Embryonic Stem Cells (ESCs)
– Derived from the blastocyst of a 5 day-old embryo
– Are pluripotent, i.e., they can differentiate into almost any cell type in the body (primary-like cells)
– Can renew themselves indefinitely
Adult Stem Cells (e.g. MSCs, NSCs, ADSCs)
– Isolated from adult tissues, organs or blood, cord blood, etc.
– Are multipotent – i.e., can give rise to a number of related cell types
– Can renew themselves a number of times but not indefinitely
Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (iPS Cells)
Somatic cells can be reprogrammed to form pluripotent stem cells called induced pluripotential stem cells (iPS cell).
This document summarizes stem cell basics. It defines stem cells as unspecialized cells that can renew themselves and differentiate into specialized cell types. There are several types of stem cells including embryonic, adult, fetal and induced pluripotent stem cells. The unique properties of all stem cells are their ability to divide, renew themselves and differentiate. Potential uses of stem cells include testing new drugs, generating cells and tissues for therapies, and developing a renewable source of cells and tissues for transplant. However, significant challenges remain to safely and effectively use stem cells for therapies.
Stem cells are the promising cells that are capable to differentiate into any deserved cell type. By using stem cells we can generate tissues and even organs that can be used in multiple disciplines as drug testing, as a source used for organ transplantation...etc.
1.Introduction
2. Stem cell history
3.Why are stem cell important?
4.Classification of stem cell
5.Culturing stem cells embryonic
6.Bone marrow
7.Umbilical Human cord culture.
8.Media that are used
9.Applications
10.Conclusion
11.References.
Adult stem cells are undifferentiated cells found in tissues and organs that can renew themselves and differentiate into specialized cell types. They help maintain homeostasis by replacing old or damaged cells through regeneration. When activated, adult stem cells divide asymmetrically to both self-renew and produce progenitor cells that differentiate into target cell types. Different types of adult stem cells exist in tissues like bone marrow, brain, skin, and muscle. Clinical trials study the safety and efficacy of potential stem cell therapies for diseases. While stem cell tourism offers experimental treatments, national regulatory processes provide oversight of legitimate therapies.
Stem cells can differentiate into many specialized cell types and can divide to produce more stem cells. The main types are embryonic, adult, and induced pluripotent stem cells. Embryonic stem cells are derived from the inner cell mass of blastocysts and are pluripotent, while adult stem cells are tissue-specific and multipotent. In 2007, induced pluripotent stem cells were discovered whereby adult cells can be reprogrammed into pluripotent stem cells. Stem cell research continues to provide potential treatments for diseases.
Stem cells
Undifferentiated cells capable of self-renew and to differentiate into different cell types or tissues during embryonic development and throughout adulthood.
Have possibility to become a specialised cell.
Have the ability to divide continuously and develop into various other kinds of cells.
Have immune potential and can help to treat a wide range of medical problems.
Discovery of stem cells lead to a whole new branch of medicine known as Regenerative medicine.
At the end of the session the students should be able to:
Define stem cells and list their sources
Discuss the role of stem cells in health
Describe the clinical applications of stem cells.
Embryonic Stem Cells (ESCs)
– Derived from the blastocyst of a 5 day-old embryo
– Are pluripotent, i.e., they can differentiate into almost any cell type in the body (primary-like cells)
– Can renew themselves indefinitely
Adult Stem Cells (e.g. MSCs, NSCs, ADSCs)
– Isolated from adult tissues, organs or blood, cord blood, etc.
– Are multipotent – i.e., can give rise to a number of related cell types
– Can renew themselves a number of times but not indefinitely
Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (iPS Cells)
Somatic cells can be reprogrammed to form pluripotent stem cells called induced pluripotential stem cells (iPS cell).
This document summarizes stem cell basics. It defines stem cells as unspecialized cells that can renew themselves and differentiate into specialized cell types. There are several types of stem cells including embryonic, adult, fetal and induced pluripotent stem cells. The unique properties of all stem cells are their ability to divide, renew themselves and differentiate. Potential uses of stem cells include testing new drugs, generating cells and tissues for therapies, and developing a renewable source of cells and tissues for transplant. However, significant challenges remain to safely and effectively use stem cells for therapies.
Stem cells are the promising cells that are capable to differentiate into any deserved cell type. By using stem cells we can generate tissues and even organs that can be used in multiple disciplines as drug testing, as a source used for organ transplantation...etc.
1.Introduction
2. Stem cell history
3.Why are stem cell important?
4.Classification of stem cell
5.Culturing stem cells embryonic
6.Bone marrow
7.Umbilical Human cord culture.
8.Media that are used
9.Applications
10.Conclusion
11.References.
Adult stem cells are undifferentiated cells found in tissues and organs that can renew themselves and differentiate into specialized cell types. They help maintain homeostasis by replacing old or damaged cells through regeneration. When activated, adult stem cells divide asymmetrically to both self-renew and produce progenitor cells that differentiate into target cell types. Different types of adult stem cells exist in tissues like bone marrow, brain, skin, and muscle. Clinical trials study the safety and efficacy of potential stem cell therapies for diseases. While stem cell tourism offers experimental treatments, national regulatory processes provide oversight of legitimate therapies.
Stem cells can differentiate into many specialized cell types and can divide to produce more stem cells. The main types are embryonic, adult, and induced pluripotent stem cells. Embryonic stem cells are derived from the inner cell mass of blastocysts and are pluripotent, while adult stem cells are tissue-specific and multipotent. In 2007, induced pluripotent stem cells were discovered whereby adult cells can be reprogrammed into pluripotent stem cells. Stem cell research continues to provide potential treatments for diseases.
