The document discusses the formation and types of coal. It begins by explaining how coal forms from plant debris that accumulates in swamps and bogs. Over millions of years of burial and heating, the plant material transforms into peat and then into lignite, subbituminous coal, bituminous coal, and finally anthracite coal. It then describes the different ranks of coal from lignite to anthracite based on their carbon content and heating value. The document concludes by covering coal production and use in the United States, with a focus on coal mining and its environmental impacts in Illinois.
All of us want an affordable and reliable energy source which we can only get by using coal energy. Although using coal energy is very significant for us and living without it would become impossible, we should always open our minds to the damage the continuous use of coal energy will eventually bring to us and to our environment.
All of us want an affordable and reliable energy source which we can only get by using coal energy. Although using coal energy is very significant for us and living without it would become impossible, we should always open our minds to the damage the continuous use of coal energy will eventually bring to us and to our environment.
COAL BED METHANE (CBM); Coal Seam Gas (CSG), or Coal-mine Methane (CMM); What and why CBM?; How do we estimate the amount of methane gas which will come from a region underlain by coal? ; Benefits of CBM ; Coal seams as aquifers; CBM product water ; What is saline water and why is it considered saline?; What is sodic water and why is it considered sodic? ; Irrigation of crops with CBM water; Current management practices for disposal of CBM product water
In coal fired power plants coal is a main fuel for combustion purpose. Before use of coal different tests are to be carried out to analysis the constituent elements and some undesirable contamination in the coal. Discuss the analysis procedures of the coal.
The analysis of coal is as follows C=82%, H=6%,O2=4% and remaining is ash. Determine the amount of theoretical air required for complete combustion. If the actual air supplied is 40% in excess and 80% of given carbon is burnt to CO2 and remaining is CO. Conduct the volumetric analysis of dry products of combustion.
Coal is a complex mixture of organic chemical substances containing carbon, hydrogen and oxygen in chemical combination, together with smaller amounts of nitrogen and Sulphur.
A presentation on Hydrothermal wall rock alteration with case studies on geophysical applications.
References : https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/16VSZMPMASMNVB47JdBUa_7udBk1qvK2U?usp=sharing
COAL BED METHANE (CBM); Coal Seam Gas (CSG), or Coal-mine Methane (CMM); What and why CBM?; How do we estimate the amount of methane gas which will come from a region underlain by coal? ; Benefits of CBM ; Coal seams as aquifers; CBM product water ; What is saline water and why is it considered saline?; What is sodic water and why is it considered sodic? ; Irrigation of crops with CBM water; Current management practices for disposal of CBM product water
In coal fired power plants coal is a main fuel for combustion purpose. Before use of coal different tests are to be carried out to analysis the constituent elements and some undesirable contamination in the coal. Discuss the analysis procedures of the coal.
The analysis of coal is as follows C=82%, H=6%,O2=4% and remaining is ash. Determine the amount of theoretical air required for complete combustion. If the actual air supplied is 40% in excess and 80% of given carbon is burnt to CO2 and remaining is CO. Conduct the volumetric analysis of dry products of combustion.
Coal is a complex mixture of organic chemical substances containing carbon, hydrogen and oxygen in chemical combination, together with smaller amounts of nitrogen and Sulphur.
A presentation on Hydrothermal wall rock alteration with case studies on geophysical applications.
References : https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/16VSZMPMASMNVB47JdBUa_7udBk1qvK2U?usp=sharing
This powerpoint goes into detail about the social/ecological and economic costs of using coal and tar sands It is heavily scripted with current data. It ends with a look at global warming, acidification and glacial loss.
COAL Union of Concerned ScientistsContents· How Coal Was.docxclarebernice
COAL: Union of Concerned Scientists
Contents
· How Coal Was Formed
· How Coal is Mined
· Where Our Coal Comes From
· How Coal is Transported and Processed
· How Coal is Burned
· Environmental and Public Health Impacts of Coal
· The Future of Coal
Many people think coal represents a bygone way of life and that America has moved on to safer and cleaner energy sources. On the contrary, coal provides roughly half the nation’s electricity—far more than any other source of power—and our coal use has nearly tripled since 1960. Our coal use will continue to expand if the power industry succeeds in building the many power plants it has proposed for construction.
