DOWNLOAD THE POWERPOINT FILE FROM HERE:
https://www.dropbox.com/s/d8zbqyvc81pgg5w/compton%20effect.pptx?dl=0
Describing Compton Effect from Quantum Mechanics. Presented in East West University.
DOWNLOAD THE POWERPOINT FILE FROM HERE:
https://www.dropbox.com/s/d8zbqyvc81pgg5w/compton%20effect.pptx?dl=0
Describing Compton Effect from Quantum Mechanics. Presented in East West University.
Nuclear Isomerism
A nuclear isomer is a metastable state of an atomic nucleus caused by the excitation of one or more of its nucleons (protons or neutrons). "
"Metastable" refers to the property of these nuclei whose excited states have half-lives longer than 100 to 1000 times the half-lives of the excited nuclear states that decay with a "prompt" half life (ordinarily on the order of 10−12 seconds). As a result, the term "metastable" is usually restricted to isomers with half-lives of 10−9 seconds or longer.
Augar Effect
The transition of a nucleus from an excited to the ground state may occur by the EJECTION OF ORBITAL ELECTRONS
It is an alternative GAMMA emission
IF the energy TRANSFERRED to the electrons in this process exceeds the electron binding energy EB ,The electron is ejected with a kinetic ENERGY
Ee =E - EBThe transition of a nucleus from an excited to the ground state may occur by the EJECTION OF ORBITAL ELECTRONS
It is an alternative GAMMA emission
IF the energy TRANSFERRED to the electrons in this process exceeds the electron binding energy EB ,The electron is ejected with a kinetic ENERGY
Thankyou....
Semiconductor.pdf description ki last lin...KALPESH-JNV
Semiconductors (SC) are a class of materials that exhibit intermediate electrical conductivity between conductors (such as metals) & insulators (such as ceramics / plastics). They are used extensively in modern electronics, as the basis for the design & fabrication of transistors, diodes, integrated circuits.
The discovery of the SC properties dates back to the late 19th century, when experiments were carried out on the electrical conductivity of various materials. In 1874, Edwin Hall discovered the phenomenon of Hall effect, which led to the discovery of SC. The Hall effect occurs when a magnetic field is applied perpendicular to the flow of electric current in a conductor, resulting in a voltage difference across the conductor. This effect was found to be more pronounced in certain materials, such as Si & Ge, which led to further investigations into their electrical properties.
SC are characterized by their unique band structure, which determines their electrical conductivity. In an ideal SC crystal, the valence band (the highest occupied energy band) is separated from the conduction band (the lowest unoccupied energy band) by a bandgap. The bandgap is a measure of the energy required to move an electron from the valence band to the conduction band, and determines whether a material is a conductor, an insulator, or a SC.
At absolute zero temperature, all electrons in a SC crystal occupy the valence band, and there are no electrons in the conduction band. However, as the temperature increases, some of the electrons gain enough energy to jump across the bandgap and move to the conduction band, where they are free to move and conduct electricity. This process is called thermal excitation, and it is responsible for the temperature dependence of the electrical conductivity of SC.
SC can be classified into two main types based on their doping properties: intrinsic and extrinsic. Intrinsic SC are pure materials such as Si or Ge, which have no impurities or dopants added to them. Intrinsic SC have a relatively low electrical conductivity at room temperature due to the presence of the bandgap. Extrinsic SC, on the other hand, are doped with impurities to modify their electrical properties.
Doping is the process of intentionally introducing impurities (also called dopants) into a SC crystal to modify its electrical properties. The impurities can either donate or accept electrons, creating excess or deficient electrons, respectively, in the crystal lattice. This alters the band structure and conductivity of the SC, making it more useful for electronic applications.
