This document provides two-mark and 16-mark questions and answers related to the topic of mechanics of fluids. Some key concepts defined and explained include fluid mechanics, mass density, specific weight, viscosity, specific volume, specific gravity, compressibility, surface tension, and capillarity. Formulas are given for calculations related to specific weight, density, specific gravity, viscosity, kinematic viscosity, capillary rise/fall, bulk modulus, and shear stress. Sample problems and their solutions are provided applying these formulas and concepts to calculate values for various fluids under given conditions.
Aeroelasticity is the study of how inertial, structural and aerodynamic forces interact on aircraft and structures. There are two main types: static and dynamic aeroelasticity. Static issues include divergence and control reversal, while dynamic issues include flutter and buffeting. The Boeing X-53 Active Aeroelastic Wing was a technology demonstrator aircraft that integrated wing aerodynamics, controls and structure to control wing twist at high speeds using leading edge flaps. This allowed the use of thin, high aspect ratio wings for improved high-speed rolling performance without adding stiffness for static aeroelastic issues.
The document discusses the design and operation of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). It provides information on the scope and applications of UAVs, what constitutes an unmanned aerial system, different types of UAVs classified by range and endurance. It also describes the various subsystems of UAVs like payloads, communication systems, electric propulsion systems, autopilot systems. Finally, it provides details of the fixed wing UAV design project undertaken by the author, including design calculations and modeling using CAD software.
This document discusses cruise missile technology. It begins by defining cruise missiles as small, self-navigating unmanned aerial vehicles that can travel long distances at high speeds to precisely deliver warheads. It then covers the general design of cruise missiles including guidance systems, payloads, and propulsion. Different categories of cruise missiles are outlined based on launch platform and specifications. Guidance system types like inertial navigation, terrain contour matching and digital scene mapping are also summarized. The document concludes with sections on advantages and disadvantages of cruise missiles as well as examples of modern cruise missile systems like BrahMos.
In this work, an aircraft is made which is autonomous based on computer vision. In this autonomous aerial vehicle, a flight controller is made by Raspberry pi 3 and two cameras are used as eye called stereo vision. The RC transmitter and RC receiver are used as a secondary control system. A virtual keypad security system which is an HMI technology is also made to protect it. Wi-Fi module is used for on-board communication. The autonomous aerial vehicle is designed to takeoff, fly and land by itself. It is also designed to see around, calculate, communicate onboard and take decisions.
The document discusses the Black Hornet Nano, a small military drone used for reconnaissance. It is only 10x2.5 cm and weighs just over half an ounce, but has a range of over 1 km and endurance of up to 25 minutes. It provides troops with situational awareness by flying into enemy territory to take video and photos. The Black Hornet PD-100 is a commercially available personal reconnaissance system that provides intelligence and surveillance capabilities. It has autonomous flight abilities and can fly preplanned routes with its integrated GPS.
This document discusses the properties and design of trusses and purlins. It defines key terms related to trusses like panel loads, which are concentrated loads applied at interior panel points calculated based on the roof load and area contributing to that point. Trusses are analyzed considering unit gravity and wind loads, and the principle of superposition is used. The document provides guidelines for designing purlins, including calculating loads, selecting trial sections, checking stresses and dimensions, and designing sag rods if needed. An example is given to demonstrate the purlin design process for given roof load and truss geometry data.
Theoretical Presentation of QUAD COPTER where all the historical backgrounds ( Early Attempt and Recent Development), Flight Control and its uses are described. It is helpful for the beginners and also those who want to make a theoretical presentation about it. This was one the best Presentation in our college (+2 level)
Aeroelasticity involves the interaction between aerodynamic and elastic forces on aircraft structures. Static aeroelasticity studies how these forces influence design, while dynamic aeroelasticity involves additional inertial forces. Common phenomena include flutter, where vibrations increase due to positive feedback, buffeting from transient vibrations, and divergence, a static instability of lifting surfaces. Methods to delay flutter include increasing structural stiffness, adjusting mass distribution, and reducing coupling between degrees of freedom.
Aeroelasticity is the study of how inertial, structural and aerodynamic forces interact on aircraft and structures. There are two main types: static and dynamic aeroelasticity. Static issues include divergence and control reversal, while dynamic issues include flutter and buffeting. The Boeing X-53 Active Aeroelastic Wing was a technology demonstrator aircraft that integrated wing aerodynamics, controls and structure to control wing twist at high speeds using leading edge flaps. This allowed the use of thin, high aspect ratio wings for improved high-speed rolling performance without adding stiffness for static aeroelastic issues.
The document discusses the design and operation of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). It provides information on the scope and applications of UAVs, what constitutes an unmanned aerial system, different types of UAVs classified by range and endurance. It also describes the various subsystems of UAVs like payloads, communication systems, electric propulsion systems, autopilot systems. Finally, it provides details of the fixed wing UAV design project undertaken by the author, including design calculations and modeling using CAD software.
This document discusses cruise missile technology. It begins by defining cruise missiles as small, self-navigating unmanned aerial vehicles that can travel long distances at high speeds to precisely deliver warheads. It then covers the general design of cruise missiles including guidance systems, payloads, and propulsion. Different categories of cruise missiles are outlined based on launch platform and specifications. Guidance system types like inertial navigation, terrain contour matching and digital scene mapping are also summarized. The document concludes with sections on advantages and disadvantages of cruise missiles as well as examples of modern cruise missile systems like BrahMos.
In this work, an aircraft is made which is autonomous based on computer vision. In this autonomous aerial vehicle, a flight controller is made by Raspberry pi 3 and two cameras are used as eye called stereo vision. The RC transmitter and RC receiver are used as a secondary control system. A virtual keypad security system which is an HMI technology is also made to protect it. Wi-Fi module is used for on-board communication. The autonomous aerial vehicle is designed to takeoff, fly and land by itself. It is also designed to see around, calculate, communicate onboard and take decisions.
The document discusses the Black Hornet Nano, a small military drone used for reconnaissance. It is only 10x2.5 cm and weighs just over half an ounce, but has a range of over 1 km and endurance of up to 25 minutes. It provides troops with situational awareness by flying into enemy territory to take video and photos. The Black Hornet PD-100 is a commercially available personal reconnaissance system that provides intelligence and surveillance capabilities. It has autonomous flight abilities and can fly preplanned routes with its integrated GPS.
This document discusses the properties and design of trusses and purlins. It defines key terms related to trusses like panel loads, which are concentrated loads applied at interior panel points calculated based on the roof load and area contributing to that point. Trusses are analyzed considering unit gravity and wind loads, and the principle of superposition is used. The document provides guidelines for designing purlins, including calculating loads, selecting trial sections, checking stresses and dimensions, and designing sag rods if needed. An example is given to demonstrate the purlin design process for given roof load and truss geometry data.
