Restorative neurology http://yassermetwally.com http://yassermetwally.net

1. بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم

2. restorative neurology Essay Submitted of Partial Fulfillment of Master Degree In Neuropsychiatry By Samy Moussa Selim Under Supervision of Prof. Dr./ Mohamed Yasser Metwally Professor of Neuropsychiatry www.yassermetwally.com Prof. Dr./ Naglaa Mohamed El-Khayat Professor of Neuropsychiatry Dr./ Haitham Hamdy Salem Lecturer of Neuropsychiatry Faculty of Medicine Ain Shams University 2011

4. The stem cells are progenitor cells that have the ability for generation and cell division & renewal (Metwally, 2009) . The stem cells are divided into two main types Adult Stem Cells Embryonic Stem Cells

5. Embryonic Stem Cells Embryonic Stem Cells (ESCs) were discovered by the early work of Kleinsmith and Pierce (1964). They are derived from the Inner Cell Mass (ICM) of cultured blastocyst stage embryos (Aoki et al., 2007) .

9. Adult Stem Cells Somatic stem cells are the building blocks of organ They are undifferentiated cells found among differentiated cells in an organ & can differentiate to maintain and repair the tissue in which they are found (Joanna et al., 2009).

13. Bone marrow stromal cells (BMSC). These cells were discovered by Friedenstein, et al. (1968) they can easily be obtained following a simple bone marrow aspiration procedure. They can give rise to a variety of cell types: Bone cells (Osteocytes), Cartilage cells (Chondrocytes), Fat cells (Adipocytes), and other kinds of connective tissue cells such as those in tendons (Svendsen and Ebert, 2008).

19. Stroke at present is the third leading cause of death and the most common cause of serious adult disability in the United States The role of neural stem cells in stroke: 1) proliferation either symmetrical (2 stem cells) or asymmetrical (1 stem or progenitor cell). A plethora of growth factors are expressed by the ischemic tissue may be responsible for neurgenesis; 2) migration ischemia induce the migration of neuroblasts into the striatum and cerebral cortex 3) can be differentiated into neurons, astrocytes, and oligodenderocytes (caplan, 2011).

22. The aim of stem cell therapy in HD is the use of growth factors or transplanted cells to protect the neurons susceptible to disease and/or death stem cells release neuroprotective trophic factors such as brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) and glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) (Johann et al., 2007).

23. Amytrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), also known as Lon Ghring’s disease, is a progressive disease that manifests as a gradual evolution and spread of weakness and wasting of affected patient’s muscles. It leads to disfunction, disability, and ultimately death or chronic ventilator dependency Stem cells could help patients with ALS by its differentiation into lower motor neurons in order to replace those neurons that die (Crosta, 2010).

26. Cerebral palsy is defined as a persistent disorder of movement and posture caused by non-progressive defects or lesions of the immature brain, Umbilical cord derived stem cells have the ability to help repair the entire system by: 1) stimulating angiogenesis; 2) repairing the white matter through production of glial cells 3)repairing of grey matter through the stimulation of growth factors and neurogenesis; 4) dividing into new neurons; 5) strengthening of muscle tissue; and 6) improving immune function (Battler and Leor, 2006).

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