Extrinsic SC can be further classified into two types: n-type and p-type. N-type SC are doped with impurities that have excess electrons (such as phosphorus)
Jane se phele niche vali video dekh lo (VERY IMP)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V5qMCRAZTN8
Use of conventional sources of energy to generate electricity is
increasing rapidly due to growing energy demands in every sector which is the major cause for pollution as well and also is an environmental concern for future. Considering this, there is lot of R&D going on in the field of alternate energy sources with recent advancements in technology. One of the recent advancement is the perovskite solar technology in the photovoltaics industry. The power conversion efficiency of perovskite solar cells has been improved from 9.7 to 20.1% within 4 years which is the fastest advancement ever in the photovoltaic industry. Such a high photovoltaic performance can be attributed to optically high absorption characteristics of the hybrid lead perovskite materials.
In this review, different perovskite materials are discussed along with the fundamental details of the hybrid lead halide perovskite materials. The fabrication techniques, stability, device structure and the chemistry of the perovskite structure are also described aiming for a better understanding of these materials and thus highly efficient perovskite solar cell devices. In addition some advantages and drawbacks are also discussed here to outline the prospects and challenges of using the perovskites in commercial PV devices.
This article discusses the basics of Interference phenomenon of light. Young's Double Slit Experiment is discussed to understand the phenomenon of Interference and also to understand the wave behaviour of light. Newton's Ring experiment, Lloyd's Mirror experiment, Fresnel's Biprism experiment are studued here to establish the wave nature of light. Also the bright and the dark fringes and there mathematical expressions are elaborated here in this article.
Introduction to Classical Mechanics:
UNIT-I : Elementary survey of Classical Mechanics: Newtonian mechanics for single particle and system of particles, Types of the forces and the single particle system examples, Limitation of Newton’s program, conservation laws viz Linear momentum, Angular Momentum & Total Energy, work-energy theorem; open systems (with variable mass). Principle of Virtual work, D’Alembert’s principle’ applications.
UNIT-II : Constraints; Definition, Types, cause & effects, Need, Justification for realizing constraints on the system
Nuclear Isomerism
A nuclear isomer is a metastable state of an atomic nucleus caused by the excitation of one or more of its nucleons (protons or neutrons). "
"Metastable" refers to the property of these nuclei whose excited states have half-lives longer than 100 to 1000 times the half-lives of the excited nuclear states that decay with a "prompt" half life (ordinarily on the order of 10−12 seconds). As a result, the term "metastable" is usually restricted to isomers with half-lives of 10−9 seconds or longer.
Augar Effect
The transition of a nucleus from an excited to the ground state may occur by the EJECTION OF ORBITAL ELECTRONS
It is an alternative GAMMA emission
IF the energy TRANSFERRED to the electrons in this process exceeds the electron binding energy EB ,The electron is ejected with a kinetic ENERGY
Ee =E - EBThe transition of a nucleus from an excited to the ground state may occur by the EJECTION OF ORBITAL ELECTRONS
It is an alternative GAMMA emission
IF the energy TRANSFERRED to the electrons in this process exceeds the electron binding energy EB ,The electron is ejected with a kinetic ENERGY
Thankyou....
Semiconductor.pdf description ki last lin...KALPESH-JNV
Semiconductors (SC) are a class of materials that exhibit intermediate electrical conductivity between conductors (such as metals) & insulators (such as ceramics / plastics). They are used extensively in modern electronics, as the basis for the design & fabrication of transistors, diodes, integrated circuits.
The discovery of the SC properties dates back to the late 19th century, when experiments were carried out on the electrical conductivity of various materials. In 1874, Edwin Hall discovered the phenomenon of Hall effect, which led to the discovery of SC. The Hall effect occurs when a magnetic field is applied perpendicular to the flow of electric current in a conductor, resulting in a voltage difference across the conductor. This effect was found to be more pronounced in certain materials, such as Si & Ge, which led to further investigations into their electrical properties.
