedabad District, Gujarat, State, India.
• Zika had first broken out in the western state of Gujarat and Tamil Nadu in the
south in 2017. This year, the first case in Jaipur was reported on Sept. 22.
• In 2017, ZIKA virus has been detected in 22 people in Jaipur, capital of the western
state of Rajasthan. The state of Bihar is also on alert as one person diagnosed in
Jaipur is a native of Siwan district in the northern province and had recently
visited home.
• October,2018 Jaipur, northern state of Rajasthan reported 130 ZIKA cases in
which 40 pregnant ladies cases. 125 have recovered from their symptoms and 40
pregnant ladies and 5 cases, they will receive special monitoring .
• The World Health Organization (WHO) puts India in category 2 in the classification
of ZIKA’s prevalence, which indicates an ongoing transmission of the virus.

8. STRUCTURE OF ZIKA VIRUS
RNA(Single standard,
+ve sense with
10794 nucleotide)
M protein
prM protein
Capsid
Fusion protein
E protein
Attachment
Glycoprotein
Size 18 – 45 nm Diameter
Icosahedralsymmetry

9. GENOME OF ZIKA VIRUS
 Single standard , +ve sense RNA Genome
 Contain 10,794 nucleotide encoding 3,419 amino acid.
 Non structural part has role in replication and evoking cell
mediated immune response.
 3' NCR forms a loop structure and the 5' NCR allows
translation via a methylated nucleotide cap or a genome-linked
protein. Both NCR has 428 nucleotides.
C M E NS1 NS2A NS2B NS3 NS4A NS4B NS5
Structural Non structural
5’
NCR
3’NCR
Capsid
Protect E-protein
during maturing
Envelop glycoprotein ,neutralizing
target membrane and antibodies

10. HOW IT IS SPREAD ?
Sylvatic cycle
Urban
cycle
By blood transfusion
Sexual practice
Infected
Bybiting
Healthy adult
Typically mild
transient viremia
serve disease rare
Pregnancy
Mild transplacental
transmission to
developing fetus
prolonged viremia
Infected neonate
Can be viremic serve
disease microcephaly
and neural disorder,
ZONEOFEMERGENCE
Changeinvectorstoandrophillicfeeding

11. MECHANISM OF INFECTION
Virus release
Zika virus
receptor
uncoating
https://www.google.com/image/mechanism_virus

12. SYMPTOMS OF ZIKA VIRUS
 Many people with Zika will not have symptoms or will only
have mild symptoms.
 The most common symptoms
of Zika are :-
• Fever
• Rash
• Headache
• Joint pain
• Conjunctivitis (red eyes)
• Muscle pain
https://www.google.com/image/symptoma_virus

13. ZIKA AND PREGNANCY
• Zika virus can pass from a pregnant woman to her
fetus during pregnancy or around the time of birth.
• Pregnant women are more likely to developed
symptoms compared to the general population
• Zika infection will affect a pregnancy (miscarriage,
stillbirth).
• Infection during pregnancy can cause damage to the
brain, Microcephaly, and Congenital Zika syndrome
• Pregnant women and general people are more likely
to get Guillain-Barre syndrome.

14. MICROCEPHALY & CONGENITAL ZIKA SYNDROME
Microcephaly
 Microcephaly is a condition where a baby has a head size much smaller
compared with other babies of the same age and sex. Head size is an
important measurement to monitor a child’s brain growth
Congenital Zika syndrome
Distinct pattern of birth defects in fetuses and infants of women infected
during pregnancy
Associated with 4 types of birth defects not seen or rarely seen with other
infections during pregnancy
• Decreased brain tissue with brain damage
• Damage to the back of the eye with a specific pattern of scarring
and increased pigment
• Limited range of joint motion, such as clubfoot
• Too much muscle tone restricting body movement soon after birth

15. GUILLAIN-BARRE SYNDROME
 GBS is an uncommon sickness of the nervous
system in which a person’s own immune
system damages the nerve cells, causing
muscle weakness, affect the muscles that
control breathing and sometimes, paralysis.
 GBS is strongly associated with Zika but only
a small proportion of people with recent Zika
infection get GBS.
 These symptoms can last a few weeks or
several months. Most people fully recover from
GBS, though some people have permanent
damage. Very few people die from GBS.
https://www.medscape.com/article/zikavirus

16. WHO SHOULD TESTED FOR ZIKA?
 The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
recommends Zika testing for the following groups only:-
• Anyone, female or male, with symptoms who may have been
exposed to the virus, either because they live in an endemic
area, have recently traveled to an endemic region or had
unprotected sex with someone who lives or has traveled to in an
endemic region
• Pregnant women with Zika virus symptoms who have had
possible exposure to the virus
• Pregnant women without symptoms who live in an area where
the Zika is endemic or are at ongoing risk of exposure
• Pregnant women who have had possible exposure to Zika virus
and whose fetus has signs of congenital abnormalities like
microcephaly on an ultrasound.