Theoretical Presentation of QUAD COPTER where all the historical backgrounds ( Early Attempt and Recent Development), Flight Control and its uses are described. It is helpful for the beginners and also those who want to make a theoretical presentation about it. This was one the best Presentation in our college (+2 level)
Aeroelasticity involves the interaction between aerodynamic and elastic forces on aircraft structures. Static aeroelasticity studies how these forces influence design, while dynamic aeroelasticity involves additional inertial forces. Common phenomena include flutter, where vibrations increase due to positive feedback, buffeting from transient vibrations, and divergence, a static instability of lifting surfaces. Methods to delay flutter include increasing structural stiffness, adjusting mass distribution, and reducing coupling between degrees of freedom.
This document provides information about flight recorders, including the Cockpit Voice Recorder (CVR) and Flight Data Recorder (FDR). The CVR records audio from the cockpit, while the FDR records flight parameters. Both use memory chips rather than tape to store data. They are designed to survive crashes and fires. Each has an underwater locator beacon to aid recovery. Flight recorders provide invaluable data to investigate accidents.
This document is a project report on the design and fabrication of a quadcopter. It was submitted by two students in partial fulfillment of their Bachelor of Technology degree in Mechanical Engineering. The report covers modeling the quadcopter in Pro-E software, selecting hardware components, developing control software, assembly, and flight testing. While hardware issues prevented full testing, the students were able to complete a hands-free hover demonstration and other tests showing the quadcopter's stability and potential 6-8 minute flight time.
Emperor M160-3 Supersonic Business Jet - Preliminary Design ReportJason Ro
This document provides a preliminary design for a supersonic business jet called the Emperor M160-3. Key details include:
- The aircraft is designed to carry 8-12 passengers with a range of 4000 nm at Mach 0.93 and 1900 nm at Mach 1.8.
- The layout draws inspiration from the Aerion AS2, with a 110 ft fuselage and 98.6 ft wingspan. It uses a tri-jet configuration with two engines mounted in the fuselage and one above the tail.
- Interior dimensions are based on the Gulfstream G650 for maximum passenger comfort. The 65 ft cabin has a double club seating arrangement that can seat up to 12 passengers.
This document provides an overview of the design and fabrication of a tricopter drone. It describes the motivation to build the tricopter with a low budget and light weight. The key components of the tricopter include three brushless motors, an Atmega168PA controller board, receiver, batteries, and a glass fiber frame. Challenges in the design included balancing the tricopter and integrating the gyroscope and accelerometer. Testing involved mechanical design, propeller selection, electrical connections, and programming the controller board. The conclusion discusses potential applications in military, industrial, and commercial uses if further funding and experimental analysis are conducted.
UAV(unmanned aerial vehicle) and its application Joy Karmakar
This document discusses unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), including their definition, history, components, applications, and disadvantages. UAVs are aircraft without human pilots that can be controlled autonomously or remotely. They have various applications both militarily and civilly, such as aerial surveillance, search and rescue operations, agriculture, filmmaking, and more. The key components of UAVs are the payload, air vehicle, navigation systems, and communications systems. India has developed several UAVs domestically such as Rustom, Nishant, and Lakshya for military purposes. The future of UAV technology remains dynamic with new discoveries expected over the next 16 years.
The document describes a project to create an autonomous flying surveillance robot (FSR) that can operate indoors and outdoors under any weather conditions. A group of 4 students from Lokmanya Tilak College of Engineering are developing the FSR. It will use a camera for aerial surveillance and inspection. Sensors and a PID control system will stabilize the flying robot and make it easier to control. The FSR has applications in hazardous environments, defense, security, inspections, and more.
Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), commonly known as drones, have evolved significantly over time. They were first used as early as the 19th century as balloons loaded with explosives. During World War I, they were developed as aerial torpedoes. Nowadays, UAVs are widely used for both military and civilian applications. They come in various configurations like fixed-wing, rotary-wing, and hybrid designs. Key elements of a UAV system include the airframe, propulsion system, sensors, flight computer and payload such as cameras, radars or other instruments.
This document provides an overview of aeroelasticity, including its history, classifications, and precautions. It discusses how aeroelasticity studies the interaction between inertial, structural and aerodynamic forces. The document outlines the necessity of studying aeroelasticity effects for rotor design, wind energy, and to understand catastrophic failures. It then describes different types of static and dynamic aeroelasticity like divergence, control reversal, flutter, buffeting, and transonic phenomena. Precautions like testing and analysis are discussed.
The document discusses the importance of aerodynamics in drone technology and development. It begins with an introduction to drones and their increasing applications. It then explains that aerodynamics plays a crucial role in drone design and performance. The presentation will explore fundamental aerodynamic principles such as lift, drag, and thrust, and their relevance to drones. The objective is to provide a comprehensive understanding of drone aerodynamics, applications, advantages, and future developments.
This technical seminar report summarizes information about quadcopters. It begins with an introduction that defines unmanned aerial vehicles and notes that quadcopters use four rotors for lift and propulsion. The document then discusses the basic materials needed for a quadcopter, including brushless DC motors, electronic speed controllers, propellers, and sensor boards. It explains the working principles of quadcopters, how the rotation of the four motors allows for different movements. Applications mentioned include military surveillance, commercial drone delivery services, and agricultural monitoring. The conclusion states that quadcopter control and functions continue to improve with additional research.
Term Paper Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the degree of Bachelor of Technology In Aerospace Engineering.
AMITY UNIVERSITY DUBAI
The document discusses the history and purpose of cockpit voice recorders (CVRs). It notes that CVRs were developed in the 1950s to record audio from the cockpit and have advanced from analog tapes to digital solid-state memory. International regulations now require that large commercial aircraft be equipped with CVRs that can record the last 2 hours of flight. CVR recordings are important for investigating aircraft accidents and incidents.
This power point presentation summarizes the key components and functioning of a quadcopter drone. It describes the main parts which include four brushless motors, electronic speed controllers, a CC3D flight controller, Li-Po battery, power distribution board, and transmitter and receiver. The presentation discusses the advantages of quadcopters like stability, flexibility for indoor use, and ability to enter any environment without a pilot. Applications mentioned include use in agriculture, delivery services, military, videography, and civil purposes. Disadvantages include hardware complexity, short flight duration, and need for frequent battery replacement.
