Writing Science papers for for publication requires something more thatn creativity. Target journals, content organization, wrting style, elegance and referencing are equally important.
How to write a scientific paper - PowerPoint to support the associated workbook handout. Workshop held as part of the USAID AIP Pakistan project. Workshop delivered by Tom Rost and Mark Bell.
The aim of the journal article is to communicate your research effectively and help readers understand the issues at hand. Structure your manuscript so that readers take away the most important messages.
How to write a scientific paper - PowerPoint to support the associated workbook handout. Workshop held as part of the USAID AIP Pakistan project. Workshop delivered by Tom Rost and Mark Bell.
The aim of the journal article is to communicate your research effectively and help readers understand the issues at hand. Structure your manuscript so that readers take away the most important messages.
This presentation gives effcient information as for writing a Scientific Research Paper. There is also an article which has more details regarding this topic https://essay-academy.com/account/blog/writing-a-scientific-research-paper
IN THIS Presentation will see:
1- WHAT IS AN ABSTRACT
2- FOR WHAT PURPOSES
3- DIFFERENT TYPES OF ABSTRACT
4- WHAT TO INCLUDE
5- WHAT NOT TO INCLUDE
6- SOME EXAMPLES
Scientific Writing should be fun. It is not for only science students but also for all the person who are associated with education or literature or any type of writing. For students also it is useful for paper writing. Dr. Daxaben N. Mehta
Workshop -- How to successfully write a scientific paper?KnihovnaUTB
Přednášející: Katarzyna Gaca-Zając, PhD Eng. | Elsevier
***********
Během školení se jeho účastníci naučí úspěšně napsat kvalitní vědecký článek, který bude korespondovat s vědeckou komunitou a umožní jeho autorům získat uznání. Představeny budou osvědčené postupy, které jsou založeny na zkušenostech výzkumných pracovníků, redaktorů a čtenářů. Školení je určeno především začínajícím výzkumným pracovníkům, vítáni jsou ale všichni vědečtí pracovníci a akademici.
**********
During this training the attendees will learn how to successfully write a good quality research paper, which will resonate well with the scientific community and will allow them to gain recognition. A summary of the best practices in writing will be presented and these are based on experience of researchers, editors and readers. The training is addressed primarily to young researchers, although senior academics are also welcome to attend.
This presentation gives effcient information as for writing a Scientific Research Paper. There is also an article which has more details regarding this topic https://essay-academy.com/account/blog/writing-a-scientific-research-paper
IN THIS Presentation will see:
1- WHAT IS AN ABSTRACT
2- FOR WHAT PURPOSES
3- DIFFERENT TYPES OF ABSTRACT
4- WHAT TO INCLUDE
5- WHAT NOT TO INCLUDE
6- SOME EXAMPLES
Scientific Writing should be fun. It is not for only science students but also for all the person who are associated with education or literature or any type of writing. For students also it is useful for paper writing. Dr. Daxaben N. Mehta
Workshop -- How to successfully write a scientific paper?KnihovnaUTB
Přednášející: Katarzyna Gaca-Zając, PhD Eng. | Elsevier
***********
Během školení se jeho účastníci naučí úspěšně napsat kvalitní vědecký článek, který bude korespondovat s vědeckou komunitou a umožní jeho autorům získat uznání. Představeny budou osvědčené postupy, které jsou založeny na zkušenostech výzkumných pracovníků, redaktorů a čtenářů. Školení je určeno především začínajícím výzkumným pracovníkům, vítáni jsou ale všichni vědečtí pracovníci a akademici.
**********
During this training the attendees will learn how to successfully write a good quality research paper, which will resonate well with the scientific community and will allow them to gain recognition. A summary of the best practices in writing will be presented and these are based on experience of researchers, editors and readers. The training is addressed primarily to young researchers, although senior academics are also welcome to attend.
