This document outlines the structure and key elements of a research report. It discusses the typical sections including the preliminary pages, main body, and references. The main body usually consists of an introduction, literature review, methods, results, discussion, and conclusion sections. Each section is described in detail regarding its purpose and typical content. The document provides guidance on writing each component to clearly communicate the research problem, methodology, findings, and implications.

1. TBI 1 A
1. LAFINA SYIFAUL ‘ULA (12510174023)
2. MEILIANA HIDAYATI (12510174027)
3. MOH NOFAL (12510174031)

2. Meaning of Research Report:
Research report writing is the oral or written
presentation of the evidence and the findings
in such detail and form as to be readily
understood and accessed by the reader and
as to enable him to verify the validity of the
conclusions.

3. Structure of Research Report
Generally, a research report, whether it is
called dissertation or thesis
 1) The Preliminary pages
 2) The text of the report / Main body of the
report
 3) The Reference material.

4. PRELIMINARY PAGES
 Title pages
 Abstract
 Acceptance page
 Acknowledgements or preface
 Table of contents
 List of tables
 List of figures

5. The title of the study
 It should describe, as briefly as possible.
 It should identity the major variables and the
population of interest.
 The correct titling will ensure correct indexing
 It should, if possible, begin not with an article
(a, an or the) but with a key word

6. Abstract
 It should include a precise statement of the
problem, concise descriptions of the research
method, result and conclusions.
 It must be limited in length (500 words or less)

7. MAIN BODY OF THE
REPORT
Introduction
Review of literature
Methods
Result/Finding
Discussion
Conclusion

8. CHAPTER 1-INTRODUCTION
1.0 Introduction
1.1 Background of the study
1.2 Problem Statement
1.3 Purpose and objective of the study
1.4 Research Questions
1.5 Definition of Terms
1.6 Significance of the study

9. Introduction
 It begins with a statements of the research
question (problem).
 Give the background of the problem
 State why you think your study will make
contribution to knowledge in the area
 State the hypothesis
 State the reasoning that led to your expectation
about the result of the study
 Define any terms that might be unfamiliar to
readers

10. CHAPTER 2-LITERATURE
REVIEW
2.0 Introduction
2.1 Body of the literature
2.1.1 General area of research
2.1.2 Underlying theory
2.1.3 Variables used from previous
literature
2.2 Theoretical Framework
2.3 Hypotheses
2.4 Conclusion

11. Review of Literature
 It contains an extensive review of the literature
related to your problem.
 Do not just list studies one after the other, but
rather, synthesize their findings and point out
agreements and disagreements among them.
 Show how they related to your research
problem.

12. CHAPTER 3 – RESEARCH
METHODOLOGY
3.0 Introduction
3.1 Research Design
3.2 Variable and Measurement
3.3 Questionnaire design
3.4 Population and Sample
3.5 Scope of the study
3.6 Data analysis method
3.6.1 Goodness of data
3.6.2 Inferential analysis
3.7 Conclusion

13. Methods
 This chapter presents a detailed description of
the methodology.
 It typically has subsections with information of
the participants, the research design, the
variables and treatments, materials used to
collect data, procedures and the locations of
the study.

14. CHAPTER 4- RESEARCH
FINDINGS
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Goodness of Measure
4.2.1 Representativeness of data
4.2.2 Validity test
4.2.3 Reliability test
4.3 Inferential analysis
4.3.1 Descriptive analysis
4.3.2 Test of difference
4.3.3 Test of relationship
 Correlation analysis
 Hypothesis testing
4.4 Conclusion

15. Result/Finding
 It presents the outcomes of the statistical
analyses of data.
 To facilitate comprehension, tables and figures are
usually used to presents the findings
 A table shows a quantitative data
 A figure shows a data in diagram or graphical form
 Well construct tables and figures should “stand
alone”
 Use present tense when pointing out the
significant aspects of a table or figure.

16. Discussion
 This section assesses how one’s research findings
relate to what the community of scholars knew
already.
 Discuss the general significance of your topic and
findings.
 You should discuss the shortcomings of your study
and what implications these have for your findings.
 Discuss things future researchers should
investigate about your topic.
 Leave the reader with the understanding he or she
ought to have about the topic you spent so much
time exploring.

17. Conclusion and Summary
• You should summarize the most salient points of your research
(tell the reader what you found out about your topic).
 The summary usually includes a brief restatement of the
problem(s), the main features of the methods, and the most
important fndings. On completing a draft of this section, check it
carefully to determine whether it gives a concise but reasonably
complete description of the study and its fndings. Also check to
ascertain that no information has been introduced here that was
not included in the appropriate preceding sections. It is a good
idea to have a colleague read the conclusions section to
determine if you are communicating as well as you intended.

18. References
The references are just as important as any other
part of your paper. They are the link to the
community of scholars that will permit your reader
to assess the worthiness of the claims you make in
your paper. References also make the research
process much more efficient because they make it
very easy to look up sources of facts and ideas.

19. Appendixes
 The appendixes contain pertinent materials
that are not important enough to include in the
body of the report but may be of value to some
readers. Such materials may include complete
copies of locally devised tests or
questionnaires together with the instructions
and scoring keys for such instruments, item
analysis data for measurements used,
verbatim instructions to subjects, and tables
that are very long or of only minor importance
to the study

20. JOURNAL
ARTICLE

21. Elements
 Title
 Abstract
 Introduction
 Methods
 Finding
 Discussion
 Conclusion
 References
 Appendices

22. In journal article, the elements used are more
less same with the desertation report. Hence,
these are the differences:
• The length is about 100-150 words
Abstract
• The finding in journal article, however,
become the grearest interest to the
reader
• It also represens a greater proportion
of the article than in desertation
Finding