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Scientific Writing 101 “ In science the credit goes to the man who convinces the world, not to the man to whom the idea first occurs.” -Sir Francis Darwin Parham Mirshahpanah  20 July, 2007
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Journal Selection Aims & Scope Reference Relevance Impact Factor Editorial Board Scientific class: i.e. biology, chemistry, etc… Clinical application: derm, oncology, cardiology, etc… Quality of data: novelty, value to  scientific community Utilize familiar names: references & associations Correspondence type: letter, original article, review… Similar journal as the majority of your references
Getting started: formatting Refer to journal home page for individual formatting styles; varies by journal Immunity ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Additional factors to consider:
Getting started: formatting JBC Contact Dermatitis Gene Therapy Different journals have varying aesthetic properties that are handled by publisher and not to be considered by author
Getting started: formatting Submission Proof
Process ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Getting started: data Choose the course of presentation based on the highest added value to the scientific community, which will also yield the optimal journal Develop an outline & order data to support story What information do you have  and how can you best present it? Animal model Chemistry Molecular biology
Figures: basics After your abstract, readers will look to figures to gain the most information with the least time investment; therefore your figures should accurately depict and explain your findings in the  simplest  possible form ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Mirshahpanah et al. Exp Dermatol 2007 light gray = MF dark gray = MPA
Figures: breaks & dual axes Thickness Weight no info small window Dual axes allows incorporation of two relevant parameters into a single graph, which allows for better comparison break decreases the amount of space used for irrelevant info and allows for expansion of point of interest sparse graph
Figures: tables Maintain consistency, simplicity, and completeness Mirshahpanah et al. Exp Dermatol 2007 ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Figures: titles & legends ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Zollner et al. JCI 2002
Process ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Results: basics ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Language : use past tense to describe events that have occurred in your experiment and present tense for conclusions you draw from the results
Results: example Zollner et al. JCI 2002 ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Process ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Materials & Methods: basics ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Language : past tense, passive voice (the reader is not interested in who did the experiment, but instead what was done) - i.e. avoid “we”
Materials & Methods: example ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Mirshahpanah et al. Exp Dermatol 2007
Process ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Introduction: format Basic background: what clinical implication does your study fit into? Introduce history Past studies and their results; what information is still unknown/ what questions arose? Description of specific parameters addressed in  your study, align reader with language and readouts State your objective, process and allude to the significance your results aim to provide
Introduction: basics ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Process ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Discussion: constituents results literature theory clinical applications Discussion contradictions patterns future studies
Discussion: format Summarize your findings Discuss each major result in the context of previous studies, pointing out supportive and contradictory findings Suggest implications and practical applications of results; extend to other species if appropriate Provide “big picture” conclusion of results; integrating results, literature, theory and future direction for further studies
Discussion: basics ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Process ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Abstract Most frequently read section of your paper; must be concise and complete ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Abstract: example ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Mirshahpanah et al. Exp Dermatol 2007
Process ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Formatting & Submission ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Formatting & Submission: cover letter ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Process ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Reviewer Response ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
 
EndNote: reference manager ,[object Object],[object Object],connect to PubMed to search and directly download into database format bibliography specifically for each journal
EndNote: remote searches Multi-field searching capacity allows for specific location of topics by various search fields and associations
EndNote: output styles Edit    Output Styles    Edit “current style” (use the style closest to your journal of interest)
SigmaPlot: basics ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
SigmaPlot: scaling resize scales to maximize data presentation
insert break to enhance differences SigmaPlot: breaks
SigmaPlot: enhancement Basic Plot (original) Aesthetically Enhanced Plot
General Tips ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
General Writing: flow ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
General Writing: example A good paragraph generally possesses several key features that contribute to its clarity and effectiveness in presenting information.   The first feature is a topic sentence that provides the reader with a general overview of the topic covered in the ensuing paragraph. The body of the paragraph should provide substantial information with references and evidence supporting the topic sentence. The final sentence serves to wrap up the ideas and prepare the reader for material to follow in the next paragraph, also known as a transition sentence.   Upon reading the final sentence, the reader should be able to name the topic of the following paragraph. Topic Sentence Body: supporting evidence Concluding/ transition sentence

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Scientific Writing 101

  • 1. Scientific Writing 101 “ In science the credit goes to the man who convinces the world, not to the man to whom the idea first occurs.” -Sir Francis Darwin Parham Mirshahpanah 20 July, 2007
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  • 4. Journal Selection Aims & Scope Reference Relevance Impact Factor Editorial Board Scientific class: i.e. biology, chemistry, etc… Clinical application: derm, oncology, cardiology, etc… Quality of data: novelty, value to scientific community Utilize familiar names: references & associations Correspondence type: letter, original article, review… Similar journal as the majority of your references
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  • 6. Getting started: formatting JBC Contact Dermatitis Gene Therapy Different journals have varying aesthetic properties that are handled by publisher and not to be considered by author
  • 7. Getting started: formatting Submission Proof
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  • 9. Getting started: data Choose the course of presentation based on the highest added value to the scientific community, which will also yield the optimal journal Develop an outline & order data to support story What information do you have and how can you best present it? Animal model Chemistry Molecular biology
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  • 11. Figures: breaks & dual axes Thickness Weight no info small window Dual axes allows incorporation of two relevant parameters into a single graph, which allows for better comparison break decreases the amount of space used for irrelevant info and allows for expansion of point of interest sparse graph
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  • 21. Introduction: format Basic background: what clinical implication does your study fit into? Introduce history Past studies and their results; what information is still unknown/ what questions arose? Description of specific parameters addressed in your study, align reader with language and readouts State your objective, process and allude to the significance your results aim to provide
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  • 24. Discussion: constituents results literature theory clinical applications Discussion contradictions patterns future studies
  • 25. Discussion: format Summarize your findings Discuss each major result in the context of previous studies, pointing out supportive and contradictory findings Suggest implications and practical applications of results; extend to other species if appropriate Provide “big picture” conclusion of results; integrating results, literature, theory and future direction for further studies
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  • 37. EndNote: remote searches Multi-field searching capacity allows for specific location of topics by various search fields and associations
  • 38. EndNote: output styles Edit  Output Styles  Edit “current style” (use the style closest to your journal of interest)
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  • 40. SigmaPlot: scaling resize scales to maximize data presentation
  • 41. insert break to enhance differences SigmaPlot: breaks
  • 42. SigmaPlot: enhancement Basic Plot (original) Aesthetically Enhanced Plot
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  • 45. General Writing: example A good paragraph generally possesses several key features that contribute to its clarity and effectiveness in presenting information. The first feature is a topic sentence that provides the reader with a general overview of the topic covered in the ensuing paragraph. The body of the paragraph should provide substantial information with references and evidence supporting the topic sentence. The final sentence serves to wrap up the ideas and prepare the reader for material to follow in the next paragraph, also known as a transition sentence. Upon reading the final sentence, the reader should be able to name the topic of the following paragraph. Topic Sentence Body: supporting evidence Concluding/ transition sentence