This is all about Writing skills in science. The PPT explains the methods of writing and some tools available online for writing. Hope you find it good and interesting
How to improve the quality of our journals and of your manuscript (publisher’s perspective)
Rob van Daalen
Publisher at Elsevier
See also: http://youtu.be/s0fjjphxCLw
Similar to Writing scientific papers FINALDec 2018 (20)
Root cause Analysis (RCA) & Corrective and Preventive action (CAPA) in MRCT d...Bhaswat Chakraborty
This presentation describes Identification & differentiation of Protocol deviation & violation; Different methods of RCA & best suitable method for Multiregional Clinical Trial; CAPA management and CAPA application to other trial sites/CRO/SMO/ Country that is involved in same trial (Strategic Management and application of CAPA in MRCT)
This presentation gives effective solutions to outliers issue in bioequivalence trials. It described what would be acceptable to Regulatory agencies as well as some new approaches.
Equivalence approches for complex generics DIA 11 april 2019 Bhaswat Chakraborty
This is a workshop that i gave a few days ago on bioequivalence of complex generics like peptides, polymers, liposomes, colloids, ophthamic and topical produtcts.
Clinical trials that are needed for efficacy & safety evidence of Medical devices include feasibility (pilot) and Pivotal trials. An extended battery of preclinical trials are also needed for high risk devices.
Multidisc review of NDAs and BLAs nipicon 2018 Dr. ChakrabortyBhaswat Chakraborty
NDAS and BLAs cannot be authoritatively reviewed these days until experts from different disciplines act together like a team. This presentation give some foundational points and an illustrative example in that regard.
Teaching by stories, anecdotes and historical facts sept 25 2018Bhaswat Chakraborty
Many difficult principles in science and humanities can be taught best by a story (of its discovery), by an anecdote or some historical facts about them.
Orientation and Adaptation for Post-Graduate Pharmacy ProgramsBhaswat Chakraborty
PG Pharmacy programs are more focused and professionally oriented than the undergraduate counterpart. Many soft skills are required along with the curricular competence for excellence at the PG level.
Scientific integrity calls for some basic originality. Plagiarism can destroy this original creativity and ideation. This presentation defines plagiarism (stealing from others' works) and some of the creative and systematic remedies.
Best Practices to Risk Based Data Integrity at Data Integrity Conference, Lon...Bhaswat Chakraborty
Data integrity can be implemented using several approaches. One of the most effective ways to implement DI is a risk based approach. The speaker elaborates this.
There are several dimensions in Pharmaceutical ethics -- Practice-, research- and community oriented. This presentation mainly deals with Clinical research oriented Ethics.
Young pharmaceutical scientists are and can get involved in all aspects of new drug discovery and development. They have to be appropriately qualified, trained and experienced though,
This presentation mainly deals with clinical development of biosimilar products. It also gives enough on non-clinical development so that the audience is well oriented.
High variability in PK can be a characteristic of certain drug products which require different from ordinary strategies and study designs for establishing bioequivalence.
High variability in PK can be a characteristic of certain drug products which require different from ordinary strategies and study designs for establishing bioequivalence.
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
The Gram stain is a fundamental technique in microbiology used to classify bacteria based on their cell wall structure. It provides a quick and simple method to distinguish between Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, which have different susceptibilities to antibiotics
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
CDSCO and Phamacovigilance {Regulatory body in India}NEHA GUPTA
The Central Drugs Standard Control Organization (CDSCO) is India's national regulatory body for pharmaceuticals and medical devices. Operating under the Directorate General of Health Services, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Government of India, the CDSCO is responsible for approving new drugs, conducting clinical trials, setting standards for drugs, controlling the quality of imported drugs, and coordinating the activities of State Drug Control Organizations by providing expert advice.
Pharmacovigilance, on the other hand, is the science and activities related to the detection, assessment, understanding, and prevention of adverse effects or any other drug-related problems. The primary aim of pharmacovigilance is to ensure the safety and efficacy of medicines, thereby protecting public health.
In India, pharmacovigilance activities are monitored by the Pharmacovigilance Programme of India (PvPI), which works closely with CDSCO to collect, analyze, and act upon data regarding adverse drug reactions (ADRs). Together, they play a critical role in ensuring that the benefits of drugs outweigh their risks, maintaining high standards of patient safety, and promoting the rational use of medicines.