Coal’s proponents claim coal power is cheap. While the direct price of electricity from the nation’s aging fleet of coal plants may be low, it doesn’t reflect the staggering and lasting costs of coal-related air and water pollution, mining accidents, permanently altered landscapes, and, most importantly, climate change. Even the newest proposed plants – which would cost far more than existing plants—would have major impacts on air and water quality, and almost the same mining and climate impacts as existing plants.
Technology is evolving that has the potential to substantially reduce coal’s contribution to global warming by capturing carbon emissions before they are emitted. This technology could become an important part of the battle against global warming, but it remains to be seen whether it will work at a commercial scale and at what cost.
Meanwhile, a 2009 UCS study found that we can dramatically reduce our coal use—and all the environmental and social costs associated with it—while saving energy consumers money with policies that aggressively promote energy efficiency and renewable power.
How Coal Was Formed
Coal was formed when dead plant matter submerged in swamp environments was subjected to geological forces of heat and pressure over hundreds of millions of years. As time went by, the plant matter evolved from moist and low-carbon peat, to coal, which is much higher in energy and carbon content. Coal itself has a wide variation in properties, so it is categorized into 4 ranks—lignite, sub-bituminous, bituminous, and anthracite—in order of increasing carbon and energy content. Most of the coal burned in U.S. power plants is of the bituminous or subbituminous variety.
Figure 1: The Process of Coal Formation (Source: KGS)
Coal of all types can vary widely in the amount of sulfur contained. These differences are determined by the conditions under which the coal formed. Low-sulfur coal deposits formed in a freshwater environment, while those containing higher proportions of sulfur developed in brackish swamps or marine-influenced environments.[1] In the United States, the sulfur content of coal resources varies along geographic lines, with most of the eastern coal containing high levels of sulfur, and the younger western coal containing much less.
How Coal is Mined
In 2 ...
ORIGIN AND Nature OF COAL Coal is a fossil fuel composed essentially o.pdflonkarhrishikesh
ORIGIN AND Nature OF COAL Coal is a fossil fuel composed essentially of compressed
altered plant remains. Under circumstances which have been replicated in many places on the
planet over the past 350 to 400 million years, plant tissue has been buried under anoxic (oxygen-
free) conditions, allowing plant tissue to be incompletely decomposed by anaerobic bacteria.
Economically viable coal deposits form when remains of entire forests are buried and preserved
by later sediments. Over millennia,such buried plant tissue may be converted through a series of
stages involving microbial activity, pressure,and heat into peat, lignite, sub-bituminous, and
bituminous coal,or the rarest coal, anthracite, the form of coal with the highest amount of energy
per kilogram. Coal is composed predominantly of the element carbon ( C ) along with hydrogen (
H ) and nitrogen ( N ) . Carbon content of coal ranges from 45 percent up to as much as 98
percent in rare anthracite. Most coal used to produce electricity contains between 50 and 70
percent carbon. Buming coal,therefore, produces large amounts of , themain agent of global
climate change. Question 4: Burning 1 kilogram of C produces about 3.7 kilograms of CO 2 .