SC are characterized by their unique band structure, which determines their electrical conductivity. In an ideal SC crystal, the valence band (the highest occupied energy band) is separated from the conduction band (the lowest unoccupied energy band) by a bandgap. The bandgap is a measure of the energy required to move an electron from the valence band to the conduction band, and determines whether a material is a conductor, an insulator, or a SC.
At absolute zero temperature, all electrons in a SC crystal occupy the valence band, and there are no electrons in the conduction band. However, as the temperature increases, some of the electrons gain enough energy to jump across the bandgap and move to the conduction band, where they are free to move and conduct electricity. This process is called thermal excitation, and it is responsible for the temperature dependence of the electrical conductivity of SC.
SC can be classified into two main types based on their doping properties: intrinsic and extrinsic. Intrinsic SC are pure materials such as Si or Ge, which have no impurities or dopants added to them. Intrinsic SC have a relatively low electrical conductivity at room temperature due to the presence of the bandgap. Extrinsic SC, on the other hand, are doped with impurities to modify their electrical properties.
Doping is the process of intentionally introducing impurities (also called dopants) into a SC crystal to modify its electrical properties. The impurities can either donate or accept electrons, creating excess or deficient electrons, respectively, in the crystal lattice. This alters the band structure and conductivity of the SC, making it more useful for electronic applications.
Extrinsic SC can be further classified into two types: n-type and p-type. N-type SC are doped with impurities that have excess electrons (such as phosphorus)
Jane se phele niche vali video dekh lo (VERY IMP)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V5qMCRAZTN8
Use of conventional sources of energy to generate electricity is
increasing rapidly due to growing energy demands in every sector which is the major cause for pollution as well and also is an environmental concern for future. Considering this, there is lot of R&D going on in the field of alternate energy sources with recent advancements in technology. One of the recent advancement is the perovskite solar technology in the photovoltaics industry. The power conversion efficiency of perovskite solar cells has been improved from 9.7 to 20.1% within 4 years which is the fastest advancement ever in the photovoltaic industry. Such a high photovoltaic performance can be attributed to optically high absorption characteristics of the hybrid lead perovskite materials.
In this review, different perovskite materials are discussed along with the fundamental details of the hybrid lead halide perovskite materials. The fabrication techniques, stability, device structure and the chemistry of the perovskite structure are also described aiming for a better understanding of these materials and thus highly efficient perovskite solar cell devices. In addition some advantages and drawbacks are also discussed here to outline the prospects and challenges of using the perovskites in commercial PV devices.
This article discusses the basics of Interference phenomenon of light. Young's Double Slit Experiment is discussed to understand the phenomenon of Interference and also to understand the wave behaviour of light. Newton's Ring experiment, Lloyd's Mirror experiment, Fresnel's Biprism experiment are studued here to establish the wave nature of light. Also the bright and the dark fringes and there mathematical expressions are elaborated here in this article.
Introduction to Classical Mechanics:
UNIT-I : Elementary survey of Classical Mechanics: Newtonian mechanics for single particle and system of particles, Types of the forces and the single particle system examples, Limitation of Newton’s program, conservation laws viz Linear momentum, Angular Momentum & Total Energy, work-energy theorem; open systems (with variable mass). Principle of Virtual work, D’Alembert’s principle’ applications.
UNIT-II : Constraints; Definition, Types, cause & effects, Need, Justification for realizing constraints on the system
Slides from 2017 presentations for both Palliser Teachers and Greater Edmonton Teachers' Conventions.
How do we build a culture that helps staff members to thrive? Strengths-based leadership provides the lens and mindset that brings out the best in staff members and creates the conditions for increased trust, more collaboration and sharing, and a resulting climate in which people want to innovate and excel. Chris will use powerful stories, along with supporting research, to encourage formal leaders to embrace a strengths-based lens to create a positive school culture.
We need a bigger definition of creativity in education. It goes beyond simply creating something new. It also means tweaking things, fixing things, mixing them up, etc. So here are the types of creative teachers.