Stem cells
Undifferentiated cells capable of self-renew and to differentiate into different cell types or tissues during embryonic development and throughout adulthood.
Have possibility to become a specialised cell.
Have the ability to divide continuously and develop into various other kinds of cells.
Have immune potential and can help to treat a wide range of medical problems.
Discovery of stem cells lead to a whole new branch of medicine known as Regenerative medicine.
At the end of the session the students should be able to:
Define stem cells and list their sources
Discuss the role of stem cells in health
Describe the clinical applications of stem cells.
This document discusses the history and potential applications of stem cell research. It begins with a timeline of important developments in stem cell research from 1998 to 2004. It then defines stem cells as unspecialized cells that can divide and differentiate into other cell types. The document outlines the main types of stem cells: embryonic, adult, and induced pluripotent stem cells. It provides examples of how stem cells may be used to treat diseases like cancer, diabetes, and heart disease. The document concludes by discussing the technical challenges of stem cell research and the ethical controversies surrounding the use of embryonic stem cells.
Stem cells are cells that can differentiate into other types of cells and can self-renew to produce more stem cells. There are two main types: embryonic stem cells, which are pluripotent and derived from early-stage embryos, and adult stem cells, which are multipotent and found in adult tissues. Stem cells may be useful for regenerative medicine applications like treating diseases but their research and use is also ethically debated.
Stem cells are unspecialized cells that can differentiate into diverse specialized cell types and can self-renew to produce more stem cells. There are several types of stem cells including totipotent stem cells found in early embryos that can differentiate into any cell type, pluripotent stem cells like embryonic stem cells that can differentiate into any cell type but not extraembryonic tissues, and multipotent adult stem cells that reside in tissues and can differentiate into a limited number of closely related cell types to replace damaged cells. Stem cell potency refers to the differentiation potential of the cell with totipotent stem cells having the greatest potential and unipotent stem cells the lowest.
STEM CELLS ARE THE UNDIFFERENTIATED CELLS LATER THEIR DIFFERENTIATION TAKES PLACE WHICH LET THEM TO CONVERT INTO SPECIALIZED CELLS CALLED AS STEM CELLS.
Stem cells are special human cells that have the ability to develop into many different cell types, from muscle cells to brain cells. In some cases, they also have the ability to repair damaged tissues.
This document discusses how cells differentiate and become specialized. It explains that stem cells have "superpowers" that allow them to develop into different cell types like blood cells, skin cells, and nerve cells. The lesson demonstrates cell differentiation, assigns students specialized cell types, and has them research the specific jobs of their cell to learn how cells develop specialized functions.
This document discusses stem cells, their proliferation and maintenance. It defines stem cells as undifferentiated cells with the potential to become other cell types. Stem cells proliferate through cell division to replenish dying cells and may be used in regenerative medicine. They are maintained through culture on feeder cells or specialized media, requiring daily maintenance like feeding and splitting. Stem cell proliferation and self-renewal are controlled by growth factors and signaling molecules.
Cells are the basic units of life and come in two main types - prokaryotic and eukaryotic. Prokaryotic cells lack a nucleus and organelles, while eukaryotic cells have a nucleus surrounded by a membrane and membrane-bound organelles. Organelles such as the nucleus, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi complex, lysosomes, vacuoles, chloroplasts and cell wall allow cells to carry out essential functions of life like metabolism, transport, waste removal and photosynthesis. The document outlines the key structures and functions of organelles in plant and animal cells.
This document discusses cell structure and function. It describes that cells are the basic units of all living things and vary in shape, size and content depending on their function. The key parts of animal and plant cells are then outlined, including the nucleus, cytoplasm, cell membrane, chloroplasts, cell wall and other organelles. The functions of these structures are explained. In particular, it notes that plant cells have chloroplasts and a cell wall while animal cells do not.
Animal cells lack cell walls and chloroplasts. They contain organelles such as a nucleus that houses DNA, mitochondria that generate energy, rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum that produce proteins and membranes, vacuoles that export waste, and ribosomes that synthesize proteins. The cell membrane encloses the cell and controls what enters and exits, while the cytoplasm contains water and proteins and is where cellular activities occur.
This document summarizes the structure and function of several key cell types:
- Red blood cells carry oxygen and carbon dioxide throughout the body, have hemoglobin and lack a nucleus.
- Nerve cells have long branches to connect to other cells and transmit nerve impulses through the body.
- Sperm cells carry male DNA with a tail to swim and fertilize eggs in the female.
- Root hair cells absorb water and minerals from soil using a large surface area and thin cell walls.
- Palisade cells in leaves have many chloroplasts and a tall shape to perform photosynthesis.
- Ciliated cells line air passages and sweep mucus and debris up the throat using tiny hairs called
This document provides an overview of cell anatomy and structure. It discusses that cells are the basic building blocks of life and carry out all chemical activities needed to sustain life. The document then describes the general structure of cells, including the nucleus that contains genetic material, the cytoplasm outside the nucleus, and the plasma membrane surrounding the cell. It provides details on the structures and functions of the nucleus, nucleoli, chromatin, cytoplasm, cytoplasmic organelles like ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, peroxisomes, mitochondria, and cytoskeleton. The document also briefly mentions cellular projections like cilia and flagella that some cells use for movement.