The document describes a project to design and fabricate a micro air vehicle (MAV) under the guidance of Prof. Syed Basith Muzammil. A group of 4 students - Shazaan Sayeed, Suman Mandal, Sushil Kumar, and Md Idris - are working on the project at HKBK College of Engineering. The MAV will have the ability to hover and be equipped with a camera and sensors to detect leaked gas and explosives. It will use basic materials like a frame, motors, propellers, microcontroller, battery, and transmitter/receiver. The working principle involves the microcontroller receiving signals from the transmitter to control the electronic speed controllers and motor speeds to adjust the altitude
Abstract:
Landing gear is one of the critical subsystems of an aircraft. The need to design landing gear with minimum weight, minimum volume, high performance, improved life and reduced life cycle cost have posed many challenges to landing gear designers and practitioners. Further it is essential to reduce the landing gear design and development cycle time while meeting all the regulatory and safety requirements. Many technologies have been developed over the years to meet these challenges in design and development of landing gear. This paper presents a perspective on various stages of landing gear design and development, current technology landscape and how these technologies are helping us to meet the challenges involved in the development of landing gear and how they are going to evolve in future.
NAME : S. Srinivasa Phani Kumar
Branch : MECHANICAL
College : SWARNANDHRA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
An unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV), commonly known as a Drone, is an aircraft without a human pilot on board. UAVs can be remote controlled aircraft (e.g. flown by a pilot at a ground control station) or can fly autonomously based on pre-programmed flight plans or more complex dynamic automation systems
A UAV is defined as being capable of controlled, sustained level flight and powered by a jet or reciprocating engine. In addition, a cruise missile can be considered to be a UAV, but is treated separately on the basis that the vehicle is the weapon.
Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) are aircrafts that fly without any humans being onboard. They are either remotely piloted, or piloted by an onboard computer. This kind of aircrafts can be used in different military missions such as surveillance, reconnaissance, battle damage assessment, communications relay, minesweeping, hazardous substances detection and radar jamming. However they can be used in other than military missions like detection of hazardous objects on train rails and investigation of infected areas. Aircrafts that are able of hovering and vertical flying can also be used for indoor missions like counter terrorist operations
To download this ppt click on this link
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This document summarizes a seminar presentation on unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), also known as drones. It defines UAVs as aircraft without onboard pilots that are controlled remotely. The presentation covered types of UAVs, the necessity of UAVs in reducing risks to human life, methodology for UAV design including consideration of thrust, drag, lift and weight, applications such as surveillance and disaster relief, disadvantages including risks of hacking or losing control, and conclusions on the importance of UAVs and software used for design.
Drones are unmanned aerial vehicles that can fly autonomously or be piloted remotely, carrying payloads but no human. The US drone industry is an $82 billion market and will grow to 10% of aviation by 2025. Regulations require drones under 55 lbs to fly below 400 ft and within 5 miles of an airport with FAA authorization. Violations can result in fines up to $250k or imprisonment.
This is a report on ‘drones-an introduction&design’.In this
report I tried to give an introduction about drones or unmanned
aerial vehicles (UAVs) and some preliminary design parameters.
Introduction portion consists of drone history, technology, uses,
and the current generation of drones. Design portion includes
parameters like aerodynamics, payload, endurance, speed and
range, navigation systems and communications.
This document provides information about reusable launch vehicles, specifically SpaceX's Falcon 9 Reusable (F9R) launch vehicle. It discusses SpaceX's goals of making spaceflight routine and affordable. The document describes the Falcon 9 family of launch vehicles and provides details on the technical specifications and design of the Falcon 9R first and second stages. It also discusses the payload fairing and Dragon spacecraft. Applications and advantages of reusable launch vehicles are presented.
Unit I discusses fluid properties and flow characteristics. It covers fluid density, viscosity, surface tension, compressibility, and vapor pressure. It also discusses the concepts of control volume and the application of continuity, energy, and momentum equations to fluid flow. Specific topics covered include density, specific gravity, viscosity, surface tension, capillarity, compressibility, and vapor pressure. Several sample problems are worked through to demonstrate calculations for properties like density, specific weight, viscosity, surface tension, and capillary rise.
Units
and dimensions Properties of fluids mass density, specific weight,
specific volume, specific gravity, viscosity, compressibility, vapor pressure,
surface tension and capillarity
This document provides information about flight recorders, including the Cockpit Voice Recorder (CVR) and Flight Data Recorder (FDR). The CVR records audio from the cockpit, while the FDR records flight parameters. Both use memory chips rather than tape to store data. They are designed to survive crashes and fires. Each has an underwater locator beacon to aid recovery. Flight recorders provide invaluable data to investigate accidents.
This document is a project report on the design and fabrication of a quadcopter. It was submitted by two students in partial fulfillment of their Bachelor of Technology degree in Mechanical Engineering. The report covers modeling the quadcopter in Pro-E software, selecting hardware components, developing control software, assembly, and flight testing. While hardware issues prevented full testing, the students were able to complete a hands-free hover demonstration and other tests showing the quadcopter's stability and potential 6-8 minute flight time.
Emperor M160-3 Supersonic Business Jet - Preliminary Design ReportJason Ro
This document provides a preliminary design for a supersonic business jet called the Emperor M160-3. Key details include:
- The aircraft is designed to carry 8-12 passengers with a range of 4000 nm at Mach 0.93 and 1900 nm at Mach 1.8.
- The layout draws inspiration from the Aerion AS2, with a 110 ft fuselage and 98.6 ft wingspan. It uses a tri-jet configuration with two engines mounted in the fuselage and one above the tail.
- Interior dimensions are based on the Gulfstream G650 for maximum passenger comfort. The 65 ft cabin has a double club seating arrangement that can seat up to 12 passengers.
This document provides an overview of the design and fabrication of a tricopter drone. It describes the motivation to build the tricopter with a low budget and light weight. The key components of the tricopter include three brushless motors, an Atmega168PA controller board, receiver, batteries, and a glass fiber frame. Challenges in the design included balancing the tricopter and integrating the gyroscope and accelerometer. Testing involved mechanical design, propeller selection, electrical connections, and programming the controller board. The conclusion discusses potential applications in military, industrial, and commercial uses if further funding and experimental analysis are conducted.
UAV(unmanned aerial vehicle) and its application Joy Karmakar
This document discusses unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), including their definition, history, components, applications, and disadvantages. UAVs are aircraft without human pilots that can be controlled autonomously or remotely. They have various applications both militarily and civilly, such as aerial surveillance, search and rescue operations, agriculture, filmmaking, and more. The key components of UAVs are the payload, air vehicle, navigation systems, and communications systems. India has developed several UAVs domestically such as Rustom, Nishant, and Lakshya for military purposes. The future of UAV technology remains dynamic with new discoveries expected over the next 16 years.