Assume typical coal contains 60 percent C . How much CO 2 is released per tonne of coal
burned? Question 5: Recall that the United States produces about 1,100 million tons of coal each
year-equal to 1,000 million tonnes. How much CO 2 would be released each year? Question 6:
Slightly more than 4,000 million tonnes of coal were burned globally in 2003. How much CO 2
was produced, assuming 60 percent C content? Question 7: According to the World Coal
Institute, the world is expected to consume 7,000 million tonnes of coal each year by 2030, with
China accounting for half the projected increase. How much CO 2 would be produced by coal
burning in 2030 ? Question 8: How can global CO 2 emissions be controlled, in your view, if
these forecasts prove accurate? Discuss the implications if they are not controlled. DAL BED
METHANE When plant matter is converted into coal,methane is also formed,the main ingredient
in natural gas. The methane may be trapped in the sedimentary rock containing the coal. Some of
this trapped gas is released when coal is mined, which can lead to dangerous explosions. These
explosions are the reason for most miners' deaths in underground mines. Large mines may
release up to 1 million cubic feet per day of methane. This can be a significant souree of
atmospheric methanc, a powerful greenhouse gas. It is also a potentially valuable energy
resource. OXIDAtion of Pyrite and Water PolLUTION One of the most widespread and
polluting reactions is that of the oxidation of the minetn): pyrite, illes galled "fool's gold." Pyrite
is found in virtually all coals as well as in the When the coal is stripped away,the pyrite-bearing
sediment is exposed to oxidation fossil soils immediately below the coal seams: and
hydration,producing sulfaric acid. The.
CHE 102 LECTURE 7 FOSSIL FUELSAn oil refinery or petrole.docxmccormicknadine86
CHE 102: LECTURE 7 FOSSIL FUELS
An oil refinery or petroleum refinery is an industrial plant where crude oil is transformed and refined into more useful products such as gasoline, diesel fuel, jet fuel, naptha, asphalt, heating oil, kerosene, liquefied petroleum gas, and fuel oils.
Oil, coal, natural gas and other fossil fuels are called "fossil" because these fuels are the preserved carbon-hydrogen remnants of ancient life. Coal is formed from plants that decomposed and accumulated in ancient swamps.
EXAMPLES: Fossil Fuels:
Coal: Coal is the primary fuel for the production of electricity and is responsible for about 40% of the electric power supply in the United States.
Oil: Oil is the primary source for the world's transportation.
Natural Gas: About 27% of U.S. energy is fueled by natural gas. Natural gas is the cleanest burning fossil fuel.
CHEMISTRY: fossil fuel combustion.
One molecule of methane, combined with two oxygen molecules, react to form a carbon dioxide molecule, and two water molecules (usually given off as steam or water vapor) releasing energy. See Lecture 3 and figure below.
COAL
Coal is a combustible black or brownish-black sedimentary rock usually occurring in rock strata in layers or veins called coal beds or coal seams. The harder forms, such as anthracite coal, can be regarded as metamorphic rock because of later exposure to elevated temperature and pressure.
NOTE: Geologists classify rocks into three main rock types. Rocks are either a single mineral or a combinations of minerals.
Sedimentary rocks are a type of rock that formed by the accumulation or deposition of small particles (minerals or organic matter) at the Earth’s surface, subsequently followed by their cementation on the floor of oceans or other bodies of water. Examples: sandstone, limestone (see below).
Limestone is a carbonate sedimentary rock that is often composed of the skeletal fragments of marine organisms such as coral, foraminifera, and molluscs. Its major materials are the minerals calcite (CaCO3).
and aragonite,
which are different crystal forms of calcium carbonate (CaCO3).
Metamorphic rocks arise from the transformation of existing rock types, in a process called metamorphism, which means "change in form". The original rock is subjected to heat and pressure, causing profound physical or chemical changes. The precursor may be a sedimentary, igneous, or existing metamorphic rock. Examples: slate, marble.
Marble is a metamorphic rock composed of recrystallized carbonate minerals, most commonly calcite (see above) or dolomite. In Geology, the term marble refers to metamorphosed limestone. The Taj Mahal in the Indian city of Agra is entirely clad in marble.I was amazed to find that the limestone in the Taj Mahal structure is so transparent, the interior of this architectural masterpiece is “illuminated.”
Igneous rock is formed through the cooling and solidification of lava (or magma) from vo ...
