This document provides an overview of grammar and different approaches to analyzing grammar. It discusses traditional grammar and how it differs from modern linguistic theories. It also covers parts of speech, grammatical gender, prescriptive grammar rules, descriptive analysis, and methods for structurally analyzing sentences such as constituent analysis and bracketing. The document is intended to teach grammar concepts to students.

1. StudentDevelopment Institute
Faculty of Arts, Humanities and Languages
GRAMMAR
Submitted to : Prean Sopheak
Students Kum visal
Khim sreyvin
Ko rina
Khem channrosa
Houng Keamouy
Batch II, Group II, Year IV, Semester I
Academic year 2017-2018

2. Contents
Grammar
Traditional Grammar
Part of Speech
Grammatical Gender
Traditional Analysis
Captain Kirk’s infinitive
Descriptive approach
Structure analysis
Immediate Constituent Analysis

3. Grammar
• Is the set of structural rules that govern the
composition of clauses, phrases, and word in any
given natural language. Is composed by:
• Phonological Component: containing rules and
principles related to regularities of sound system
of language.
• Morphological Component: contains rules
governing the modification of the forms of word.
• Syntactic Component: contains rules and
principles that create sentence structure.

4. Con-
• Describing the linguistic as a sequences of sound and
be represented in the phonetic alphabet and showed in
the terms of their feature.
• Ex. The luck -y boy -s
Functional lexical derivational lexical inflectional
The process of describing the structure of phrases and
sentences in such a way that we account for all thee
grammatical sequences in language and rule out all the
ungrammatical sequences in one way of defining the
grammar points.

5. Traditional Grammar
 Grammar is a framework for the description of the
structure of a language. Traditional grammars are
commonly used in language education. They may be
contrasted with theories of grammar in theoretical
linguistics, which grew out of traditional descriptions
of grammar.
 Grammar frameworks in contemporary linguistics
often seek to explain the nature of language
knowledge and ability, traditional grammars seek to
describe how particular languages are used, or to
teach people to speak or read them.

6. The part of speech
• Noun refers to words that are used to name persons,
things, animals, places, abstract ideas.
• Articles are words (a, an, the) used with noun to from
phrases classifying.
• Adjective is used typically noun or a pronoun.
Adjectives can specify the quality, the size, and the
number of nouns or pronouns.
• Verb is a word that shows an action (physical or
mental) or state of being of the subject in a sentence.

7. Con-
Adverb used to words typically with verbs, to provide more
information about action , states and events ,but the
difference is that adverbs describe adjectives, verbs, or
another adverb.
Preposition are words (at, in, on near, with, without) refers
to words that specify location or a location in time.
Pronoun used in noun phrases, typically referring to people
and thing.
Conjunction used to make connections and indicate
relationships between events.

8. Grammar Gender
The type of biological distinction used in English is
quite different from the more common distinction found
in language that use grammatical gender. It is based on
type of noun ( male and female.
Traditional Analysis
The notion of “Appropriateness” of analytic categories
for a particular language has not always been a
consideration for English verbs, constructed by analogy
with similar tables of forms in Latin grammars

9. The Prescriptive Approach
 This approach was taken by many of influent
grammarians mainly in 18th century English. They set
out rules for the proper use of English and follow from
Latin Grammar.
 Some familiar example of prescriptive rules for English
Sentences.
You must not split an infinitive.
You must not end a sentence with a preposition.
It is worth considering the origin of some these rules and
asking whether they appropriately applied to the English.

10. Captain Kirk’s Infinitive
 Captain Kirk who he is one of the main character on Star
Trek episode and he always used the expression To boldly
go…Latin grammar cannot split an infinitive, and it carry
the idea over into English where the infinitive form
doesn’t consist of a single word but two words. The
typical feature of the use of English that speakers and
writers regularly produce forms such as to boldly go, to
solemnly swear or to never every say goodbye.

11. The descriptive approach
 Grammatical description of Latin is a useful guide for
some European, but it is less useful for English.
 The categories and rules that were appropriate for Latin
grammar just did not seem to fit these languages.
 Analysts collected samples of the language which they
were interested in and attempted to describe regular
structure.

12. Structural Analysis
To investigate the distribution of forms in a
language, and it is the method Test Frames
Ex. The__________ makes a lot of noise.
I heard a ________ yesterday.
By developing, a set test frame of this type
and discovering which forms fit the slots in
the test frames. We can produce a description
of aspect of the sentence structure of a
language.

13. Immediate Constituent Analysis
 Is a word or a group of words that functions as a
single unit. An approach with the same descriptive
aims is called immediate constituent analysis. The
approach show how small constituents in sentences go
together to form phrases.
The combination of phrase like constituents:
Her farther brought a shotgun to the wedding.
This kind of diagram can be used to represent type of
forms that can be substituted for each other at the
different levels of constituents structure,

14. Labelled and bracted Sentences
 By using labelled and brackets design to show the
constituents sentences structure.
 We can use abbreviated grammatical terms such:
Art (article), N (noun), NP (noun phrase), V (Verb), VP
(Verb phrase), and S (sentence).

15. Con-
In performing this type of analysis, we need
not only labelled all the contituents, and we
have revealed the hierarchical organization of
those constituents.
We can look at similar descriptions of the
sentences in other language such Gaelic,
Japanese Spanish and see clearly what
structural different exist.

16. Thanks