The document discusses chromosomes, karyotypes, mitosis, and the cell cycle. It explains that chromosomes contain genes and pair up in complex organisms. Karyotypes show the total number of chromosomes. Mitosis is cell division that produces two identical cells and has phases of interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. The cell cycle includes growth, DNA replication, and cell division phases. Uncontrolled cell division can cause cancer.

1. What is this? It’s a boy! K A R Y O T Y P E

2. A chromosome is a very long DNA molecule which contains hundreds or thousands of genes as well as some specialized protein molecules which hold it in shape. In organisms more complex than bacteria, the chromosomes are usually paired, so that each gene is represented twice -- except that the two paired chromosomes could have slightly different genes. What’s a chromosome?

4. In a karyotype, the TOTAL number of chromosomes is shown. This is called the diploid number (2n). In gametes,only half the number of chromosomes (1 from each pair)are present. This is called the haploid number (1n).

5. How’s this karyotype different from the first one? It’s a girl!

6. What’s wrong with this karyotype? ↑ Down’s Syndrome

7. Sarah Pailin Do famous people have babies with Down Syndrome?

8. MITOSIS CELL DIVISION TO MAKE TWO IDENTICAL CELLS FOR GROWTH OR REPAIR

9. How often do cells divide? 30 minutes 3 days 3 minutes NEVER! Type of cell How often these cells divide Embryonic cells Intestinal cells Blood cells Nerve cells

10. What is the result of uncontrolled cell division? CANCER

11. 90 % of the cell cycle is spent in interphase!

12. Phases of the Cell Cycle I nterphase P rophase M etaphase A naphase T elophase

13. Phases of the Mitosis P rophase M etaphase A naphase T elophase

14. I-P-M-A-T INTERPHASE (INTER = BETWEEN) PROPHASE (PRO = EARLY) METAPHASE (META = MIDDLE) ANAPHASE (ANA = GOING AWAY) TELOPHASE (TELO = END)

15. INTERPHASE • Not (technically) a part of Mitosis • Nucleus and nucleolus intact G1 = GROWTH • Normal Cell Activities • END OF G1 -> The cell either dies or prepares for cell division S = SYNTHESIS • Replication (copying) of DNA • Two IDENTICAL sets of DNA G2 = GROWTH • Preparation for Mitosis • Organelles double in number

16. PROPHASE • Centrioles move to the opposite poles of the cell • Spindle apparatus forms • Chromatin condenses to form chromosomes • Nuclear membrane and nucleolus disappear

17. Spindle fibers SPINDLE APPARATUS Note: No centrioles in plant cells

18. METAPHASE • SISTER CHROMATIDS (copied chromosomes) held together with centromere • Spindle fibers attach to centromere of each sister chromatid • Sister chromatids are pulled into line along the equator (middle) of the cell

20. ANAPHASE • Centromeres divide • Sister chromatids separate • Chromatids are pulled to opposite poles of the cell by spindle fibers

22. TELOPHASE • Nucleus and nucleolus form • Chromosomes unwind to form chromatin • Spindle apparatus disappears and cytokinesis (division of the cytoplasm) and karyokinesis (division of the nucleus) occurs TWO IDENTICAL CELLS ARE FORMED!

25. http://www.johnkyrk.com/mitosis.html http://iknow.net/cell_div_education.html http://www.cellsalive.com/mitosis.htm http://www.sinauer.com/cooper/4e/videos0501.html