Apa dan bagaimana yang disebut PAPER ILMIAH

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Paper Ilmiah
Oleh: Syahyuti
Pelatihan Penulisan Karya Ilmiah: DKP Jakarta
13 November 2009

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What is a Research Paper?
Ada dua bentuk, yaitu:
1. Primary or experimental research papers. Menjelaskan hasil
eksperimen yang dilalkukan penulis. Sesuatu yang baru yang berhasil
ditemukan oleh penulis.
2. Secondary or review research papers. Menyimpulkan riset yang telah
dilakukan di satu bidang tertentu. Review tidak menyampaikan informasi
baru atau hasil baru, tapi lebih sebagai sintesis dari body of work,
menyediakan perspektif baru atau pertanyaan baru dari satu hal.
• ditulis dan dipublikasikan untuk melaporkan hasil riset yang orisinil
• harus dipublikasikan di media yang tepat
• harus direview oleh scientific peers dan dipublikasikan di jurnal yang
utama.
• Menulis paper bukanlah sebuah novel. Jangan zalimi publik dengan
menunda-nunda menulis hasil riset anda.

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Why a Scientific Format?
• Format ilmiah kelihatan membingungkan bagi orang
awam karena struktur yang rigid, yang sangat berbeda
dengan tulisan-tulisan umumnya.
• Alasan utamanya adalah:
• that it is a means of efficiently communicating scientific
findings to the broad community of scientists in a uniform
manner.
• that this format allows the paper to be read at several
different levels.
• to insure that at whatever level a person reads your
paper (beyond title skimming), they will likely get the key
results and conclusions.

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Alasan mengapa menulis bagus
penting?
• dunia pengetahuan ”ada” karena adanya keterampilan good writing
• Tanpa good writing, there would be anarchy and chaos.
• poor writing can be akin to misinformation.
• bad writing skills can convey either the wrong or an ambiguous
message.
• good writing abilities are necessary in many careers to be
successful.
• Having the ability to write well at work or on a personal level can
give us that much-needed confidence boost.
• First and foremost, being able to write well builds confidence.
• Furthermore, if people believe your writing to be poor, they might not
actually believe what you’ve written.
• can accurately describe situations without letting your bias show
through.
• important in both our personal and professional lives.

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Untuk menulis paper ilmiah perlu
menjawab 4 hal berikut:
1. What is the problem? Your answer is the
Introduction.
2. How did you study the problem? Your
answer is the Materials and Methods.
3. What did you find? Your answer is the
Results.
4. What do these findings mean? Your
answer is the Discussion.

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Types of articles:
• Letters. Deskripsi singkat hasil terakhir yang ditemukan
peneliti. Dilaporkan sesegera mungkin karena begitu
urgen.
• Research notes. Sama, namun kurang urgen dibanfing
letters.
• Articles. Tebal 5-20 halaman. Deskripsi lengkap hasil
riset terakhir.
• Supplemental articles. Berisi sejumlah besar data yang
dihasilkan dari riset. Biasanya disimpan di internet dalam
bentuk data elektronik.
• Review articles. Bukan hasil orisinil riset, namun
merupakan akumulasi beberapa artikel dalam topik
tertentu untuk mendapatkan coherent narrative. Ia dapat
dikutip untuk melakukan riset selanjutnya.

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Experimental process Section of Paper
What did I do in a nutshell? Abstract
What is the problem? Introduction
How did I solve the problem? Materials and Methods
What did I find out? Results
What does it mean? Discussion
Who helped me out? Acknowledgments (optional)
Whose work did I refer to? Literature Cited
Extra Information Appendices (optional)
Materi paper ilmiah:

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Bagian-bagian paper ilmiah:

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Title :
• Bagin ini sangat penting dari keseluruhan paper, dan
menentukan keefektifan paper
• Abstracting and Indexing services will also utilize the
title. Karena itu, pemilihan kata mesti sangat hati-hati
• What is a good title? Mampu menerangkan isi paper
• How long? Beberapa jurnal membatasi 10 sampai 12
kata.
• employ effective syntax (word order) and avoid waste
words such as "Investigations on" and "Observations
on".
• never contain abbreviations (singkatan) and jargon

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Types of title :
1. Job title. Hanya menunjukkan isi namun tidak hasilnya. Contoh:
The effectiveness of bed nets in controlling mosquitoes at different
seasons of the year.
2. Informative titles. Mengindikasikan hasil yang dicapai dan
kesimpulan riset. Contoh: Bed nets control mosquitoes most
effectively when used in the rainy season.
3. Question-type titles. Contoh: When are bed nets most effective
when used to control mosquitoes?
4. Main-subtitle (series) type. Menunjukkan seri kesekian dari paper
serupa. Contoh: The effect of bed nets on mosquitoes: 1.Their
effectiveness when used only in the rainy season.
5. Hanging titles. Karena ia paper dari riset pertama yang belum ada
hasil yang memuaskan. Contoh: The effect of bed nets on
mosquitoes: Their effectiveness when used only in the rainy
season.