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
Adv. biopharm. APPLICATION OF PHARMACOKINETICS : TARGETED DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMSAkankshaAshtankar
MIP 201T & MPH 202T
ADVANCED BIOPHARMACEUTICS & PHARMACOKINETICS : UNIT 5
APPLICATION OF PHARMACOKINETICS : TARGETED DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS By - AKANKSHA ASHTANKAR
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of the physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
6. Describe the flow of current around the heart during the cardiac cycle
7. Discuss the placement and polarity of the leads of electrocardiograph
8. Describe the normal electrocardiograms recorded from the limb leads and explain the physiological basis of the different records that are obtained
9. Define mean electrical vector (axis) of the heart and give the normal range
10. Define the mean QRS vector
11. Describe the axes of leads (hexagonal reference system)
12. Comprehend the vectorial analysis of the normal ECG
13. Determine the mean electrical axis of the ventricular QRS and appreciate the mean axis deviation
14. Explain the concepts of current of injury, J point, and their significance
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
1. Writing Scientific Papers:
Style, Grammar and Elegance
Prof. Bhaswat Chakraborty
Presented at the “Workshop on Scientific Writing Clinic,” Institute
of Pharmacy, Nirma University, Ahmedabad, December 21, 2018
2. Writing Well
True ease in writing comes
from art, not chance
As those who move easiest
have learnt to dance
Alexander Pope
3. Writing to Publish? What is Your Reason to
Publish?
• It is unethical to conduct a study and not report the findings
• You have some results that are worth reporting
• You want to progress scientific thought or improve health
outcomes
• You want your work to reach a broad audience
• Your track record will improve
• You will add credibility to your and your team’s reputation
• You will improve your chance of promotion
• You are more likely to obtain research grants
4. Scientific Writing: Reader-Centricity
“Often people run out of gas before they write the Summary
& Conclusions. This part of the paper, or talk, is what will
remain uppermost in the reader’s/ listener’s mind. I want to
know where this work leaves us (i.e. the summary) and
where does it lead us (i.e. what are the questions raised by
this work, i.e. the conclusions.)”
– Prof. Emeritus Gil Leppelmeier, Finnish Meteorological Institute
5. Basic Technique of Scientific Writing
• Thought
• Having some worthwhile results and ideas to publish. You need
some new results to publish and you need to be able to interpret
them correctly
• Structure
• Getting the right contents & expressions in the right place
• Style
• Choosing the fewest and most appropriate words and using the
rules of good grammar
6. The Practical Recipe
• Construct an introduction that puts your work in context for your
readers
• Tell them why it is important
• Tell them why it is relevant
• Materials and methods
• Leave readers in no doubt (about) what you did
• Write it such that they can reproduce your work if they want to
• Present your results so that
• Easily Understood
• Graphs & figures tell most of results
• Discuss your findings
• Enabling readers appreciate the implications of the work
7. That’s All Fine …… but how do I…
• Get started
• Plan your paper
• Choose an appropriate journal
• Prepare your paper in the correct format
• Make decisions about authorship
• Decide who is a contributor and who should be acknowledged
10. Deciding a Journal
• Use experience
• Match your paper with the personality and scope of the journal
• Match your subject with the journal’s target audience
• Consider the impact factor and citation index of the journal
• Weigh up the journal prestige, the likelihood of acceptance and the likely
time until publication
• Have realistic expectations
• Scan the journals for one that matches your content and study design
• Be robust and, if rejected, select another journal
12. Writing Styles
• There are many styles of writing
• Plain, poetic, scientific, and more
• What is the style of writing?
• It is the manner of expression
• It is not simply writing correct grammar
• It is about how well the text relays to the readers
• Science writing
• Must be prosaic, not poetic – clear, readable and organized
• Just because its science it does not have to be dull
• Clear and good use of English is essential
• A lively style of writing suggests interesting ideas
• Sloppy, disorganised writing is distracting and the readers are biased against it
13.