This slides will give us a brief idea about the surface tension of a liquid. it will also describe about the importance and effect in our day to day life. determine the theory on surface tension and solve various problems on it.
Determining Surface Tension of Different Fluids with The Help of TensiometerIRJESJOURNAL
Abstract:- Current research work taken in account of surface tension of various fluids available like diesel, petrol, water. The purpose of this experiment is to determine the equivalence between surface tension and surface energy. sThis project covered the importance of surface tension of different fluids with the help of a case study from Lords Institute of Engineering & Technology.
In this presentation:
Surface Tension
Interfacial Tension
Definition of inerfacial tension in different ways
Measurement of interfacial and surface tesion
Similar to XII Physics - Surface Tension Part II (20)
We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
How to Create Map Views in the Odoo 17 ERPCeline George
The map views are useful for providing a geographical representation of data. They allow users to visualize and analyze the data in a more intuitive manner.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
How to Split Bills in the Odoo 17 POS ModuleCeline George
Bills have a main role in point of sale procedure. It will help to track sales, handling payments and giving receipts to customers. Bill splitting also has an important role in POS. For example, If some friends come together for dinner and if they want to divide the bill then it is possible by POS bill splitting. This slide will show how to split bills in odoo 17 POS.
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Surface Tension (Part - II)
Problems
1. A needle of length 5 cm can just rest on the
surface of water of surface tension 0.073 N / m.
Find the vertical force required to detach this
floating needle from the surface of water.
Sol :
L = 5 cm = 5 × 10-2m
T = 0.073 N/m
F=?
The force due to surface tension is given as,
F = TL
The total length of the needle in contact with
water = 2 L
∴F=T×2L
= 0.073 × 2 × 5 × 10-2 = 0.073 × 10-1
∴ F = 7.3 × 10-3 N
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Note : This force is the weight of needle.
2. A horizontal circular loop of wire of diameter 0.08
m is lowered in to a oil. The force due to surface
tension required to pull the loop out of the liquid is
0.0226 N. Calculate the surface tension of the oil.
Sol:
d = 0.08 n
∴ r = 0.04 m
F = 0.0226N, T = ?
The force due to Surface tension is F = TL
T
F
L
F
2 2 r
0.0226
4 r
4
0.0226
0.16
3.14
T
0.0449 N / m
0.0226
3.14
0.04
0.0226
0.5024
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Angle of Contact
When a liquid is in contact with a solid, the angle
between the surface of the liquid and the tangent
drawn to the surface of the liquid, at the point of
contact, on the side of the liquid is called “angle of
contact” of the given solid liquid pair.
Features of Angle of Contact
1. For a given solid liquid pair the angle of contact is
constant.
2. If the liquid partially wets the solid, the angle of
contact is acute.
3. If the liquid doesn‟t wets the solid at all, the angle
of contact is obtuse.
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4. If the liquid wets the solid completely, the angle of
contact is approximately zero.
5. Any small contamination of the liquid can change
the angle of contact largely.
6. The angle of contact depends on the magnitudes
of adhesive forces between solid and liquid
molecules and cohesive forces between liquid
molecules.
Explanation of Angle of Contact
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For a liquid which completely wets the solid, the
adhesive forces are so strong, as compared to the
cohesive forces, that the resultant AR of these forces
is along AP. So, the tangent at the point of contact is
along the wall of the container. So, the liquid surface
remains plane.
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Shape of a liquid drop
T1 = Force due to surface tension at the liquid - solid
interface,
T2 = Force due to surface tension at the air - solid
interface,
T3 = Force due to surface tension at the air - liquid
interface,
For the equilibrium of the drop
T2
T1
i.e. cos
T 3 cos
T 2 T1
T3
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From this equation we get following cases:
1. If T2 > T1, and T2 - T1 < T3, cos θ is positive and
angle of contact θ is acute.
2. If T2 < T1, and T2 - T2 < T3, cos θ is negative and
angle of contact θ is obtuse.