The document describes a project to create an autonomous flying surveillance robot (FSR) that can operate indoors and outdoors under any weather conditions. A group of 4 students from Lokmanya Tilak College of Engineering are developing the FSR. It will use a camera for aerial surveillance and inspection. Sensors and a PID control system will stabilize the flying robot and make it easier to control. The FSR has applications in hazardous environments, defense, security, inspections, and more.
Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), commonly known as drones, have evolved significantly over time. They were first used as early as the 19th century as balloons loaded with explosives. During World War I, they were developed as aerial torpedoes. Nowadays, UAVs are widely used for both military and civilian applications. They come in various configurations like fixed-wing, rotary-wing, and hybrid designs. Key elements of a UAV system include the airframe, propulsion system, sensors, flight computer and payload such as cameras, radars or other instruments.
This document provides an overview of aeroelasticity, including its history, classifications, and precautions. It discusses how aeroelasticity studies the interaction between inertial, structural and aerodynamic forces. The document outlines the necessity of studying aeroelasticity effects for rotor design, wind energy, and to understand catastrophic failures. It then describes different types of static and dynamic aeroelasticity like divergence, control reversal, flutter, buffeting, and transonic phenomena. Precautions like testing and analysis are discussed.
The document discusses the importance of aerodynamics in drone technology and development. It begins with an introduction to drones and their increasing applications. It then explains that aerodynamics plays a crucial role in drone design and performance. The presentation will explore fundamental aerodynamic principles such as lift, drag, and thrust, and their relevance to drones. The objective is to provide a comprehensive understanding of drone aerodynamics, applications, advantages, and future developments.
This technical seminar report summarizes information about quadcopters. It begins with an introduction that defines unmanned aerial vehicles and notes that quadcopters use four rotors for lift and propulsion. The document then discusses the basic materials needed for a quadcopter, including brushless DC motors, electronic speed controllers, propellers, and sensor boards. It explains the working principles of quadcopters, how the rotation of the four motors allows for different movements. Applications mentioned include military surveillance, commercial drone delivery services, and agricultural monitoring. The conclusion states that quadcopter control and functions continue to improve with additional research.
Term Paper Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the degree of Bachelor of Technology In Aerospace Engineering.
AMITY UNIVERSITY DUBAI
The document discusses the history and purpose of cockpit voice recorders (CVRs). It notes that CVRs were developed in the 1950s to record audio from the cockpit and have advanced from analog tapes to digital solid-state memory. International regulations now require that large commercial aircraft be equipped with CVRs that can record the last 2 hours of flight. CVR recordings are important for investigating aircraft accidents and incidents.
This power point presentation summarizes the key components and functioning of a quadcopter drone. It describes the main parts which include four brushless motors, electronic speed controllers, a CC3D flight controller, Li-Po battery, power distribution board, and transmitter and receiver. The presentation discusses the advantages of quadcopters like stability, flexibility for indoor use, and ability to enter any environment without a pilot. Applications mentioned include use in agriculture, delivery services, military, videography, and civil purposes. Disadvantages include hardware complexity, short flight duration, and need for frequent battery replacement.
The document describes a project to design and fabricate a micro air vehicle (MAV) under the guidance of Prof. Syed Basith Muzammil. A group of 4 students - Shazaan Sayeed, Suman Mandal, Sushil Kumar, and Md Idris - are working on the project at HKBK College of Engineering. The MAV will have the ability to hover and be equipped with a camera and sensors to detect leaked gas and explosives. It will use basic materials like a frame, motors, propellers, microcontroller, battery, and transmitter/receiver. The working principle involves the microcontroller receiving signals from the transmitter to control the electronic speed controllers and motor speeds to adjust the altitude
Abstract:
Landing gear is one of the critical subsystems of an aircraft. The need to design landing gear with minimum weight, minimum volume, high performance, improved life and reduced life cycle cost have posed many challenges to landing gear designers and practitioners. Further it is essential to reduce the landing gear design and development cycle time while meeting all the regulatory and safety requirements. Many technologies have been developed over the years to meet these challenges in design and development of landing gear. This paper presents a perspective on various stages of landing gear design and development, current technology landscape and how these technologies are helping us to meet the challenges involved in the development of landing gear and how they are going to evolve in future.
NAME : S. Srinivasa Phani Kumar
Branch : MECHANICAL
College : SWARNANDHRA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
An unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV), commonly known as a Drone, is an aircraft without a human pilot on board. UAVs can be remote controlled aircraft (e.g. flown by a pilot at a ground control station) or can fly autonomously based on pre-programmed flight plans or more complex dynamic automation systems
A UAV is defined as being capable of controlled, sustained level flight and powered by a jet or reciprocating engine. In addition, a cruise missile can be considered to be a UAV, but is treated separately on the basis that the vehicle is the weapon.
Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) are aircrafts that fly without any humans being onboard. They are either remotely piloted, or piloted by an onboard computer. This kind of aircrafts can be used in different military missions such as surveillance, reconnaissance, battle damage assessment, communications relay, minesweeping, hazardous substances detection and radar jamming. However they can be used in other than military missions like detection of hazardous objects on train rails and investigation of infected areas. Aircrafts that are able of hovering and vertical flying can also be used for indoor missions like counter terrorist operations
To download this ppt click on this link
https://adf.ly/PdL4V
This document summarizes a seminar presentation on unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), also known as drones. It defines UAVs as aircraft without onboard pilots that are controlled remotely. The presentation covered types of UAVs, the necessity of UAVs in reducing risks to human life, methodology for UAV design including consideration of thrust, drag, lift and weight, applications such as surveillance and disaster relief, disadvantages including risks of hacking or losing control, and conclusions on the importance of UAVs and software used for design.
Drones are unmanned aerial vehicles that can fly autonomously or be piloted remotely, carrying payloads but no human. The US drone industry is an $82 billion market and will grow to 10% of aviation by 2025. Regulations require drones under 55 lbs to fly below 400 ft and within 5 miles of an airport with FAA authorization. Violations can result in fines up to $250k or imprisonment.
This is a report on ‘drones-an introduction&design’.In this
report I tried to give an introduction about drones or unmanned
aerial vehicles (UAVs) and some preliminary design parameters.
Introduction portion consists of drone history, technology, uses,
and the current generation of drones. Design portion includes
parameters like aerodynamics, payload, endurance, speed and
range, navigation systems and communications.
