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![Tree diagrams
Are used to create a more explicit
representation
of
the
hierarchical
organisation of one structure.
NP
NP
Art
N
[The] [girl]
Art
N
The
girl
Powerpoint Templates
Page 15](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/syntax-131111183918-phpapp01/85/Syntax-15-320.jpg)
![Example:
Kriscia helped Oswaldo is a sentence.
Cathy knew that [Kriscia helped Oswaldo].
Eduardo believed that [Cathy knew that
[Kriscia helped Oswaldo] ]
Powerpoint Templates
Page 21](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/syntax-131111183918-phpapp01/85/Syntax-21-320.jpg)
Uploaded bymoraleslara123
Syntax
The document is a PowerPoint presentation on syntax that covers: - Syntax is the study of how sentences are constructed in languages. - Generative grammar models the inner language of the human mind. - Sentences have deep and surface structures that can differ through transformations like passivization. - Syntactic analysis uses symbols like arrows and brackets in rules and tree diagrams. - Phrase structure and lexical rules specify constituents and words. - Trees and recursion show hierarchical sentence structures embedded within other sentences. - Transformational rules can move constituents in a sentence's structure.
More Related Content
Syntax
- 1. Syntax Universidad de ElSalvador Linguistics By: Carlos Lara Powerpoint Templates Page 1
- 2. • Order wordsmake sense need to… • Words need order to make sense…. Powerpoint Templates Page 2
- 3. Syntax Is "the studyof the principles and processes by which sentences are constructed in particular languages". The term syntax is also used to refer directly to the rules and principles that govern the sentence structure of any individual language Powerpoint Templates Page 3
- 4. Generative Grammar The hypothesisof generative grammar is that language is a structure of the human mind. The goal of generative grammar is to make a complete model of this inner language. This model could be used to describe all human language and to predict the grammaticality of any given utterance. Powerpoint Templates Page 4
- 5. Deep Vs. Surfacestructure • Surface structure can be defined as the syntactic form they take as actual sentences. In the other words, it is forms of sentences resulted from modification/ transformation. Consider these sentences: • (1) You close the door. • (2) The door is closed by you. • (3) Close the door! Powerpoint Templates Page 5
- 6. • The firstsentence is active, second is passive, and the last is imparative. However, if you take a look those closely, you will find that those three are very closely related, even identical. They seem to be identical, since they have the same undelying abstract representation that is called deep structure. Powerpoint Templates Page 6
- 7. Structure ambiguity • Thelexical ambiguity of a word or phrase pertains to its having more than one meaning in the language to which the word belongs. "Meaning" hereby refers to whatever should be captured by a good dictionary. For instance, the word "bank" has several distinct lexical definitions, including "financial institution" and "edge of a river". Powerpoint Templates Page 7
- 8. Example: Small boys andgirls This can refer to “ small boys and (small) girls” or “ small boys and (all) girls. Powerpoint Templates Page 8
- 9. Recursion Recursive rules havethe capacity to be applied more than once in generating a structure. For example: THE GUN WAS ON THE TABLE NEAR THE WINDOW IN THE BEDROOM. We must be able to repeat the rule that creates a prepositional phrase over and over again. Powerpoint Templates Page 9
- 10. Symbols used insyntactic description • We encounter some symbols as abbreviations for syntactic categories. 1. → (Arrow) It can be interpreted as «consists of» or «rewrites as». NP → Art N 2. () (Round brackets) Whatever occurs inside these round brackets will be treated as an optional constituent. Powerpoint Templates Page 10
- 11. Examples: 1. NP →Art N A Noun Phrase (NP) such as The dog consists of (→ ) an article (Art) the and a noun (N) dog. 2. NP → Art (Adj) N A Noun Phrase consists of (→ ) an article (Art) and a Noun (N) with the opion of including an adjective (Adj). Powerpoint Templates Page 11
- 12. Symbols used insyntactic description 3. {} (Curly brackets) These indicate that only one of the elements enclosed within the curly brackets must be selected. 4. * (Ungrammatical sentence) Powerpoint Templates Page 12
- 13. Examples: 3. NP Art N Pro PN A NounPhrase can consists of an expressions such as The dog (Article plus Noun), or it a Pronoun (Pro) or Cathy a Proper Noun. 4. * Followed the dog (does not make sense) Cathy followed the dog. Powerpoint Templates Page 13
- 14. Summarized list ofsymbols and abbreviations. • • • • • • • • • • S N V Art NP Vp Adj Pro PN Adv Sentence Noun Verb Article Noun Phrase Verb Phrase Adjective Pronoun Proper noun Adverb • Prep • PP Preposition Prepositional phrase • * Ungrammatical sentence • → Consists of • () Optional constituent • {} Only one of these constituent must be selected Powerpoint Templates Page 14
- 15. Tree diagrams Are usedto create a more explicit representation of the hierarchical organisation of one structure. NP NP Art N [The] [girl] Art N The girl Powerpoint Templates Page 15
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- 17. Phrase structure rules •These rules state that the structure of a phrase of a specific type will consist of one or more constituents in a particular order. • We can use phrase structure rules to present the information of the tree diagram in another format. Powerpoint Templates Page 17
- 18. Lexical rules Lexical rulesspecify which words can be used when we rewrite constituents such as N. The first rule in the following set states that «a proper noun rewrites as Mary or George». Powerpoint Templates Page 18
- 19. • • • • • • • • PN → {Mary,George} N→ {girl, dog, boy} Art → {a,the} Pro → {it, you} V → {followed, say, run} Adj → {green, tall, intelligent} Prep → {near, on} Adv → {yesterday, late, there} Powerpoint Templates Page 19
- 20. Back to recursion Eachtime we create an S, we only create a single S (sentence sturcture). We actually need to be able to include sentence strucutres within other sentence structures. Powerpoint Templates Page 20
- 21. Example: Kriscia helped Oswaldois a sentence. Cathy knew that [Kriscia helped Oswaldo]. Eduardo believed that [Cathy knew that [Kriscia helped Oswaldo] ] Powerpoint Templates Page 21
- 22. Complement phrases That, asused in the previous examples, is called a Complementizer (C). The role of that as a complementizer is to introduce a Complement phrase (CP). We can see from the same sentence that the Complement phrase (CP) comes after a verb (V) Knew. Powerpoint Templates Page 22
- 23. Eduardo believed thatCathy knew that Kriscia helped Oswaldo. Powerpoint Templates Page 23
- 24. S NP VP V CP C S NP VP V CP C S NP VP V PN PN PN NP PN Eduardo believed thatCathy knew that Krsicia helped Oswaldo. Powerpoint Templates Page 24
- 25. Transformational rules Essentially whatthey do is take a specific part of structure, like a branch of the tree, away from one part of the tree diagram and attach it to a different part. In order to make this possible in grammar, we need other rules that will change or move constituents in the structures derived from the phrase structure rules. Powerpoint Templates Page 25
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- 28. S NP Aux VP V Pro You NP PN will help Cathy PowerpointTemplates Page 28
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