Eukaryotic cells are larger and more complex than prokaryotic cells, containing membrane-bound organelles and a nucleus. Key structures include a cell membrane and cytoplasm, as well as organelles like the endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, plastids, flagella, and cilia. Eukaryotic cells reproduce through both asexual and sexual means, with sexual reproduction involving meiosis to produce daughter cells with half the number of chromosomes.
Specialized cells in plants and animals have unique structures and functions. The document discusses several types of specialized cells including red blood cells, white blood cells, nerve cells, muscle cells, sperm cells, egg cells, root hair cells, palisade cells, and xylem cells. Red blood cells carry oxygen throughout the body while white blood cells protect the body by killing bacteria. Nerve cells carry electrical signals and coordinate functions. Muscle cells allow movement by contracting. Sperm and egg cells are reproductive cells that combine during fertilization. Root hair cells absorb water and minerals in plant roots. Palisade cells contain chloroplasts to perform photosynthesis. Xylem cells transport water and provide structure in plant stems.
Plant cells are typically rectangular in shape with a large, permanent vacuole and cell wall made of cellulose. They contain plastids like chloroplasts and have fewer mitochondria than animal cells. Plant cells divide using a cell plate, while animal cells are spherical, have a small temporary vacuole, lack plastids and a cell wall, and divide using a furrow with centrosomes aiding the process.
This document discusses different types of specialized cells and their functions. It provides examples of:
- Red blood cells that transport oxygen using hemoglobin.
- Ciliated cells in the lungs that move mucus and trapped particles away from the lungs using cilia.
- Root hair cells that absorb water and minerals from soil through their large surface area and semi-permeable cell membranes.
- Xylem vessels that transport water and dissolved minerals throughout plants in a continuous flow through hollow, reinforced tubes.
- Nerve cells that transmit electrical impulses along their long, branched structures to connect and communicate between different parts of the body.
1. Cells are the basic units of organisms and come in two main types - plant and animal cells.
2. Plant cells have a cell wall, chloroplasts, and a large central vacuole, while animal cells lack these features.
3. Cells are organized into tissues, organs, and systems to carry out specialized functions essential for life.
The document describes the structures and functions of several types of cells:
- Red blood cells carry oxygen from the lungs to the body and carbon dioxide from the body back to the lungs. They are large with hemoglobin and no nucleus.
- White blood cells defend the body by finding and destroying bacteria and other pathogens.
- Nerve cells transmit nerve impulses through branched extensions covered in a fatty sheath.
- Sperm cells carry male genetic material and have a tail for swimming to find an egg.
- Root hair cells absorb water and minerals from soil using their large surface area and thin walls. They lack chloroplasts.
- Palisade cells in leaves perform photosynthesis using their tall shape
This document discusses cell structure and specialization. It defines cells as the basic unit of life and identifies their main parts as the nucleus, cytoplasm and cell membrane. The document explains that while all cells share these basic components, they come in many shapes and forms due to specialization. Specialized cells take on specific functions like transporting oxygen (red blood cells), movement (muscle cells), and defense (white blood cells). The adaptive features of different cell types allow organisms to carry out vital processes through systems of specialized cell types working together.
1. The document describes a cell poster project where students will draw and label three different cell types - a prokaryotic cell, animal cell, and plant cell. They will show the structures common and different between the cells and describe the functions.
2. The structures that will be drawn and labeled for each cell include organelles like the cell membrane, nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplasts, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, vacuoles, and cell wall.
3. Students will compare the cells in a table and describe the functions of the shared and different organelle structures.
This document provides an overview of stem cell therapy. It defines stem cells as cells that can continuously divide and differentiate into other cell types. The key properties of stem cells are self-renewal and the ability to become specialized. There are several types of stem cells including totipotent, pluripotent, multipotent, oligopotent and unipotent cells. The document also describes different sources of human stem cells such as umbilical cord, amniotic fluid, fetal tissue, and embryonic and adult tissues. It discusses applications of stem cell therapy and challenges to stem cell research.
Stem cells are unspecialized cells that can differentiate into specialized cell types. There are several sources of stem cells including embryonic stem cells derived from early stage embryos, adult stem cells found in adult tissues, and fetal stem cells from fetuses. Stem cells are categorized by their potency, or ability to differentiate, with totipotent stem cells able to differentiate into all cell types and unipotent stem cells only able to produce their own cell type. Stem cell therapy works by transplanting stem cells into injured tissues where they receive signals to differentiate into the needed cell types to repair damage. Potential applications of stem cell therapy include treating diseases like diabetes, Parkinson's, and brain injuries.
This document discusses the history and potential applications of stem cell research. It begins with a timeline of important developments in stem cell research from 1998 to 2004. It then defines stem cells as unspecialized cells that can divide and differentiate into other cell types. The document outlines the main types of stem cells: embryonic, adult, and induced pluripotent stem cells. It provides examples of how stem cells may be used to treat diseases like cancer, diabetes, and heart disease. The document concludes by discussing the technical challenges of stem cell research and the ethical controversies surrounding the use of embryonic stem cells.
Stem cells are cells that can differentiate into other types of cells and can self-renew to produce more stem cells. There are two main types: embryonic stem cells, which are pluripotent and derived from early-stage embryos, and adult stem cells, which are multipotent and found in adult tissues. Stem cells may be useful for regenerative medicine applications like treating diseases but their research and use is also ethically debated.