14. Writing Grammatically Correct
• Constructing your sentences grammatically is a logical good start of
every good writing style
• Express one idea per sentence
• Use your current topic — that is, what you are writing about — as
the grammatical subject of your sentence
• Know when to use active and passive voice
• Whie writing a complex sentence (a sentence that includes several clauses),
place the main idea in the main clause rather than a subordinate clause
• Focus on the phenomenon at hand, not on the fact that you observed it
• Work on conciseness
• Replace long phrases with shorter ones or eliminate words without loss of
clarity or accuracy
15. Using Right Verbs
• The strength of a clause comes from its verb, therefore:
• to express your ideas accurately, choose the right tense, choose carefully between active and
passive voice, and avoid dangling verb forms
• Verbs are for describing actions, states, or occurrences
• do not bury the action, state, or occurrence in a noun (typically combined with a weak verb),
as in
• "The catalyst produced a significant increase in conversion rate." Instead write, "The
catalyst increased the conversion rate significantly.“ (moved from a noun back to a verb)
instead of Write
Make an examination of . . . examine
Present a comparison of . . . compare
Be in agreement . . . agree
Perform an analysis of . . . analyze
Produce an improvement in . . . improve
16. Using the Right Tense
• Past tense
• Work done
• We collected blood samples from . . .
• Groves et al. determined the growth rate of . . .
• Work reported
• Jankowsky reported a similar growth rate . . .
• Observations
• The mice in Group A developed, on average, twice as much
. . .
• Present tense
• General truths
• Microbes in the human gut have a profound influence on . .
• Smoking increases the risk of coronary heart disease . . .
• Atemporal facts
• This paper presents the results of . . .
• Section 3.1 explains the difference between . . .
• Behbood's 1969 paper provides a framework for . . .
• Future tense
• Perspectives
• In a follow-up experiment, we will study the role of . . .
• The influence of temperature will be the object of future
research . . .
17. Using the Right Tense
• Note the difference in scope between a statement in the past tense and
the same statement in the present tense:
• "The temperature increased linearly over time" refers to a specific experiment,
whereas
• "The temperature increases linearly over time" generalizes the experimental
observation, suggesting that the temperature always increases linearly over time
in such circumstances.
• In complex sentences, you may have to combine two different tenses —
for example
• "In 1905, Albert Einstein postulated that the speed of light is constant . . . . “
• In this sentence, postulated refers to something that happened in the past (in
1905) and is therefore in the past tense, whereas is expresses a general truth and
is in the present tense.
18. Choosing Between Active and Passive Voice
• The active voice focuses on the agent:
• "John measured the temperature." (Here, the agent — John — is the
grammatical subject of the sentence.)
• The passive voice focuses on the object that is acted upon:
• "The temperature was measured by John." (Here, the temperature, not John, is
the grammatical subject of the sentence.)
• To choose between active and passive voice, consider above all what you are
discussing (your topic) and place it in the subject position
• "The preprocessor sorts the two arrays" or "The two arrays are sorted by the preprocessor"?
• If you are discussing the preprocessor, the first sentence is the better option. In contrast,
• if you are discussing the arrays, the second sentence is better.
• If you are unsure what you are discussing, consider the surrounding sentences: Are they about
the preprocessor or the two arrays?
19. Choosing Between Active and Passive Voice..
• The desire to be objective in scientific writing has led to an overuse of the passive
voice, often accompanied by the exclusion of agents:
• "The temperature was measured" (with the verb at the end of the sentence). Admittedly, the
agent is often irrelevant: No matter who measured the temperature, we would expect its
value to be the same. However, a systematic preference for the passive voice is by no means
optimal, for at least two reasons.
• Sentences written in the passive voice are often less interesting or more difficult
to read than those written in the active voice
• A verb in the active voice does not require a person as the agent; an inanimate
object is often appropriate
• E.g., “The temperature was measured . . . " may be replaced by the more interesting "The
measured temperature of 253°C suggests a secondary reaction in . . . ."
20. Avoid Dangling Verbs
• A verb form needs a subject, either expressed or implied. When the verb is in a
non-finite form, carefully avoid nonsense. Consider the following:
• To dissect its brain, the affected fly was mounted on a . . .
• After aging for 72 hours at 50°C, we observed a shift in . . .