3. If T2 - T1 = T3, cos θ = 1 and „θ‟ is nearly equal to
zero.
4. If T2 - T1 > T3 or T2 > T1 + T3, cos θ > 1 which is
impossible, liquid is spread over the solid surface and
drop shall not be formed.
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Multiple choice Questions
1. A water drop of radius R is split into n smaller
drops, each of radius r. If T is the surface tension
of water, then the work done in this process is
4 3 1 1
R T
(a)
3
r R
(c) 4 R3 T
1 1
r R
3 3 1
R T
(b)
4
R
1
r
1
R
1
r
(d) 6 R2 T
2. One thousand small water droplets of equal size
combine to form a big drop. The ratio of the final
surface energy to the initial surface energy is of
water drops is
(a) 1:1000
(b) 10:1
(c) 1:10
(d) 1000:1
3. What is the potential energy of a soap film formed
on a frame of area 5 10 3 m2 ? The surface
tension of soap solution is 30 10 3 N / m .
(a) 2 × 10-4J
(b) 2.5 × 10-4J
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Ans:
(c) 4 R3 T
1 1
r R
In this process, the mass & hence the volume of
the water drop, remains constant but the surface
area is increased.
∴ Volume of the surface area is increased one
drop = Volume of n droplets
4 3
4 3
R n.
r
3
3
R3 nr 3
Change in area
4
R3
r
R2
4 R2
4 (nr 2
R2 )
R2
4
dA
nr 3
r
n.4 r 2
Work done
dW
4 R3
1 1
r R
(S.T.) (Change in area) T dA
4 R3 T
1 1
r R
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Ans:
(c) 1:10
4
4 3
R3 1000
r
3
3
R3 1000 r 3
R 10 r
Energy
or E T A
area
Energy of 1000 droplets (E1 ) 1000 T (4 r 2 )
But surface tension T
and Energy of the sin gle big drop
E2
T 4 (R2 )
T 4 (10 r)2
4 T(100 r 2 )
E2
E1
100 r 2
1000 r 2
1
10
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Ans:
(c) 3 × 10-4J
For a soap film, we have to consider double the
area, as there are two free surfaces.
P.E work done
2 30 10
3 10 4 J
3
T(2A)
5 10
3
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Drops and Bubbles
As it is spherical in shape, the inside pressure will
be greater than that of the outside. Let the outside
pressure be P0 and inside pressure be Pi, so that the
excess pressure is Pi – P0.
the radius of the drop increases from r to r + Δr,
where Δr is very small, so that the inside pressure
remains almost constant.
Initial surface area (A1) = 4πr2
Final surface area (A2) = 4π(r + Δr)2
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A2 = 4π (r2 + 2r Δr + Δr2)
A2 = 4πr2 + 8πr Δr + 4πΔr2
As Δr is very small, Δr2 is neglected (i.e. 4 π Δr2 ≅ 0)
Increase in surface area (dA)
= A2 – A1 = 4πr2 + 8πr Δr - 4πr2
Increase in surface area (dA) = 8 πr Δr ….. (1)
Work done to increase the surface area 8 πr Δr is
extra surface energy.
∴ dW = TdA
dW = T (8πr Δr) ….. (2)
This work done is also equal to product of force and
the distance Δr.
Let dW = dF Δr
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But dF = Excess pressure × area
dF = (Pi – P0) 4πr2
…… (3)
dW = (Pi – P0) 4πr2 Δr….. (4)
By comparing equation (2) and (4) we get
T (8πrΔr) = (Pi – P0) 4πr2 Δr
Here P i
P0
2T
…… (5)
r
This is called Laplace‟s law of a spherical membrane.
In case of soap bubble
Pi
P0
4T
r
....... 6
The threads of rain – coat are coated with water
proofing agents like resin etc. Which have very small
force of adhesion with water so rain coats become
water proof.