Stem cells are unspecialized cells that can differentiate into diverse specialized cell types and can self-renew to produce more stem cells. There are several types of stem cells including totipotent stem cells found in early embryos that can differentiate into any cell type, pluripotent stem cells like embryonic stem cells that can differentiate into any cell type but not extraembryonic tissues, and multipotent adult stem cells that reside in tissues and can differentiate into a limited number of closely related cell types to replace damaged cells. Stem cell potency refers to the differentiation potential of the cell with totipotent stem cells having the greatest potential and unipotent stem cells the lowest.
STEM CELLS ARE THE UNDIFFERENTIATED CELLS LATER THEIR DIFFERENTIATION TAKES PLACE WHICH LET THEM TO CONVERT INTO SPECIALIZED CELLS CALLED AS STEM CELLS.
Stem cells are special human cells that have the ability to develop into many different cell types, from muscle cells to brain cells. In some cases, they also have the ability to repair damaged tissues.
This document discusses how cells differentiate and become specialized. It explains that stem cells have "superpowers" that allow them to develop into different cell types like blood cells, skin cells, and nerve cells. The lesson demonstrates cell differentiation, assigns students specialized cell types, and has them research the specific jobs of their cell to learn how cells develop specialized functions.
This document discusses stem cells, their proliferation and maintenance. It defines stem cells as undifferentiated cells with the potential to become other cell types. Stem cells proliferate through cell division to replenish dying cells and may be used in regenerative medicine. They are maintained through culture on feeder cells or specialized media, requiring daily maintenance like feeding and splitting. Stem cell proliferation and self-renewal are controlled by growth factors and signaling molecules.
Cells are the basic units of life and come in two main types - prokaryotic and eukaryotic. Prokaryotic cells lack a nucleus and organelles, while eukaryotic cells have a nucleus surrounded by a membrane and membrane-bound organelles. Organelles such as the nucleus, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi complex, lysosomes, vacuoles, chloroplasts and cell wall allow cells to carry out essential functions of life like metabolism, transport, waste removal and photosynthesis. The document outlines the key structures and functions of organelles in plant and animal cells.
This document discusses cell structure and function. It describes that cells are the basic units of all living things and vary in shape, size and content depending on their function. The key parts of animal and plant cells are then outlined, including the nucleus, cytoplasm, cell membrane, chloroplasts, cell wall and other organelles. The functions of these structures are explained. In particular, it notes that plant cells have chloroplasts and a cell wall while animal cells do not.
Animal cells lack cell walls and chloroplasts. They contain organelles such as a nucleus that houses DNA, mitochondria that generate energy, rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum that produce proteins and membranes, vacuoles that export waste, and ribosomes that synthesize proteins. The cell membrane encloses the cell and controls what enters and exits, while the cytoplasm contains water and proteins and is where cellular activities occur.
This document summarizes the structure and function of several key cell types:
- Red blood cells carry oxygen and carbon dioxide throughout the body, have hemoglobin and lack a nucleus.
- Nerve cells have long branches to connect to other cells and transmit nerve impulses through the body.
- Sperm cells carry male DNA with a tail to swim and fertilize eggs in the female.
- Root hair cells absorb water and minerals from soil using a large surface area and thin cell walls.
- Palisade cells in leaves have many chloroplasts and a tall shape to perform photosynthesis.
- Ciliated cells line air passages and sweep mucus and debris up the throat using tiny hairs called
This document provides an overview of cell anatomy and structure. It discusses that cells are the basic building blocks of life and carry out all chemical activities needed to sustain life. The document then describes the general structure of cells, including the nucleus that contains genetic material, the cytoplasm outside the nucleus, and the plasma membrane surrounding the cell. It provides details on the structures and functions of the nucleus, nucleoli, chromatin, cytoplasm, cytoplasmic organelles like ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, peroxisomes, mitochondria, and cytoskeleton. The document also briefly mentions cellular projections like cilia and flagella that some cells use for movement.
Eukaryotic cells are larger and more complex than prokaryotic cells, containing membrane-bound organelles and a nucleus. Key structures include a cell membrane and cytoplasm, as well as organelles like the endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, plastids, flagella, and cilia. Eukaryotic cells reproduce through both asexual and sexual means, with sexual reproduction involving meiosis to produce daughter cells with half the number of chromosomes.
Specialized cells in plants and animals have unique structures and functions. The document discusses several types of specialized cells including red blood cells, white blood cells, nerve cells, muscle cells, sperm cells, egg cells, root hair cells, palisade cells, and xylem cells. Red blood cells carry oxygen throughout the body while white blood cells protect the body by killing bacteria. Nerve cells carry electrical signals and coordinate functions. Muscle cells allow movement by contracting. Sperm and egg cells are reproductive cells that combine during fertilization. Root hair cells absorb water and minerals in plant roots. Palisade cells contain chloroplasts to perform photosynthesis. Xylem cells transport water and provide structure in plant stems.
Plant cells are typically rectangular in shape with a large, permanent vacuole and cell wall made of cellulose. They contain plastids like chloroplasts and have fewer mitochondria than animal cells. Plant cells divide using a cell plate, while animal cells are spherical, have a small temporary vacuole, lack plastids and a cell wall, and divide using a furrow with centrosomes aiding the process.
This document discusses different types of specialized cells and their functions. It provides examples of:
- Red blood cells that transport oxygen using hemoglobin.
- Ciliated cells in the lungs that move mucus and trapped particles away from the lungs using cilia.
- Root hair cells that absorb water and minerals from soil through their large surface area and semi-permeable cell membranes.