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How to write titles:
Ensure that the title:
• Describes the contents of the paper.
• Is accurate, concise and specific.
• Has as many key words as possible and is modelled on the
style adopted by the publication for which you are writing.
• Is as easy to understand as possible.
The title should not:
• Contain a full stop, unless it is an informative title
• Contain unnecessary words such as "Some notes on....…….
"An investigation into..……..
• Contain abbreviations, formulas and acronyms
• Promise more than is in the paper
• Be too general

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Authorship :
• Penulis yang tercantum hanyalah mereka yang
benar-benar berkontribusi dalam riset.
• Yang paling berperan namanya di depan.
• Cantumkan pula lembaga dimana penulisnya
berafiliasi, dan alamat lembaga berasngkutan

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Abstract:
• memungkinkan pembaca mengidentifikasi isi pokok
paper dan secara cepat dan akurat menentukan
relevansi untuk dirinya
• jumlahnya tak lebih dari 250 kata
• disusun untuk menentukan secara tegas apa
sesungguhnya isi paper
Materi dalam abstrak:
• the background , principal objectives, and scope of the
study.
• the methodology(s) employed.
• summarize the results.
• state the principal conclusions. and discussion

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How to write abstracts?
• An informative abstract. Memuat
ringkasan point utama sebagaimana ada
di paper. Menyiapkan informasi bagi
pembaca saat akan membaca paper
lengkap
• An indicative abstract. Hanya
menjelaskan subject matter dari
paper/buku, tapi bukan ringkasan isinya.

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Isi abstrak
Statement of:
• The question asked (present verb tense)
• What was done to answer the question (past verb tense) – research
design, population studies, independent and dependent variables
• Findings that answer the question (past verb tense) – the most
important results and evidence (data) presented in a logical order.
• The answer to the question (present verb tense)
If useful, and where word limit allows, include:
• One or two sentences of background information (placed at the
beginning)
• An implication or a speculation based on the answer (present verb
tense, placed at the end)

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Introduction:
• tujuannya memberikan informasi background yang cukup kepada pembaca
sehingga dapat mengerti dan mengevaluasi konsep dari riset yang
disampaikan paper, menyampaikan rasionalitas riset, mengenalkan the
most outstanding conclusions dari tujuan riset
• provide the context for your paper.
• to catch your reader's attention.
• make your topic sound so interesting
• describe clearly and succinctly the topic of your paper.
• must be specific and focused
• must give your reader a clear idea of precisely what your paper is about.
• must focus your reader's attention inward towards the detailed discussion
that will comprise the body of your document.
• will be short; perhaps a page in length.
• It is not labelled with a separate heading,
• It is not a review of the field, it merely establishes a common point of
departure for readers with different levels of expertise.
• It should provide some justification for the paper (why the issue is
important), and it should present the objective of the paper.

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Background to the topic (past verb tense)
-What is known or believed about the topic
-What is still unknown or problematic
-Findings of relevant studies (past verb tense)
-Importance of the topic
Statement of the research question
-Several ways can be used to signal the research
question , e.g.,
-“To determine whether ………”
-“The purpose of this study was to …….”
-This study tested the hypothesis that ……”
-“This study was undertaken to ……”
Approach taken to answer the question (past verb
tense)
Isi pendahuluan:

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Materials and method:
• menyampaikan detail metodologi riset, agar
pembaca dapat “mengulang eksperimen”
• Isi laporan riset ilmiah mesti reproducable,
karena itu metode riset menjadi indikator
kredibilitas riset
• Sumber yang spesifik, berkualitas, dan
capabilities of reagents harus dipaparkan
• Deskripsikan secara tepat kuantitas yang
digunakan, pengukuran, kondisi suhu, dll,
Pertinent references where applicable should be
provided.

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Isi bagian metodologi:
• Outline of the study design
• Subjects
– Method of sampling and recruitment;
– Number of subjects; and
– Justification of sample size.
– Inclusion, exclusion and withdrawal criteria;
– Method of allocation to study groups.
• Variables
– Independent, dependent, extraneous, controlled.
• Pilot Studies
– Outcome of any pilot studies which led to modifications to the
main study.

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Isi bagian metodologi:
• Materials. Equipment, instruments or measurement
tools (include model number and manufacturer).
• Procedures. Detailed description, in chronological order,
of exactly what was done and by whom.
• Major ethical considerations
• Data reduction/statistical analyses
– Method of calculating derived variables, dealing with outlying
values and missing data.
– Methods used to summarise data (present verb tense).
– Statistical software (name, version or release number);
– Statistical tests (cite a reference for less commonly used tests)
and what was compared;
– Critical alpha probability (p) value at which
differences/relationships were considered to be statistically
significant.