• Here, the first sentence implies that the affected fly dissected its own brain, and the
second implies that the authors of the paper needed to age for 72 hours at 50°C in
order to observe the shift. Correct sentences would be:
• To dissect its brain, we mounted the affected fly on a . . .
• After aging for 72 hours at 50°C, the samples exhibited a shift in . . . OR
• Change or remove the infinitive or participle to restore the
• To have its brain dissected, the affected fly was mounted on a . . .
• After the samples aged for 72 hours at 50°C, we observed a shift in .
21. What Exactly is to be Included?
• While reporting an RCT (NEXT 19 SLIDES)
22. Writing the Paper
• Order your material
• Construct a neat abstract
• Write an effective introduction
• Describe your methods so that other
researchers could repeat your study
• Report your results precisely
• Make your discussion relevant and
interesting
24. Know the Scope of Your Reporting
Randomized Controlled Trials
• Compares the effect of a new treatment with an existing or placebo
treatment
• Participants are allocated to study groups using a formal
randomization process
• Randomization minimizes the effects of bias and confounding on the
results
25. Materials & Methods
• Ethics approval
• Described
• Study design
• Design, randomization (blinding …), sample size,
optimization, justification
• Participants
• Population sampled from, inclusion/exclusion,
sampling scheme
• Interventions
• Clinical assessment
• Primary & Secondary
• Efficacy as well as safety
• Statistical analysis
• Baseline treatment, data censoring, model selection,
tests, levels of significance
Central principle
Every
measurement
reported in the
results section
must have a
description of
the method
used to obtain it
26. Materials & Methods
• Enable reader
(user) to duplicate
the study
OR
• Enable reader to
validate the study
27. Results
• Paragraph 1:
• Describe study sample
• Who did you study?
• Paragraph 2:
• Univariate analysis
• How many participants had what?
• Paragraph 3 to n-1:
• Bivariate analyses
• What is the relation between the outcome and explanatory variables?
• Last paragraph/s:
• Multivariate analyses
• What is the result when the confounders and effect modifiers have been taken into
account?
29. Figures & Tables
• No more than six tables or figures
• Use Table 1 for sample characteristics (no p values)
• Put most important findings in a figure
30. Graphs & Figures
• Central Principle
• Show your most important findings as graphs and figures
• Let your graphs & figures not take up much more space than reporting the data
would
• Symbols, abbreviations, hatching, line types, and bars
• Very clear and explained in detail without cluttering the picture
• Legend should be comprehensive so that the figure can be fully understood without
recourse to reading explanatory text
• What is useful in oral presentations, may not be useful in published journal
articles
• e.g., pie charts
31.
32. Tables
• Tables are best instruments for presenting numerical data
• Should not be too large
• If data require many rows or columns
• Consider dividing the table into two
• Keep tables as simple and uncluttered as possible
• Row and column headings should be brief but sufficiently explanatory
• Standard abbreviations of units of measurements should be added in
parentheses
33.
34. Discussion
• Paragraph 1:
• What did this study show?
• Address the aims stated in the Introduction
• Paragraph 2:
• Strengths and weaknesses of methods
• Paragraph 3 to n-1:
• Discuss how the results support the current literature
• or refute current knowledge
• Last paragraph/s:
• Future directions
• “So what?” and “where next?”
• Impact on current thinking or practice
35. Discussion
• “Say what your findings mean, not what you would like them to mean or think
they ought to mean”
• Reiterate your main findings but in the context of furthering knowledge or
impacting on patient care, public health policy, or future research
• Be honest about any limitations of your study, to explain how your findings fit in
with established knowledge, and to explain any inconsistencies
• If you are very knowledgeable in the topic, you may have a lot to discuss. That’s
OK – just write succinctly and stay in focus
36. Finishing up Your Paper
• Write a short, snappy title
• Select and quote references correctly
• Maximize the value of the peer review process
• Package your paper appropriately
• Send your paper to a journal
• Store your data and your documentation
37. Ways to Write a Title
• Titles that give independent variable, dependent variable, and population:
• Effect of asthma on linear growth in children
• Asthma and linear growth in children
• Final height attainment of asthmatic children
• Titles that pose a question:
• Does asthma reduce linear growth?