CHE 102 LECTURE 7 FOSSIL FUELSAn oil refinery or petrole.docxbissacr
CHE 102: LECTURE 7 FOSSIL FUELS
An oil refinery or petroleum refinery is an industrial plant where crude oil is transformed and refined into more useful products such as gasoline, diesel fuel, jet fuel, naptha, asphalt, heating oil, kerosene, liquefied petroleum gas, and fuel oils.
Oil, coal, natural gas and other fossil fuels are called "fossil" because these fuels are the preserved carbon-hydrogen remnants of ancient life. Coal is formed from plants that decomposed and accumulated in ancient swamps.
EXAMPLES: Fossil Fuels:
Coal: Coal is the primary fuel for the production of electricity and is responsible for about 40% of the electric power supply in the United States.
Oil: Oil is the primary source for the world's transportation.
Natural Gas: About 27% of U.S. energy is fueled by natural gas. Natural gas is the cleanest burning fossil fuel.
CHEMISTRY: fossil fuel combustion.
One molecule of methane, combined with two oxygen molecules, react to form a carbon dioxide molecule, and two water molecules (usually given off as steam or water vapor) releasing energy. See Lecture 3 and figure below.
COAL
Coal is a combustible black or brownish-black sedimentary rock usually occurring in rock strata in layers or veins called coal beds or coal seams. The harder forms, such as anthracite coal, can be regarded as metamorphic rock because of later exposure to elevated temperature and pressure.
NOTE: Geologists classify rocks into three main rock types. Rocks are either a single mineral or a combinations of minerals.
Sedimentary rocks are a type of rock that formed by the accumulation or deposition of small particles (minerals or organic matter) at the Earth’s surface, subsequently followed by their cementation on the floor of oceans or other bodies of water. Examples: sandstone, limestone (see below).
Limestone is a carbonate sedimentary rock that is often composed of the skeletal fragments of marine organisms such as coral, foraminifera, and molluscs. Its major materials are the minerals calcite (CaCO3).
and aragonite,
which are different crystal forms of calcium carbonate (CaCO3).
Metamorphic rocks arise from the transformation of existing rock types, in a process called metamorphism, which means "change in form". The original rock is subjected to heat and pressure, causing profound physical or chemical changes. The precursor may be a sedimentary, igneous, or existing metamorphic rock. Examples: slate, marble.
Marble is a metamorphic rock composed of recrystallized carbonate minerals, most commonly calcite (see above) or dolomite. In Geology, the term marble refers to metamorphosed limestone. The Taj Mahal in the Indian city of Agra is entirely clad in marble.I was amazed to find that the limestone in the Taj Mahal structure is so transparent, the interior of this architectural masterpiece is “illuminated.”
Igneous rock is formed through the cooling and solidification of lava (or magma) from vo.
Energy Efficiency in Thermal Utilities
Fuels and Combustion: Introduction to fuels, properties of fuel oil, coal
and gas, storage, handling and preparation of fuels, principles of
combustion, proximate and ultimate analysis, calorific values,
gasification, composition of coal.
Steam System: Properties of steam, assessment of steam distribution
losses, steam leakages, steam trapping, condensate and flash steam
recovery system, identifying opportunities for energy savings.
Insulation and Refractories: Insulation-types and application, economic
thickness of insulation, heat savings and application criteria, Refractory types, selection and application of refractories, heat loss.
Waste Heat Recovery: Classification, advantages and applications,
commercially viable waste heat recovery devices, saving potential.
1. Fossil Fuels Coal Coal Seam in Independence Park in Marquette Heights, IL . Power Lines from Coal Burning Power Plant in Pekin, IL
2. Coal is cheap, plentiful and dirty -- as cheap as dirt, as plentiful as dirt, and as dirty as dirt -- since after all, coal is little more than dirt that burns.
11. Ranks of Coal Lignite Subbituminous Bituminous Anthracite Time of Formation 7000 BTU/lb 9,000 BTU/lb 12,000 BTU/lb 15,000 BTU/lb Low T, P High T, P Formation Conditions Lowest Grade U.S. Coal Highest Grade U.S. Coal % C