17. DIAGNOSTIC TEST FOR ZIKA VIRUS
 The two tests are performed concurrently to make
the diagnosis:-
1. RNA NAT(Nucleic acid Amplification Testing ) :- RNA NAT
testing is a technology that rapidly amplifies the number of genetic
particles in a blood, urine, and other body fluids from a few thousand to
over a billion. NAT testing is only considered useful if tested within 14 days
of the first symptoms. The only exception is in symptomatic pregnant
women in whom viral RNA can persist for up to 12 weeks.
2. IgM Testing & PRNT ( Plaque Reduction Neutralization
Test ):-IgM testing is a blood-based test that detects antibodies
produced by the body to fight the Zika virus. It can take the body up to two
weeks after exposure to produce enough antibodies to deliver an accurate
result. IgM test is most useful in the first 12 weeks of infection in pregnant
ladies.

18. HOW IS ZIKA TREATED ?
 There is no specific medicine or vaccine
for Zika virus infection.
 Treat the symptoms :-
• Rest
• Drink fluids to prevent dehydration
• Do not take aspirin or other non-steroidal
anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS)
• Take acetaminophen (Tylenol®) to reduce
fever and pain

19. PREVENTION
 If ZIKA symptom appeared consult with
doctor .
 Control the growth of mosquito and avoid
the mosquito bites.
 Create a barrier between you and
mosquitoes cover up exposed skin by wear
long-sleeved shirts.
 Prevent the blood exposer
 People with a partner who traveled to an
area with risk of Zika can use condoms or
avoid sex
Couples in which one or both partners live in
or traveled to an area with risk of Zika should
wait at least 6 months(male) 2 months
(female) ,try to conceive pregnancy.
 Avoid travel to an area with risk of Zika.

20. REFERENCE
ARTICLE :-
• Dang, Jason, Shashi Kant Tiwari, Gianluigi Lichinchi, Yue Qin, Veena S. Patil, Alexey M. Eroshkin, and
Tariq M. Rana. Zika virus depletes neural progenitors in human cerebral organoids through activation of
the innate immune receptor TLR3. Cell stem cell. 2016 Aug 4;19(2):258-65.
• Hills SL, Fischer M, Petersen LR. Epidemiology of Zika virus infection. The Journal of infectious
diseases. 2017 Dec 16;216(suppl_10):S868-74.
• Dick GW, Kitchen SF, Haddow AJ. Zika virus (I). Isolations and serological specificity. Transactions of the
royal society of tropical medicine and hygiene. 1952 Sep 1;46(5):509-20.
• Dick GW. Zika virus (II). Pathogenicity and physical properties. Transactions of the royal society of
tropical medicine and hygiene. 1952 Sep 1;46(5):521-34.
• Bhardwaj S, Gokhale MD, Mourya DT. Zika virus: Current concerns in India. The Indian journal of medical
research. 2017 Nov;146(5):572.
• Cao-Lormeau VM, Blake A, Mons S, Lastère S, Roche C, Vanhomwegen J, Dub T, Baudouin L, Teissier A,
Larre P, Vial AL. Guillain-Barré Syndrome outbreak associated with Zika virus infection in French
Polynesia: a case-control study. The Lancet. 2016 Apr 9;387(10027):1531-9.
• Rasmussen SA, Jamieson DJ, Honein MA, Petersen LR. Zika virus and birth defects—reviewing the
evidence for causality. New England Journal of Medicine. 2016 May 19;374(20):1981-7.
WEBSITES :-
• ZIKA VIRUS https://www.cdc.gov/zika/symptoms/diagnosis.html
• ZIKS VIRUS https://www.medscape.com/article/zikavirus/
• IMAGES TAKEN FROM www.google.com
GUIDEANCE BY :-
• Dr. Rajiv Khosla (HOD of Biotechnology , Doaba Collage)
• Dr. Sunik Malik (Assistant Professor , Doaba Collage)