This document provides information about reusable launch vehicles, specifically SpaceX's Falcon 9 Reusable (F9R) launch vehicle. It discusses SpaceX's goals of making spaceflight routine and affordable. The document describes the Falcon 9 family of launch vehicles and provides details on the technical specifications and design of the Falcon 9R first and second stages. It also discusses the payload fairing and Dragon spacecraft. Applications and advantages of reusable launch vehicles are presented.
Unit I discusses fluid properties and flow characteristics. It covers fluid density, viscosity, surface tension, compressibility, and vapor pressure. It also discusses the concepts of control volume and the application of continuity, energy, and momentum equations to fluid flow. Specific topics covered include density, specific gravity, viscosity, surface tension, capillarity, compressibility, and vapor pressure. Several sample problems are worked through to demonstrate calculations for properties like density, specific weight, viscosity, surface tension, and capillary rise.
Units
and dimensions Properties of fluids mass density, specific weight,
specific volume, specific gravity, viscosity, compressibility, vapor pressure,
surface tension and capillarity
The document provides an overview of hydrostatics. It defines key properties of liquids like viscosity, bulk modulus, and density. It describes how pressure increases with depth in liquids and defines concepts like gauge pressure, absolute pressure, and pressure head. Archimedes' principle states that the upward force on a submerged object equals the weight of the fluid displaced. Worked examples demonstrate calculating pressure, force, and volume displaced for various hydrostatic situations.
assignment 1 properties of fluids-Fluid mechanicsasghar123456
The document contains 6 physics questions regarding properties of fluids. Question 1 asks about pressure in a water pipe using a manometer. Question 2 involves using the ideal gas law to determine pressure and mass of air in a tire at different temperatures. Question 3 calculates residual pressure in a tank with two chambers connected by a sluice opening.
The document discusses key concepts in fluid mechanics including:
1) Phases of matter, density, specific gravity, and pressure in fluids. Pressure increases with depth in a fluid.
2) Pascal's principle states that pressure increases are transmitted undiminished throughout a fluid. This allows hydraulic systems to work.
3) Archimedes' principle explains that the buoyant force on an object equals the weight of fluid displaced. Whether an object floats or sinks depends on its density compared to the fluid.
This document provides an overview of fluid properties and concepts in fluid mechanics. It defines key terms such as:
- Density, specific weight, specific volume, viscosity, and other fluid properties.
- Hydrostatic pressure which increases linearly with depth in a static fluid.
- Pascal's law which states that pressure in a static fluid is independent of direction and transmitted equally.
- Total pressure and center of pressure on submerged surfaces, including equations for horizontal, vertical, and inclined planes.
The document defines key terms related to fluid mechanics, including density, specific weight, viscosity, compressibility, surface tension, and vapor pressure. It also defines different types of fluid flow such as steady/unsteady, laminar/turbulent, compressible/incompressible, and rotational/irrotational flow. Various equations are presented, including the continuity equation, Bernoulli's equation, and the impulse-momentum equation. Boundary layer concepts are introduced, such as boundary layer thickness, displacement thickness, and momentum thickness. Energy losses in pipes are also discussed, distinguishing between major losses due to friction and minor losses due to pipe fittings.
Mechanical engineer's manual(by. engr. yuri g. melliza)Yuri Melliza
1. This document defines common mechanical engineering terms such as mass, velocity, acceleration, force, pressure, and temperature scales. Conversion factors are provided.
2. Properties of fluids such as density, specific volume, specific gravity, and equations of state for gases are defined. Characteristics including viscosity, elasticity, and surface tension are also explained.
3. Ten sample problems are worked through as examples of applying the definitions and concepts to calculations involving forces, densities, pressures, temperatures, and manometers.
This slides will give us a brief idea about the surface tension of a liquid. it will also describe about the importance and effect in our day to day life. determine the theory on surface tension and solve various problems on it.
Surface tension is the property of the free surface of a liquid that allows it to resist an external force. It is caused by cohesive forces between liquid molecules being greater than adhesive forces between liquid and gas molecules. Surface tension allows insects to walk on water and causes water droplets to be spherical. The angle of contact is the angle between the liquid-gas interface and solid surface when a liquid comes into contact with a solid. Surface tension can be measured using the capillary rise method, where the height risen in a capillary tube is directly proportional to the surface tension based on calculations involving tube radius, liquid density, and angle of contact.
The document contains lecture notes on hydraulics from Minia University in Egypt. It defines key terms related to fluid mechanics such as density, viscosity, laminar and turbulent flow, compressibility, and surface tension. It also provides the continuity equation and defines different types of fluid flow such as steady, uniform, rotational, and one, two, and three-dimensional flow. The notes conclude by listing the Bernoulli equation and its assumptions.
1. The document provides information about fluid mechanics and machinery. It defines fluids and discusses density, pressure, gauge and absolute pressure, Pascal's principle, buoyancy, fluid flow rates, Bernoulli's equation, and other key concepts.
2. Key equations are presented for pressure, density, flow rate, continuity, Bernoulli's equation, and buoyancy. Examples are given to show how to use the equations to calculate pressure, velocity, flow rate, and tension in cables.
3. The document is intended to present fundamental concepts and equations for fluid mechanics to understand properties of fluids, pressure, flow, and buoyancy.
This course provides an introduction to fluid mechanics concepts including pressure, hydrostatics, buoyancy, momentum and mass conservation, and their applications to fluid systems analysis and design. Students will learn to calculate forces in static and flowing fluids, flow velocities, pressure losses, and dimensionless numbers. They will also learn the properties of laminar and turbulent boundary layers and how to apply Bernoulli's principle to fluid problems. The overall aim is for students to develop skills in solving practical fluid mechanics problems relevant to engineering.
This course provides students with an introduction to principal concepts and methods of fluid mechanics. Topics covered include volume and mass flow, Bernoulli's equation, viscosity, flow losses in pipes, dimensional analysis of fluid flow, and the development of similarity relationships. Students will study and analyze fluid systems, develop problem-solving skills, and demonstrate their understanding through assignments and exams.
This document discusses fluid mechanics and hydraulics concepts including:
1. Definitions of density, specific gravity, atmospheric pressure, absolute and gauge pressure.
2. Descriptions of viscosity, laminar flow, turbulent flow, continuity equation, and steady vs unsteady flow.
3. Explanations of surface tension, capillarity, hydrostatic pressure, buoyancy, and center of pressure.
4. Discussions of manometers, energy equations, forces on submerged surfaces, and fluid static forces.
Fluid mechanics is the study of fluids and forces on them. It can be divided into fluid statics, kinematics, and dynamics. Fluid mechanics involves the properties of fluids, including that fluids continually deform under stress, take the shape of their container, and have indefinite shape and volume. Key terms include density, specific weight, specific volume, viscosity, compressibility, and dynamic viscosity. Viscosity measures a fluid's resistance to flow and internal friction. Dynamic viscosity describes the direct proportionality between shear stress and velocity gradient in a moving fluid.