• Are asthmatic children shorter than non-asthmatic children?
• Titles that give the answer to the question:
• Asthma is negatively associated with growth in height during adolescence
• Linear growth deficit in asthmatic children
38. References
• All citations must be accurate
• Include only the most important, most rigorous, and most recent
literature
• Quote only published journal articles or books
• Never quote “second hand
• Cite only 20–35 references
39. Exercise: A Few Simple Rules for Effective Writing
•Rule 1 Use concrete rather than vague language.
• Vague The weather was of an extreme nature
on the West coast.
• Concrete California had very cold weather last week.
•Rule 2 Use active voice whenever possible. Active voice means the
subject is performing the verb.
• Active Barry hit the ball.
• Passive The ball was hit.
• Notice that the responsible party may not even appear when using
passive voice.
40. Rules (Contd..)
• Rule 3 Avoid overusing there is, there are, it is, it was, etc.
• Example There is a case of meningitis that was reported in the
newspaper.
• Correction A case of meningitis was reported in the
newspaper.
• Better The newspaper reported a case of meningitis.
(Active voice).
• Rule 4 To avoid confusion, don't use two negatives to make a positive.
• Correct He is willing to help.
• Incorrect He is not unwilling to help.
41. Rules (Contd..)
• Rule 5 Use similar grammatical form when offering several
ideas. This is called parallel construction.
• Correct: You should check your spelling, grammar, and
punctuation.
• Incorrect You should check your spelling, grammar, and
punctuating.
• Rule 6 If you start a sentence with an action, place the actor
immediately after or you will have created the infamous dangling
modifier.
• Correct While walking across the street, she was hit by a bus.
OR
She was hit by a bus while walking across the street.
• Incorrect While walking across the street, the bus hit her.
42. Rules (Contd..)
• Rule 7 Place modifiers near the words they modify.
• Correct In my lunch bag, I have some pound cake that Esha baked.
• Incorrect I have some pound cake Esha baked in my lunch bag.
• Rule 8 A sentence fragment occurs when you have only a phrase or
weak clause but are missing a strong clause.
• Example of Sentence Fragment After the show ended.
• Example of Sentence After the show ended, we got a
cup of coffee.
43. Application to a complex sentence(s): Errors
• Complex and Incorrect Dysregulation of physiologic microRNA, miR, activity has been shown to play
an important role in tumor initiation and progression, including gliomagenesis. Therefore, molecular
species that can regulate miR activity on their target miRs may play equally relevant roles in cancer.
• Errors
• 1. There's the use of nouns rather than verbs. The authors use dysregulation, initiation, progression, and
expression. Those are all nouns that could've been verbs – Dysregulate, initiate, progress, and express.
• 2. The authors also use some vague words.For example, the word physiologic here, physiology is
something that's really broad, not exactly sure what the authors mean by physiologic. It doesn't add
anything for me, also molecular species. Molecular species could be a lot of things. The term
gliomagenesis, which is a fancy way to say the formation of glioma. There's an easier and more direct
way to say that.
• 3. We also get an interesting acronym or initialism in this example.
• 4. The authors abbreviated the term microRNA as miR. It's amusing because RNA is already itself an
acronym, so the authors have made an acronym of an acronym. You're only saving a few letters here by
using miR rather than microRNA,
• 5. Another thing, in this first sentence the authors use the passive voice. The passive voice is hard to
read because it's not the way we talk. Now the second sentence is actually in the active voice but it has a
different problem with the verb. The subject of that sentence is molecular species. We have molecular
species and then this long descriptive clause, and then we finally get to the main verb at may play.
44. Application to a complex sentence(s): Correction
• Simple and Correct
Changes in microRNA expression play a role in cancer,
including glioma. Therefore, events that disrupt
microRNAs from binding to their target RNAs may also
promote cancer.
45. The Thrill of getting Accepted
Seeing your name in print is such an amazing concept:
you get so much attention without having to actually
show up somewhere… There are many obvious
advantages to this. You don’t have to dress up, for
instance, and you can’t hear them boo you straight away.
Anne Lamott
46. Much of the presented materials are based on
the writing tips given in British Medical Journal
and Nature