- Xylem vessels that transport water and dissolved minerals throughout plants in a continuous flow through hollow, reinforced tubes.
- Nerve cells that transmit electrical impulses along their long, branched structures to connect and communicate between different parts of the body.
1. Cells are the basic units of organisms and come in two main types - plant and animal cells.
2. Plant cells have a cell wall, chloroplasts, and a large central vacuole, while animal cells lack these features.
3. Cells are organized into tissues, organs, and systems to carry out specialized functions essential for life.
The document describes the structures and functions of several types of cells:
- Red blood cells carry oxygen from the lungs to the body and carbon dioxide from the body back to the lungs. They are large with hemoglobin and no nucleus.
- White blood cells defend the body by finding and destroying bacteria and other pathogens.
- Nerve cells transmit nerve impulses through branched extensions covered in a fatty sheath.
- Sperm cells carry male genetic material and have a tail for swimming to find an egg.
- Root hair cells absorb water and minerals from soil using their large surface area and thin walls. They lack chloroplasts.
- Palisade cells in leaves perform photosynthesis using their tall shape
This document discusses cell structure and specialization. It defines cells as the basic unit of life and identifies their main parts as the nucleus, cytoplasm and cell membrane. The document explains that while all cells share these basic components, they come in many shapes and forms due to specialization. Specialized cells take on specific functions like transporting oxygen (red blood cells), movement (muscle cells), and defense (white blood cells). The adaptive features of different cell types allow organisms to carry out vital processes through systems of specialized cell types working together.
1. The document describes a cell poster project where students will draw and label three different cell types - a prokaryotic cell, animal cell, and plant cell. They will show the structures common and different between the cells and describe the functions.
2. The structures that will be drawn and labeled for each cell include organelles like the cell membrane, nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplasts, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, vacuoles, and cell wall.
3. Students will compare the cells in a table and describe the functions of the shared and different organelle structures.
This document provides an overview of stem cell therapy. It defines stem cells as cells that can continuously divide and differentiate into other cell types. The key properties of stem cells are self-renewal and the ability to become specialized. There are several types of stem cells including totipotent, pluripotent, multipotent, oligopotent and unipotent cells. The document also describes different sources of human stem cells such as umbilical cord, amniotic fluid, fetal tissue, and embryonic and adult tissues. It discusses applications of stem cell therapy and challenges to stem cell research.
Stem cells are unspecialized cells that can differentiate into specialized cell types. There are several sources of stem cells including embryonic stem cells derived from early stage embryos, adult stem cells found in adult tissues, and fetal stem cells from fetuses. Stem cells are categorized by their potency, or ability to differentiate, with totipotent stem cells able to differentiate into all cell types and unipotent stem cells only able to produce their own cell type. Stem cell therapy works by transplanting stem cells into injured tissues where they receive signals to differentiate into the needed cell types to repair damage. Potential applications of stem cell therapy include treating diseases like diabetes, Parkinson's, and brain injuries.
The document discusses stem cells and their potential medical applications. It defines two main types of stem cells - tissue-specific stem cells which are multipotent and can only form certain cell types, and pluripotent stem cells (embryonic and induced pluripotent) which can form any cell type. Tissue-specific stem cells are found throughout the body and already used to treat conditions like leukemia. Pluripotent stem cells have greater potential but also more challenges, as embryonic stem cells require embryo destruction and induced pluripotent stem cells are difficult to create reliably. Overall stem cells may help develop more individualized regenerative and personalized medical treatments.
The complete, compiled presentation on stem cell research. The contents include background history along with the introduction, different stem cell types, cultivation process, stem cell cloning and potential uses, the negative aspects and ethical concerns regarding stem cell therapy. Different examples of the useful work in stem cell therapy field has also been mentioned.
Stem cell therapy involves using stem cells to treat diseases. There are several types of stem cells including embryonic stem cells derived from embryos, adult stem cells found in tissues, and induced pluripotent stem cells created from adult cells. Stem cell therapy works by replacing damaged cells with healthy stem cell-derived cells. It is being used and researched for treating conditions like cancer, diabetes, heart disease, and neurological disorders. However, the use of embryonic stem cells raises some ethical issues as it involves the destruction of embryos.
Stem cells are cells that can replicate themselves while remaining undifferentiated and can differentiate into mature cell types. There are two main types: embryonic stem cells from the inner cell mass of blastocysts and adult stem cells found in tissues. Stem cell research hopes to use these cells to create replacement tissues and organs for diseases. However, there are ethical issues around using embryonic stem cells which require the destruction of embryos. Researchers are exploring alternatives like therapeutic cloning and adult stem cells. If successful, stem cell treatments could help those with conditions like Parkinson's, diabetes, and organ failure.
Stem cell therapy holds promise for treating many incurable diseases by replacing damaged cells. There are various types of stem cells including embryonic, adult, and induced pluripotent stem cells. While embryonic stem cells can differentiate into any cell type, their use is controversial due to requiring embryo destruction. Alternative sources like adult stem cells and iPS cells do not have the same ethical issues but may have limitations. Stem cell research faces challenges like preventing immune rejection and tumor formation but continues to advance regenerative medicine.
Stem cell transplant is a method of replacing immature blood-forming cells in the bone marrow that have been destroyed by drugs, radiation, or disease. Stem cells are injected into the patient and make healthy blood cells. There are two main types of stem cells - embryonic stem cells which are pluripotent and can become any cell type, and adult stem cells which are tissue-specific and multipotent. Stem cells can be collected from bone marrow, peripheral blood, or umbilical cord blood for transplant. The two types of stem cell transplant are autologous, using the patient's own stored stem cells, and allogenic, using stem cells from a donor.