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3) Dividing 30 by 1/2 and then adding 10 would give the answer of 60.
4) The number that does not belong in the series 1,1,2,3,4,5,8,13,21 is 5 because it is not the result of adding the previous two numbers.
Fracture mechanics is concerned with studying crack propagation in materials. There are three modes of applying force to a crack: Mode I is opening, Mode II is sliding parallel to the crack plane and crack front, and Mode III is tearing parallel to the crack plane and front. Ductile fractures are characterized by plastic deformation, dull and fibrous fracture surfaces not related to principal stress direction, and cup-and-cone shapes from microvoid formation and 45 degree shear lips. Brittle fractures occur suddenly with little plasticity and no necking, often due to low temperatures making steel more brittle.
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Qb103351
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CE6303 - MECHANICS OF FLUIDS
(FOR III – SEMESTER)
UNIT – I
PREPARED BY
R.SURYA, M.E
Assistant Professor
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
SRI VIDYA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY-626001
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TWO MARK QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
1. Define fluid mechanics.
It is the branch of science, which deals with the behavior of the fluids (liquids or
gases) at rest as well as in motion.
2. Define Mass Density.
Mass Density or Density is defined as ratio of mass of the fluid to its volume (V)
Density of water = 1 gm/cm3
or 1000 kg / m3
.
3. Define Specific Weight.
It is the ratio between weight of a fluid to its volume.
g
p
g
fluid
of
Volume
fluid
of
Mass
fluid
of
Volume
fluid
of
Weight
w
Unit: N / m3
4. Define Viscosity.
Viscosity is defined as the property of fluid, which offers resistance to the
movement of one layer of fluid over another adjacent layer of fluid.
When two layers move one over the other at different velocities, say u and u+ du,
the viscosity together with relative velocity causes a shear stress acting between the fluid
layers. The top layer causes a shear stress on the adjacent lower layer while the lower
layer causes a shear stress on the adjacent top layer.
This shear stress is proportional to the rate of change of velocity.
fluid
of
Volume
fluid
of
Mass
p
g
p
w
dy
du
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Coefficient of dynamic viscosity (or) only viscosity
du / dy = rate of shear strain
5. Define Specific Volume.
Volume per unit mass of a fluid is called specific volume
volume
fluid
of
mass
p
fluid
of
Mass
fluid
a
of
Volume
volume
Sp
1
1
.
Unit: m3
/ kg.
6. Define Specific Gravity.
Specific gravity is the ratio of the weight density or density of a fluid to the
weight density or density of standard fluid. It is also called as relative density.
Unit : Dimension less. Denoted as: ‘S’
water
of
density
Weight
liquid
of
density
Weight
forliquid
S
)
(
air
of
density
Weight
gas
of
density
Weight
gases
for
S
7. Calculate the specific weight, density and specific gravity of 1 litre of liquid which
weighs 7 N.
Solution:
Given 3
1000
1
1 m
ltre
V
W = 7 N
i. Sp. Weight (w) 3
3
/
7000
1000
1
7
m
N
m
N
volume
weight
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ii Density (p) 3
3
3
/
5
..
713
/
81
.
9
7000
m
Kg
m
kg
m
N
g
w
iii. Sp. Gravity (S)
1000
5
.
713
water
of
Density
liquid
of
Density
(Density of water = 1000 kg / m3)
S = 0.7135
8. State Newton’s Law of Viscosity.
It states that the shear stress ( ) on a fluid element layer is directly proportional
to the rate of shear strain. The constant of proportionality is called the co-efficient of
viscosity
dy
du
9. Name the Types of fluids.
1. Ideal fluid
2. Real fluid
3. Newtonian fluid
4. Non-Newtonian fluid.
5. Ideal plastic fluid
10. Define Kinematic Viscosity.
It is defined as the ratio between the dynamic viscosity and density of fluid.
Represented as
p
Density
ity
Vis
cos
;
Unit: m2
/ sec.
.
/
10
100
1
1 2
4
2
2
2
s
m
S
m
S
Cm
Stoke
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Centistoke means stoke
100
1
11. Find the Kinematic viscosity of an oil having density 981 kg/m. The shear stress
at a point in oil is 0.2452 N/m2
and velocity gradient at that point is 0.2 /sec.
Mass density p = 981 kg/m3
, Shear stress
2
/
2452
.
0 m
N
Velocity gradient 2
.
0
dy
du
.
/
226
.
1
2
.
0
2452
.
0
2
.
0
2452
.
0 2
m
Ns
dy
du
S
cm
s
m
p
ity
is
kinematicv
/
10
10
125
.
0
.
/
10
125
.
0
981
226
.
1
)
(
cos
2
4
2
2
2
.
5
.
12 stoke
12. Determine the specific gravity of a fluid having viscosity 0.05 poise and
Kinematic viscosity 0.035 stokes.
Given: Viscosity, μ = 0.05 poise = (0.05 / 10) Ns / m2
.
Kinematic viscosity ν = 0.035 stokes = 0.035 cm2
/ s
= 0.035 x 10-4
m2
/ s
3
4
/
5
.
1428
1
10
05
.
0
10
035
.
0 m
kg
p
p
Density of liquid 1428.5
Specific gravity of liquid = = = 1.428 = 1.43
Density of water 1000
p
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13. Define Compressibility.
Compressibility is the reciprocal of the bulk modulus of elasticity, K which is
defined as the ratio of compressive stress to volumetric strain.
Consider a cylinder filled with a piston as shown
V Volume of gas enclosed in the cylinder
P Pressure of gas when volume is
Increase in pressure = dp kgf / m2
Decrease of volume =
d
Volumetric strain
d
- Ve sign Volume decreases with increase in pressure
Bulk modulus
strain
Volumetric
essure
of
Increase
K
Pr
d
d p
14. Define Surface Tension.
Surface tension is defined as the tensile force acting on the surface of a liquid in
contact with a gas or on the surface between two immiscible liquids such that the contact
surface behaves like a membrance under tension.
Unit: N / m.
d
d p
K
ility
Compressib
1
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15. Define Capillarity:
Capillary is defined as a phenomenon of rise of a liquid surface is a small tube
relative to adjacent general level of liquid when the tube is held vertically in the liquid.
The resistance of liquid surface is known as capillary rise while the fall of the liquid
surface is known as capillary depression. It is expressed in terms of cm or mm of liquid.