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Result:
• Ini adalah "core" dari keseluruhan paper.
• Tujuannya adalah memaparkan data hasil riset
• Masalah serius adalah memutuskan mana data yang penting
ditampilkan dan mana yang repetitif sehingga tak berguna
• Penggunaan data statistik mestilah yang meaningful dan
responsibly.
• Should be short and sweet.
• Results of original studies represent new knowledge and therefore
the skeleton (rangka) of the paper.
• The entire success of the paper is dependent upon the results
• Must be presented with crystal clarity.
• Gunakan tabel dan gambar secara selektif
• Hindari : "It is clearly seen in Table 1 that". Bukan tugas pembaca
untuk menganalisis data
• Must be organized logically, not chronologically. Your paper is not a
diary. Its job it to explain your findings,

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Discussion:
• Ini adalah bagian yang lebih sulit dibandingkan bagian lain, juga lebih sulit
menuliskannya
• Seringkali paper ditolak karena lemahnya bagian ini
• kesalahan yang sering muncul adalah bagian diskusi yang terlalu panjang
• Seringkali not knowing what to say about the results, hides behind a
protective cloud of ink.
• Harus menunjukkan bagaimana relasi antar seluruh fakta yang ditemukan
dari riset
• Harus berusaha untuk menjelaskan prinsip-prinsip, relasi, dan generaliasi.
• It should discuss, notreformulate the results.
• Point out any exceptions or lack of correlation and define any unsettled
points.
• Show how your results and interpretations agree or disagree with previously
published works.
• Discuss any theoretical implications or practical applications of the results.
• Reaffirm the major conclusions or findings as clearly as possible.
• Summarize the evidence of the study for each conclusion.

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Isi bagian Discussion:
• Answers to the question(s) posed in the introduction together with
any accompanying support, explanation and defence of the answers
with reference to published literature.
• Explanations of any results that do not support the answers.
• Indication of the originality/uniqueness of the work
Explanations of:
• How the findings concur (setuju) with those of others
• Any discrepancies (pertentangan) of the results with those of others
• Unexpected findings
• The limitations of the study which may affect the study validity or
generalisability of the study findings.
• Indication of the importance of the work e.g. clinical significance
• Recommendations for further research

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Conclusion:
• move your reader's focus outward from the
detailed discussion in the body of your paper.
• bring the paper to closure.
• Don’t end a paper without a conclusion.
• conclusion is what your readers will remember.
If you just stop, your readers will remember
nothing.
• redefine the objective of the study and show how
you satisfied these goals
• It should strengthen the relationship between the
ideas you have built in the body of the paper.

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Literature cited:
• gunakan literatur yang signifikan dan published.
• Hindari unpublished atau gray literature
• If considered absolutely necessary, such references
should be used parenthetically or as a footnote in the
text.
• Secondly, check all parts of every reference against the
original publication.
• Never cite citations from other works.
• Obtain and study carefully every citation used in a
publication.
• Far more mistakes occur in the Literature Citation
section of a paper than anywhere else.
• The specific citation style to be used is specific to the
journal being published in and is given in the Instructions
to the Authors.

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Three purposes of References:
• Memberi kredit pada paper anda. Karena itu,
beri referensi pada tiap insight, paraphrase,
result, derivation, idea, atau direct quotation
yang anda ambil dari satu sumber. Jika keliru,
anda dicap plagiarism (one of the most heinous
crimes in science).
• Provides your reader with carefully selected
background references. Memmungkinkan
pembaca menelusuri dan paham perkerjaan
anda
• Contributes to the context of your paper,
situating it in the field in which you're working.

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List of references :
• Name (or names) of author(s), (each) followed
by initials.
• Year of publication in parenthesis.
• Title of article.
• Title of journal, either in full or abbreviated
according to the World List of Scientific
Periodicals.
• Volume of journal, underlined
• Publisher and place of publication (untuk buku)
• Number of first and last pages of articles.
• tanggal download (untuk electronic source)

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Sumber Bacaan:
• Gary Dillard. The Scientific Paper.
http://bioweb.wku.edu/courses/biol398/paper/papertext.html
• Michael A. Morrison. Tips on Scientific Writing. Version 4.3: January
21, 2004.
http://www.nhn.ou.edu/~morrison/Teaching/WritingTips.pdf
• Checklist for Writing Scientific Papers.
• http://physics.gac.edu/~huber/misc/wricheck.htm
• How to Write a Scientific Article. http://www.aaps-
journal.org/submission%20pdf/How%20to%20Write%20a
%20Scientific%20Paper.pdf
• Introduction to Journal-Style Scientific Writing
• http://abacus.bates.edu/~ganderso/biology/resources/writing/HTWg
eneral.html
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email: syahyuti@yahoo.com