Stem cells have the unique ability to both self-renew and differentiate into specialized cell types. This allows stem cells to play an important role in normal development and tissue repair. There are two main types of stem cells: embryonic stem cells which are pluripotent and can become any cell type, and adult stem cells which are multipotent and usually form cell types of their tissue of origin. Stem cell therapies show promise for treating diseases by replacing damaged cells, though many applications are still experimental. Ethical debates surround the use of embryonic stem cells due to their source as human embryos.
Stem cells have the potential to divide and renew themselves indefinitely, and give rise to specialized cell types. There are two main types of stem cells: embryonic stem cells which are pluripotent and can become any cell type, and adult stem cells which are multipotent and can form a limited number of cell types. Stem cell research offers possibilities for treating diseases such as cancer, heart disease, diabetes, and neurodegenerative disorders through cell therapy and tissue regeneration. However, ethical issues surround the use of embryonic stem cells.
The document discusses stem cell and bone marrow transplantation. It defines stem cells, embryonic stem cells, and adult stem cells. It also defines bone marrow transplantation and describes the different sources of bone marrow stem cells including peripheral blood, bone marrow harvest, and umbilical cord blood. The document outlines the indications for bone marrow stem cell transplantation and the types including autologous and allogeneic transplants. It provides details on the procedures for bone marrow transplantation and post-transplantation care and discusses common side effects.
Stem cells were first extracted from human embryos in 1998 and researchers grew stem cells from embryos using private funding in 2004. There are several types of stem cells including pluripotent stem cells found in early embryos which can form any cell type, and multipotent adult stem cells which are more limited in what cells they can form. Stem cell research is important because stem cells can replace diseased cells and allow the study of development, but the use of embryonic stem cells is controversial because it destroys the early embryo.
Stem cells can be categorized into two major types: embryonic stem cells and adult stem cells. Embryonic stem cells are derived from the inner cell mass of a blastocyst and are pluripotent, while adult stem cells are found in adult tissues and have more limited potential. Stem cells show promise for developing therapies for diseases like Parkinson's disease and diabetes by replacing damaged or defective cells. Stem cell therapies are being tested for conditions such as autoimmune diseases, heart disease, brain injuries, and multiple sclerosis.
This document discusses stem cell research, including:
1) It provides a brief history of stem cell research from 1998-2004, including key discoveries and policy decisions.
2) It defines stem cells and describes their main characteristics of self-renewal and ability to differentiate.
3) It outlines the main types of stem cells - totipotent, pluripotent, multipotent, embryonic, adult, and induced pluripotent stem cells - and examples of each.
4) It discusses some potential applications of stem cell research, including treatment of diseases like diabetes, heart disease, and cancers. However, it also notes there are still technical challenges to overcome.
Repair and regeneration of tissues using stem cellsBhanu Jaseja
Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that can differentiate into specialized cell types and potentially be used to treat diseases. There are two main types of stem cells: embryonic stem cells and adult stem cells. Stem cell therapies show promise for treating conditions like Parkinson's disease, spinal cord injuries, blood disorders, and more. Key factors that must be considered for stem cell therapies include their availability, ability to differentiate, safety, and adherence to manufacturing standards.
Stem cells have the ability to self-renew and differentiate into various cell types. There are two main types: embryonic stem cells which are pluripotent and derived from the inner cell mass of blastocysts, and adult stem cells which are multipotent and found in adult tissues. Induced pluripotent stem cells are generated by reprogramming adult cells using transcription factors and have properties similar to embryonic stem cells but avoid the ethical issues of embryo destruction. While stem cells have potential for regenerative medicine, further research is needed to address challenges such as low reprogramming efficiency and potential tumor formation.
Stem cells are defined as cells that can renew themselves and differentiate into other cell types. They can be isolated from embryos, umbilical cord, and adult bone marrow. Stem cells have the potential to divide indefinitely and the ability to become specialized cells through developmental plasticity. Research on stem cells is showing promising results for treating diseases like heart disease and cancer. Stem cells can be totipotent, pluripotent, multipotent, or unipotent depending on their differentiation potential.
This document summarizes key information about stem cells. It discusses that stem cells are unspecialized cells that can differentiate into specialized cells and have the ability to self-renew. There are several types of stem cells including totipotent stem cells found in fertilized eggs, pluripotent stem cells found in early embryos, and multipotent stem cells found in adult tissues. The document also discusses the unique properties of stem cells and provides examples of how stem cells may be used for research, regenerative medicine, and cell-based therapies to treat conditions such as diabetes, Parkinson's disease, and spinal cord injuries.
Stem cells have the ability to differentiate into various cell types and can help treat many medical conditions. There are two main types - embryonic stem cells which are pluripotent and can form nearly every cell type, and adult stem cells which are multipotent and usually form a limited number of cell types. Recent research has shown that mature cells can be reprogrammed into pluripotent stem cells through nuclear transfer or the introduction of specific factors. This opens up new possibilities for regenerative medicine and treating diseases.
The document discusses selectable marker genes that are commonly used in plant transformation systems. Selectable marker genes are included in transformation vectors along with the target gene of interest. They confer resistance to transformed cells when grown on media containing toxic substances like antibiotics, herbicides, or antimetabolites. This allows transformed cells to survive while non-transformed cells die. There are three main categories of selectable marker genes: antibiotic resistance genes, antimetabolite marker genes, and herbicide resistance genes. Common examples of genes used include nptII for kanamycin resistance, pat/bar for phosphinothricin/glufosinate resistance, and epsps/aroA for glyphosate resistance.
