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Scientific report writing
This document provides an overview of scientific report writing. It defines a scientific report as a document that describes the process, progress, and results of technical or scientific research. The document outlines the typical elements and structure of a scientific report, including the title, abstract, introduction, methodology, results, discussion, and conclusion sections. It also discusses the purposes of scientific reports, which are to share information with other scientists, review other scientists' research, and demonstrate research progress.
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Scientific report writing
- 3. Report Writing (Scientificreport) Presented To: Ms. Lubna Zahid Presented By: Shamim Mukhtar 13 Maliha Hussain 14 Aarfa Tufail 11 Hira Sumbul 15 Wajeeha Fiaz 37
- 4. Contents: Definitionof report writing Types of report writing Define scientific report Define scientific research Types of scientific research Purposes of Scientific report Elements/Structure of Scientific report Publication of Scientific report Effective report/elements of good report Avoids plagiarism Do’s and Don’ts in report Conclusion
- 5. REPORT WRITING “Anaccount given of a particular matter, especially in the form of an official document, after thorough investigation or consideration by an appointed person or body” – Clearly structured document – Help to make decision, action, recommendation – Particular purpose and audience – On particular issue – A quick definition might be: "This is what I did and this is what it means – If research was not “written up,” did it really occur?
- 6. Incident Report Types of report Recommendation Report Accident Report Feasibility Study / Report Progress Report Scientific Report Case Study Sales Report
- 7. Format of generalreport writing • Title • Introduction • Discussion • Recommendations • References Short report • Title page • Introduction • Method & materials • Results • Discussion • Conclusion • Appendices • References Science report
- 8. Cont… Business report • Title page • Executive summary • Table of contents • Introduction • Discussion • Conclusion • Recommendations • Appendices • References Research report • Title page • Executive summary • Introduction •Method / methodology • Results / findings • Discussion • Conclusions • Recommendations • Appendices • Bibliography
- 9. Scientific report •Document that describe – Process – Progress – Results of technical or scientific research
- 10. Types of Scientific research Basic (pure) Applied research Descriptive Explanatory Predictive research Qualitative research Quantitative vs. vs. vs. vs.
- 11. Quantitative research: –It seeks to convert observations to numbers. – Testing of hypotheses based on a sample of observations, and a statistical analysis of the data – Attempt to describe relationships among variables mathematically What is the relationship between use and need of nursing services in the rural areas?
- 12. Qualitative research: •Emphasizes verbal descriptions and explanations of human behavior • The tools for gaining information include: participant observation, in- depth interviews, or an in-depth analysis of a single case How do nurses handle patients who refuse to follow instructions?
- 13. Descriptive research (Exploratoryresearch) • Emphasizes the accurate description of some aspect of society. • A researcher assesses specific characteristics of individuals, groups, situations, or events by summarizing the commonalities found in discrete observations “what” How many of this “what ” "WHAT IS THIS?"
- 14. Explanatory research •Its primary goal is to understand or to explain relationships. • It uses correlations to study relationships between dimensions or characteristics of individuals, groups, situations, or events. HOW WHY
- 15. Predictive research •Moves beyond explanation to the prediction of precise relationships between dimensions or characteristics of a phenomenon or differences between groups. What are the risk factors for green house gases after emission from source?
- 16. Basic research •Focuses on understanding phenomena of interest. • Conducted to accumulate information, extending the base of knowledge in a discipline to improve understanding, or to formulate a theory. • It is appropriate for discovering general principles of human behavior and biophysiology processes. relationship between socioeconomic status and the intention to follow a healthy diet
- 17. Applied research •Focuses on finding an immediate solution to an existing problem. • Designed to indicate how the principles of human behavior can be used to solve problems effectiveness of an intervention such as attending to the hospital at labor signs
- 18. Purpose of scientificreport writing Sharing information with other scientists Review the research by other scientists To show what progress has been made To persuade through logical argument
- 19. Scientific report •Scientific papers are for sharing your own original research work with other scientists or for reviewing the research conducted by others • To reach their goal, papers must aim to inform, not impress. • They must be highly readable — that is, clear, accurate, and concise. They are more likely to be cited by other scientists if they are helpful rather than cryptic or self-centered • Logical order. Introduction, then materials, method, result, discussion (body) then finally conclusion.
- 20. The Report Elements Title Section Title page Research title Abstract Significance of report Summarize the results Briefly describe methods Main objectives
- 21. Introduction Problem identifications Importance Solution proposed Deductive reasoning
- 22. The Report Elements Literature review Previous studies Theories Indigenous studies objectives Rationale Research questions
- 23. The Report Elements • Method • Result • Discussion
- 24. Methodology assessment measuresSampling strategy Sample Inclusion/ exclusion Research design Method Procedure
- 25. Methodology • Styleand structure -use narrative structure -past passive voice -written in chorological order i.e. time order
- 26. What you found Results Key results Charts Figures graphs Results
- 27. Results • Styleand structure -active voice (past tense). -descriptive titles of figures and tables -Figures and tables should be self-explanatory -No interpretation of the data or conclusions about what the data might mean are given in this section
- 28. Discussion Final commentRelate to literature Interpret results Charts Major findings Discussion
- 29. Report format •Conclusion • Recommendations • Glossary • References • Appendices
- 30. Conclusion • Aconclusion is not merely a summary of your points or a restatement of your research problem but a synthesis of key points. • Importance of good conclusion -presenting the major issue you raised in report -summarizing your thoughts -demonstrating the importance of your ideas -introducing possible new or expanded ways of thinking.
- 31. Recommendations • Actionto be taken based on the conclusion of the report Glossary • Alphabetical listing of key terms in the report
- 32. References • Listof sources • Use of recommend style • APA Appendices • It is a good place to put analysis, demographic information sheet, assessment measures, maps, extra photographs and diagrams of appratus
- 33. Thank you foryour time
- 34.
Editor's Notes
- #6 A report is a clearly structured document that presents information as clearly and succinctly ( clear, precise expression in few words) as possible by using sections and headings so that the information is easy to locate and follow. Reports are used to help make decisions or account for actions. Reports use research to make recommendations for action. A report is written for a clear purpose and to a particular audience. Specific information and evidence are presented, analyzed and applied to a particular problem or issue. A quick definition might be: "This is what I did and this is what it means.
- #8 Reports are written for different purposes. They therefore contain different information and structures, including headings and subheadings, and these form the outline of the report. The table below shows the sections commonly found in these types of reports.
- #10 “A scientific report is a document that describes the process, progress, and or results of technical or scientific research or the state of a technical or scientific research problem. It might also include recommendations and conclusion of the research.”
- #14 The descriptive research is directed toward studying "what" and how many of this “what ”. Thus, it is directed toward answering questions such as, "WHAT IS THIS?".
- #15 Explanatory research explains (HOW THE PARTS OF A PHINOMINON ARE RELATED TO EACH OTHER). • Explanatory research asks the "WHY"question.
- #16 Its question might be like