The document discusses x-rays, how they produce images, and their risks and benefits. It explains that x-rays are electromagnetic waves that can pass through tissues at different levels, exposing film to create internal images of the body. German physicist Wilhelm Röntgen discovered x-rays in 1895 while experimenting with vacuum tubes. Lead shields are used during x-rays to block radiation and prevent long-term exposure, as x-rays can detect health problems. The document identifies different bones and joints visible in sample x-ray images.

1. Objectives: You will be able to …..explain how x rays produce images. …..explain the dangers of and benefits of getting x rays. …..identify the types of joints in x rays.

2. What is an x ray? An X-ray machine is basically like a camera. It uses X-rays to expose the film, instead of visible light. X-rays are similar to light in that they are electromagnetic waves, but they are more energetic so they can penetrate many materials to varying degrees. When the X-rays hit the film, they expose it just as light would. Various structures such as bone, fat, muscle, tumors and all other masses absorb X-rays at different levels (they do not let the x ray energy pass through). The image on the film lets you view distinct structures inside the body because of the different levels of exposure on the film.

3. How were x rays discovered? In late 1895, a German physicist, W. C. Roentgen was working with tubes similar to our fluorescent light bulbs. He evacuated the tube of all air, filled it with a special gas, and passed a high electric voltage through it. When he did this, the tube would produce a fluorescent glow. Roentgen shielded the tube with heavy black paper, and found that a green colored fluorescent light could be seen coming from a screen setting a few feet away from the tube. He realized that he had produced a previously unknown "invisible light," or ray, that was being emitted from the tube; a ray that was capable of passing through the heavy paper covering the tube. Through additional experiments, he also found that the new ray would pass through most substances casting shadows of solid objects on pieces of film. He named the new ray X-ray, because in mathematics "X" is used to indicated the unknown quantity. In his discovery Roentgen found that the X-ray would pass through the tissue of humans leaving the bones and metals visible. One of Roentgen’s first experiments late in 1895 was a film of his wife Bertha's hand with a ring on her finger.

4. W. C. Roentgen

5. Why is a lead shield/apron placed on you when you get an x ray? X-rays emit radiation which cause mutations to healthy cells. X-rays are only harmful if you are exposed to them for a really LONG time. X-rays you get at the doctors are okay because you don’t get them everyday. X rays are more beneficial than they are harmful because they can detect problems that can be detrimental to your health.

7. Let’s see how many bones/joints you can identify from the following xrays…..

8. The ribs! What kind of bone are these? FLAT What kind of joint are the ribs? GLIDING What’s this called? Sternum ?

9. What kind of bone is this? FLAT What kind of joint is this? IMMOVEABLE ? Cranium!

10. What kind of bones are these? LONG What kind of joints are these? HINGE Which one’s the arm? Which one’s the leg? How can you tell? ARM LEG Patella

11. What kind of joint is this? FRACTURED HUMERUS (What kind of fracture?) What’s wrong here? BALL & SOCKET ? Shoulder! Transverse

12. ? What kind of joint is this? GLIDING Wrist! ? ? Radius Ulna

13. Which x ray shows a problem? What is the problem? Dislocation!