This document discusses the essential components and formulation of microbial growth media. An ideal media provides nutrients for microbial growth and metabolite production while being non-toxic, avoiding foaming, and allowing for easy product recovery. Key components include a carbon source, nitrogen source, minerals, buffers, and sometimes precursors. Common carbon sources are saccharine materials like molasses, starchy materials, cellulosic wastes, and hydrocarbons. Media can be natural using agricultural byproducts or synthetic using purified compounds. Proper media formulation is important for successful experiments, processes, and economical production.
This document provides an overview of genome sequencing. It discusses that genome sequencing involves revealing the order of bases in an entire genome rather than sequencing genes one by one. Several methods of genome sequencing are described, including Sanger sequencing, automated sequencing, and ABE. Sanger sequencing was an early method that involved chain termination with dye-labeled dideoxynucleotides. Automated sequencing improved on this by running multiple reactions simultaneously in a single tube. Genome sequencing provides a wealth of genetic information and helps understand gene functions and interactions on a full genomic scale.
Lifestyle diseases are chronic non-communicable diseases that are primarily caused by modifiable behavioral risk factors like unhealthy diet, physical inactivity, tobacco and alcohol use. Some of the major lifestyle diseases include cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, cancer, and chronic respiratory diseases. Controlling behavioral risk factors through a healthy diet, exercise, avoiding tobacco and alcohol is key to preventing and managing lifestyle diseases. A comprehensive multi-sectoral approach involving healthcare, education, and policy can help minimize risk factors and ensure early detection and treatment of lifestyle diseases.
Lipofection is a chemical transfection method that uses liposomes to introduce nucleic acids into cells. Liposomes are lipid vesicles that can fuse with cell membranes and release their contents. In lipofection, nucleic acids bind to cationic liposomes to form lipoplexes, which are taken up by cells via endocytosis. Once inside endosomes, the lipoplexes destabilize the endosomal membranes through their cationic properties, allowing the nucleic acids to enter the cytoplasm and be expressed. Calcium chloride transformation is a common method for transforming competent bacterial cells with plasmid DNA. It involves treating cells with calcium chloride to increase membrane permeability, then exposing the cells to plasmid DNA and subjecting them to a heat shock to facilitate
Sickle cell anemia is a genetic blood disorder caused by a mutation in the beta-globin gene that results in abnormal hemoglobin. The red blood cells take on a sickle shape, which can cause them to block small blood vessels and obstruct blood flow. This document discusses the inheritance pattern, genetics, mechanism of sickling, signs and symptoms, complications, diagnosis, and treatment of sickle cell anemia. Treatment aims to prevent crises and complications through medications, blood transfusions, and potentially a bone marrow transplant to cure the disease.
The use of Nauplii and metanauplii artemia in aquaculture (brine shrimp).pptxMAGOTI ERNEST
Although Artemia has been known to man for centuries, its use as a food for the culture of larval organisms apparently began only in the 1930s, when several investigators found that it made an excellent food for newly hatched fish larvae (Litvinenko et al., 2023). As aquaculture developed in the 1960s and ‘70s, the use of Artemia also became more widespread, due both to its convenience and to its nutritional value for larval organisms (Arenas-Pardo et al., 2024). The fact that Artemia dormant cysts can be stored for long periods in cans, and then used as an off-the-shelf food requiring only 24 h of incubation makes them the most convenient, least labor-intensive, live food available for aquaculture (Sorgeloos & Roubach, 2021). The nutritional value of Artemia, especially for marine organisms, is not constant, but varies both geographically and temporally. During the last decade, however, both the causes of Artemia nutritional variability and methods to improve poorquality Artemia have been identified (Loufi et al., 2024).
Brine shrimp (Artemia spp.) are used in marine aquaculture worldwide. Annually, more than 2,000 metric tons of dry cysts are used for cultivation of fish, crustacean, and shellfish larva. Brine shrimp are important to aquaculture because newly hatched brine shrimp nauplii (larvae) provide a food source for many fish fry (Mozanzadeh et al., 2021). Culture and harvesting of brine shrimp eggs represents another aspect of the aquaculture industry. Nauplii and metanauplii of Artemia, commonly known as brine shrimp, play a crucial role in aquaculture due to their nutritional value and suitability as live feed for many aquatic species, particularly in larval stages (Sorgeloos & Roubach, 2021).
Phenomics assisted breeding in crop improvementIshaGoswami9
As the population is increasing and will reach about 9 billion upto 2050. Also due to climate change, it is difficult to meet the food requirement of such a large population. Facing the challenges presented by resource shortages, climate
change, and increasing global population, crop yield and quality need to be improved in a sustainable way over the coming decades. Genetic improvement by breeding is the best way to increase crop productivity. With the rapid progression of functional
genomics, an increasing number of crop genomes have been sequenced and dozens of genes influencing key agronomic traits have been identified. However, current genome sequence information has not been adequately exploited for understanding
the complex characteristics of multiple gene, owing to a lack of crop phenotypic data. Efficient, automatic, and accurate technologies and platforms that can capture phenotypic data that can
be linked to genomics information for crop improvement at all growth stages have become as important as genotyping. Thus,
high-throughput phenotyping has become the major bottleneck restricting crop breeding. Plant phenomics has been defined as the high-throughput, accurate acquisition and analysis of multi-dimensional phenotypes
during crop growing stages at the organism level, including the cell, tissue, organ, individual plant, plot, and field levels. With the rapid development of novel sensors, imaging technology,
and analysis methods, numerous infrastructure platforms have been developed for phenotyping.