16. The Capillary rise in the glass tube is not to exceed 0.2 mm of water. Determine
its minimum size, given that surface tension of water in contact with air = 0.0725
N/m
Solution:
Capillary rise, h = 0.2 mm = 0.2 x 103
m
Surface tension m
N /
0725
.
0
Let, Diameter of tube = d
Angel for water = 0
Density for water = 1000 kg / m2
d
d
g
p
h
81
.
9
1000
0725
.
0
4
10
2
.
0
4 3
cm
m
d 8
.
14
148
.
0
10
2
.
0
81
.
9
1000
0725
.
0
4
3
Minimum of the tube = 14.8 cm.
17. Find out the minimum size of glass tube that can be used to measure water level
if the capillary rise in the tube is to be restricted to 2mm. Consider surface
tension of water in contact with air as 0.073575 N/m.
Solution:
Capillary rise h = 2.0 mm = m
3
10
0
.
2
Let, diameter = d
Density of water = 1000 kg / m3
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m
N /
073575
.
0
Angle for water 0
d
d
g
p
h
81
.
9
1000
073575
.
0
4
10
0
.
2
4 3
d = 0.015 m = 1.5 cm.
Thus the minimum diameter of the tube should be 1.5 cm.
18. Define Real fluid and Ideal fluid.
Real Fluid:
A fluid, which possesses viscosity, is known as real fluid. All fluids, in actual
practice, are real fluids.
Ideal Fluid:
A fluid, which is incompressible and is having no viscosity, is known as an ideal
fluid. Ideal fluid is only an imaginary fluid as all the fluids, which exist, have some
viscosity.
19. Write down the expression for capillary fall.
Height of depression in tube
d
g
p
Cos
h
4
Where,
h = height of depression in tube.
d = diameter of the
σ = surface tension
ρ = density of the liquid.
θ = Angle of contact between liquid and gas.
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20. Two horizontal plates are placed 1.25 cm apart. The space between them being
filled with oil of viscosity 14 poises. Calculate the shear stress in oil if upper plate is
moved with a velocity of 2.5 m/s.
Solution:
Given:
Distance between the plates, dy = 1.25 cm = 0.0125m.
Viscosity μ = 14 poise = 14 / 10 Ns / m2
Velocity of upper plate, u = 2.5 m/Sec.
Shear stress is given by equation as τ = μ (du / dy).
Where du = change of velocity between the plates = u – 0 = u = 2.5 m/sec.
dy = 0.0125m.
τ = (14 /10) X (2.5 / 0.0125) = 280 N/m2
.
16 MARKS QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
1.Calculate the capillary effect in millimeters a glass tube of 4mm diameter, when
immersed in (a) water (b) mercury. The temperature of the liquid is 200
C and the
values of the surface tension of water and mercury at 200
C in contact with air are
0.073575 and 0.51 N/m respectively. The angle of contact for water is zero that for
mercury 1300
. Take specific weight of water as 9790 N / m3
Given:
Diameter of tube d = 4 mm = m
3
10
4
Capillary effect (rise or depression)
d
g
p
h
cos
4
Surface tension in kg f/m
Angle of contact and p = density
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i. Capillary effect for water
,
/
073575
.
0 m
N
0
0
c
m
kg
p 0
3
20
@
/
998
m
Cos
h 3
3
0
10
51
.
7
10
4
81
.
9
998
0
73575
.
0
4
= 7.51 mm.
Capillary effect for mercury:
,
/
51
.
0 m
N
0
130
3
/
13600
1000
6
.
13
1000 m
kg
gr
sp
p
3
0
10
4
81
.
9
13600
130
51
.
0
4
Cos
h
3
10
46
.
2
m
= - 2.46 mm.
-Ve indicates capillary depression.
2. A cylinder of 0.6 m3
in volume contains air at 500
C and 0.3 N/ mm2
absolute
pressure. The air is compressed to 0.3 m3
. Find (i) pressure inside the cylinder
assuming isothermal process (ii) pressure and temperature assuming adiabatic
process. Take K = 1.4
Given:
Initial volume 3
1 36
.
0 m
Pressure P1 = 0.3 N/mm2
2
6
/
10
3
.
0 m
N
Temperature, t1 = 500
C
T1 = 273 + 50 = 323 0
K
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Final volume,
3
2 3
.
0 m
K = 1.4
i. Isothermal Process:
t
Cons
p
or
t
Cons
p
P
tan
)
(
tan
2
2
1
1
p
p
2
6
4
2
1
1
2 /
10
6
.
0
3
.
0
6
.
0
10
30
m
N
p
p
= 0.6 N / mm2
ii. Adiabatic Process:
or
t
Cons
p
p
K
tan
K
K
p
p 2
2
1
1.
4
.
1
4
4
.
1
4
2
1
1
2 2
10
30
3
.
0
6
.
0
10
30
K
K
p
p
2
2
6
/
791
.
0
/
10
791
.
0 mm
N
m
N
For temperature, RT
p
, t
cons
p k
tan
RT
p and t
cons
RT k
tan
t
Cons
RT k
tan
1
t
Cons
T k
tan
1
t
cons
also
is
R tan
t
cons
p K
tan
12. S
T
U
D
E
N
T
S
F
O
C
U
S
.
C
O
M
1
2
2
1
1
1
k
k
V
T
V
T
0
.
1
4
.
1
1
2
1
1
2
3
.
0
6
.
0
323
k
V
V
T
T
K
0
4
.
0
2
.
426
2
323
C
t 0
2 2
.
153
273
2
.
426
3. If the velocity profile of a fluid over a plate is a parabolic with the vertex 202 cm
from the plate, where the velocity is 120 cm/sec. Calculate the velocity gradients
and shear stress at a distance of 0,10 and 20 cm from the plate, if the viscosity of the
fluid is 8.5 poise.
Given,
Distance of vertex from plate = 20 cm.
Velocity at vertex, u = 120 cm / sec.
Viscosity, 85
.
0
10
5
.
8
5
.
8 2
m
Ns
poise
Parabolic velocity profile equation, C
by
ay
u
2
-------------- (1)
Where, a, b and c constants. Their values are determined from boundary
conditions.
i) At y = 0, u = 0
ii) At y = 20cm, u = 120 cm/se.
iii) At y = 20 cm, 0
dy
du
Substituting (i) in equation (1), C = 0
Substituting (ii) in equation (1), b
a
b
a 20
400
2
20
120 2
-----------(2)
13. S
T
U
D
E
N
T
S
F
O
C
U
S
.
