Wind is a form of solar energy. Winds are caused by the uneven heating of the atmosphere by the sun, the irregularities of the earth's surface, and rotation of the earth. Wind flow patterns are modified by the earth's terrain, bodies of water, and vegetation. Humans use this wind flow, or motion energy, for many purposes: sailing, flying a kite, and even generating electricity. www.eere.energy.gov/windandhydro/wind_how.html

1. Presented by :
Istanto and Samsul
Presented in ProfessionalPresented in Professional
Management ProgramManagement Program
University of CanberraUniversity of Canberra
July 12July 12ndnd
, 2007, 2007

2. Alternative Energy Supply

3. Wind Energy
Wind can be used to do work. The kinetic energy of the wind can be changed into
other forms of energy, either mechanical energy or electrical energy.
www.energyquest.ca.gov/story/chapter16.html
Wind is a form of solar energy. Winds are caused by the uneven heating of the
atmosphere by the sun, the irregularities of the earth's surface, and rotation of the
earth. Wind flow patterns are modified by the earth's terrain, bodies of water, and
vegetation. Humans use this wind flow, or motion energy, for many purposes:
sailing, flying a kite, and even generating electricity.
www.eere.energy.gov/windandhydro/wind_how.html

4. Simply stated, a wind turbine works the opposite of an electric fan. Instead of using
electricity to make wind, a turbine uses wind to make electricity.
The wind turns the blades, which spin a shaft, which connects to a generator and makes
electricity. The electricity is sent through transmission and distribution lines to a
substation, then on to homes, business and schools.
www.galileoscientific.com/how-a-wind-turbine-...
How a wind turbine works

5. http://www.unescap.org/esd/energy/dialogue/renewable/wind/documents/Wind_Turbine_Technology_Transfer_in_Asia.pdf

7. Inside the Wind Turbine

8. Modern wind turbines fall into two basic groups:
Types of Wind Turbines
Horizontal-axis Vertical-axis

9. How It Works:
In a small-scale wind turbine, the wind
rotates the turbine, which spins the
generator and produces AC voltage. But
because the wind speed is variable, the
voltage is also variable and may be too
low to be stored in batteries or fed into
the grid.
WIND ENERGY CONTROLLER
The AC current produced by the generator is converted to DC by the
rectifier so it can be stored in a 12-volt battery generally.
www.popularmechanics.com/.../1766936.html?page=2

10. • large grid-connected turbines (150 kW to 2,000 kW)
• intermediate-sized turbines in hybrid systems (25
kW to150 kW)
• small stand-alone systems (less than 25 kW)
Modern wind turbine technology can be classified into:

11. Where is wind energy can be found ?

12. Africa
www.centurywindenergy.com/

13. Asia

14. Australia

15. Europe

16. Canada

17. United States

18. • The wind energy boom includes more and more countries, with 58.982
MW installed worldwide on 31 December 2005. Worldwide, 11.310 MW
were added in 2005 – after 8,3 GW of additional capacity in the year 2004,
and 8,1 GW in 2003.
• The global rate of growth increased to 24 % in the past year 2005, after
21% in the year 2004.
• With this dynamic increase continuing, WWEA expects 120.000 MW to be
installed worldwide in the year 2010.
• Today, wind energy delivers worldwide around 1 % of the global electricity
generation, with some countries and regions reaching 20% and more.
www.wwindea.org/home/index.php?option=com_con...
Worldwide Wind Energy Boom in 2005

19. Worldwide Wind Energy Installation Figures
as of 31 December 2005

20. • Wind energy is clean.
• Unlike fossil fuels, wind is renewable and
sustainable.
• It doesn’t contribute to greenhouse gas
emissions.
• Wind is clearly a wise choice.
The Effectiveness of Wind Energy
Environmental Considerations

21. Economics of wind energy
Capital cost and efficiency trends
• Capital costs of wind energy projects are dominated by the cost of
the wind turbine itself (exworks).
• The total cost is approximately 80 %, while grid-connection accounts
for approximately 9 % and foundation for approximately 4 %.
• Other cost components, such as control systems and land, account
for only minor shares of total costs.

22. Operation and maintenance costs
• Operation and maintenance (O&M) costs constitute a sizeable share of total
annual costs for theturbine.
• O&M costs are approximately 1 per cent a year during the first two years,
rising to 4.5 per cent a year in years 16-20.
Overall cost-effectiveness
The total cost per produced kWh (unit cost) is calculated by levelising
investment and O&M costs over the lifetime of the turbine, divided by the
annual electricity production.

23. The cost of conventional electricity production is determined by three
components: (i) fuel cost; (ii) operation and maintenance costs; and (iii)
capital cost.
Comparison with The Cost of Conventional Power
If a wind turbine could be installed in Germany at an average cost of 5
US cents per kWh and thus displace coal-generated electricity costing 7
US cents per kWh, then a net 2 US cents per kWh would be saved on
every kWh of electricity generated by wind.

24. ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES
OF WIND ENERGY

25. What are the advantages of wind-generated electricity?
• Wind energy is a free, renewable resource, so no matter
how much is used today,
• Wind energy is also a source of clean and non-polluting.
• Wind costs are much more competitive with other
generating technologies because there is no fuel to
purchase and minimal operating expenses.

26. What are the disadvantages of wind-generated electricity?
• Environmental problems
some concern over the wildlife habitat impacts, noise produced by the rotor
blades, aesthetic (visual) impacts, and bird and bat mortality.
• Wind turbines hazardous to birds and bats
•The only potentially toxic or hazardous materials are relatively small
amounts of lubricating oils, hydraulic and insulating fluids. Therefore,
contamination of surface or ground water or soils is highly unlikely.

27. • Wind energy avoids the external or societal costs
associated with conventional resources
• Wind energy is a domestic, reliable resource that
provides more jobs per dollar invested than any other
energy technology - more than five times that from coal or
nuclear power
• Wind-turbine and component manufacturers contributed
directly to the economies of 44 states, creating thousands
of jobs
Social Issues

28. Thank YouThank You