C
O
M
Substituting (iii) in equation (1), b
ay
dy
du
2
b
a
b
a
40
20
2
0 -----------(3)
solving 1 and 2, we get,
0
20
800
)
(
0
20
400
b
a
b
a
40 a + b = 0
b = - 40 a
a
a
a
a
b
a 400
800
400
40
20
400
120
3
.
0
10
3
400
120
a
2
.
1
3
.
0
40
b
Substituting a, b and c in equation (i) y
y
u 12
3
.
0 2
12
6
.
0
12
2
3
.
0
y
y
dy
du
Velocity gradient
at y = 0, Velocity gradient, .
/
12
12
0
6
.
0
0
s
dy
du
y
at y =10 cm, Velocity gradient, .
/
6
12
6
12
10
6
.
0
10
s
dy
du
y
at y = 20 cm, Velocity gradient, 0
12
12
12
20
6
.
0
20
y
dy
du
Shear Stresses:
Shear stresses is given by,
dy
du
14. S
T
U
D
E
N
T
S
F
O
C
U
S
.
C
O
M
i. Shear stress at y = 0 ,
2
0
/
2
.
10
0
.
12
85
.
0 m
N
dy
du
y
ii. Shear stress at y = 10 ,
2
10
/
1
.
5
0
.
6
85
.
0 m
N
dy
du
y
iii. Shear stress at y = 20 , 0
0
85
.
0
20
y
dy
du
4. A 15 cm diameter vertical cylinder rotates concentrically inside another cylinder
of diameter 15.10 cm. Both cylinders are 25 cm high. The space between the
cylinders is filled with a liquid whose viscosity is unknown. If a torque of 12.0 Nm is
required to rotate the inner cylinder at 100 rpm determine the viscosity of the fluid.
Solution:
Diameter of cylinder = 15 cm = 0.15 m
Diameter of outer cylinder = 15.10 cm = 0.151 m
Length of cylinder L = 25 cm = 0.25 m
Torque T= 12 Nm ; N = 100 rpm.
Viscosity =
Tangential velocity of cylinder s
m
DN
u /
7854
.
0
60
100
15
.
0
60
Surface area of cylinder 25
.
0
15
.
0
L
D
A
= 0.1178 m2
dy
du
s
m
u
u
du /
7854
.
0
0
m
dy 0005
.
0
2
150
.
0
151
.
0
0005
.
0
7854
.
0
15. S
T
U
D
E
N
T
S
F
O
C
U
S
.
C
O
M
Shear force, 1178
.
0
0005
.
0
7854
.
0
Area
Stress
Shear
F
Torque
2
D
F
T
2
15
.
0
1178
.
0
0005
.
0
7854
.
0
0
.
12
2
/
864
.
0
15
.
0
1178
.
0
7854
.
0
2
0005
.
0
0
.
12
m
Ns
.
64
.
8
10
864
.
0 poise
5. The dynamic viscosity of oil, used for lubrication between a shaft and sleeve is 6
poise. The shaft is of diameter 0.4 m and rotates at 190 rpm. Calculate the power
lost in the bearing for a sleeve length of 90 mm. The thickness of the oil film is 1.5
mm.
Given, 2
2
6
.
0
10
6
6
m
Ns
m
Ns
poise
D = 0.4 m m
mm
L 3
10
90
90
N = 190 rpm. m
mm
t 3
10
5
.
1
5
.
1
W
NT
Power
60
2
.
2
Nm
D
force
T
Area
stress
Shear
F
DL
2
/ m
N
dy
du
16. S
T
U
D
E
N
T
S
F
O
C
U
S
.
C
O
M
.
/
60
s
m
DN
u
Tangential Velocity of shaft, .
/
98
.
3
60
190
4
.
0
60
s
m
DN
u
du = change of velocity = u – 0 = u = 3.98 m/s.
.
10
5
.
1 3
m
t
dy
2
3
/
1592
10
5
.
1
98
.
3
10 m
N
dy
du
Shear force on the shaft F = Shear stress x Area
N
L
D
F 05
.
180
10
90
4
.
0
1592
1592 3
Torque on the shaft, .
01
.
36
2
4
.
0
05
.
180
2
Ns
D
Force
T
W
48
.
716
60
01
.
36
190
2
60
NT
2
lost
Power
6.If the velocity distribution over a plate is given by 2
3
2
y
y
u
in which U is the
velocity in m/s at a distance y meter above the plate, determine the shear stress at
y = 0 and y = 0.15 m. Take dynamic viscosity of fluid as 8.63 poise.
Given:
2
3
2
y
y
u
y
dy
du
2
3
2
17. S
T
U
D
E
N
T
S
F
O
C
U
S
.
C
O
M
3
2
0
2
3
2
0
y
dy
du
30
.
0
667
.
0
17
.
0
2
3
2
15
.
0
y
dy
du
10
63
.
8
63
.
8
poise
SI units = 0.863 Ns / m2
i. Shear stress at y = 0 is given by
2
0
0 /
5756
.
0
667
.
0
863
.
0 m
N
dy
du
y
ii. Shear stress at y = 0.15 m is given by
2
15
.
0
15
.
0 /
3167
.
0
367
.
0
863
.
0 m
N
dy
du
y
y
7.The diameters of a small piston and a large piston of a hydraulic jack at3cm and
10 cm respectively. A force of 80 N is applied on the small piston Find the load
lifted by the large piston when:
a. The pistons are at the same level
b. Small piston in 40 cm above the large piston.
The density of the liquid in the jack in given as 1000 kg/m3
Given: Dia of small piston d = 3 cm.
Area of small piston , 2
2
2
068
.
7
3
4
4
cm
d
a
Dia of large piston, D = 10 cm
dy
du
18. S
T
U
D
E
N
T
S
F
O
C
U
S
.
C
O
M
Area of larger piston, 2
2
54
.
78
10
4
cm
P
A
Force on small piston, F = 80 N
Let the load lifted = W
a. When the pistons are at the same level
Pressure intensity on small piston
2
/
068
.
7
80
cm
N
a
F
P
This is transmitted equally on the large piston.
Pressure intensity on the large piston
068
.
7
80
Force on the large piston = Pressure x area
=
068
.
7
80
x 78.54 N = 888.96 N.
b. when the small piston is 40 cm above the large piston
Pressure intensity on the small piston
2
/
068
.
7
80
cm
N
a
F
Pressure intensity of section A – A
a
F
pressure intensity due of height of 40 cm of liquid. P = pgh.
But pressure intensity due to 40cm. of liquid
2
/
4
.
0
81
.
9
1000 m
N
h
g
p