ESR spectroscopy in liquid food and beverages.pptxPRIYANKA PATEL
With increasing population, people need to rely on packaged food stuffs. Packaging of food materials requires the preservation of food. There are various methods for the treatment of food to preserve them and irradiation treatment of food is one of them. It is the most common and the most harmless method for the food preservation as it does not alter the necessary micronutrients of food materials. Although irradiated food doesn’t cause any harm to the human health but still the quality assessment of food is required to provide consumers with necessary information about the food. ESR spectroscopy is the most sophisticated way to investigate the quality of the food and the free radicals induced during the processing of the food. ESR spin trapping technique is useful for the detection of highly unstable radicals in the food. The antioxidant capability of liquid food and beverages in mainly performed by spin trapping technique.
The binding of cosmological structures by massless topological defectsSérgio Sacani
Assuming spherical symmetry and weak field, it is shown that if one solves the Poisson equation or the Einstein field
equations sourced by a topological defect, i.e. a singularity of a very specific form, the result is a localized gravitational
field capable of driving flat rotation (i.e. Keplerian circular orbits at a constant speed for all radii) of test masses on a thin
spherical shell without any underlying mass. Moreover, a large-scale structure which exploits this solution by assembling
concentrically a number of such topological defects can establish a flat stellar or galactic rotation curve, and can also deflect
light in the same manner as an equipotential (isothermal) sphere. Thus, the need for dark matter or modified gravity theory is
mitigated, at least in part.
ESPP presentation to EU Waste Water Network, 4th June 2024 “EU policies driving nutrient removal and recycling
and the revised UWWTD (Urban Waste Water Treatment Directive)”
Immersive Learning That Works: Research Grounding and Paths ForwardLeonel Morgado
We will metaverse into the essence of immersive learning, into its three dimensions and conceptual models. This approach encompasses elements from teaching methodologies to social involvement, through organizational concerns and technologies. Challenging the perception of learning as knowledge transfer, we introduce a 'Uses, Practices & Strategies' model operationalized by the 'Immersive Learning Brain' and ‘Immersion Cube’ frameworks. This approach offers a comprehensive guide through the intricacies of immersive educational experiences and spotlighting research frontiers, along the immersion dimensions of system, narrative, and agency. Our discourse extends to stakeholders beyond the academic sphere, addressing the interests of technologists, instructional designers, and policymakers. We span various contexts, from formal education to organizational transformation to the new horizon of an AI-pervasive society. This keynote aims to unite the iLRN community in a collaborative journey towards a future where immersive learning research and practice coalesce, paving the way for innovative educational research and practice landscapes.
The ability to recreate computational results with minimal effort and actionable metrics provides a solid foundation for scientific research and software development. When people can replicate an analysis at the touch of a button using open-source software, open data, and methods to assess and compare proposals, it significantly eases verification of results, engagement with a diverse range of contributors, and progress. However, we have yet to fully achieve this; there are still many sociotechnical frictions.
Inspired by David Donoho's vision, this talk aims to revisit the three crucial pillars of frictionless reproducibility (data sharing, code sharing, and competitive challenges) with the perspective of deep software variability.
Our observation is that multiple layers — hardware, operating systems, third-party libraries, software versions, input data, compile-time options, and parameters — are subject to variability that exacerbates frictions but is also essential for achieving robust, generalizable results and fostering innovation. I will first review the literature, providing evidence of how the complex variability interactions across these layers affect qualitative and quantitative software properties, thereby complicating the reproduction and replication of scientific studies in various fields.
I will then present some software engineering and AI techniques that can support the strategic exploration of variability spaces. These include the use of abstractions and models (e.g., feature models), sampling strategies (e.g., uniform, random), cost-effective measurements (e.g., incremental build of software configurations), and dimensionality reduction methods (e.g., transfer learning, feature selection, software debloating).
I will finally argue that deep variability is both the problem and solution of frictionless reproducibility, calling the software science community to develop new methods and tools to manage variability and foster reproducibility in software systems.
Exposé invité Journées Nationales du GDR GPL 2024
EWOCS-I: The catalog of X-ray sources in Westerlund 1 from the Extended Weste...Sérgio Sacani
Context. With a mass exceeding several 104 M⊙ and a rich and dense population of massive stars, supermassive young star clusters
represent the most massive star-forming environment that is dominated by the feedback from massive stars and gravitational interactions
among stars.
Aims. In this paper we present the Extended Westerlund 1 and 2 Open Clusters Survey (EWOCS) project, which aims to investigate
the influence of the starburst environment on the formation of stars and planets, and on the evolution of both low and high mass stars.
The primary targets of this project are Westerlund 1 and 2, the closest supermassive star clusters to the Sun.
Methods. The project is based primarily on recent observations conducted with the Chandra and JWST observatories. Specifically,
the Chandra survey of Westerlund 1 consists of 36 new ACIS-I observations, nearly co-pointed, for a total exposure time of 1 Msec.
Additionally, we included 8 archival Chandra/ACIS-S observations. This paper presents the resulting catalog of X-ray sources within
and around Westerlund 1. Sources were detected by combining various existing methods, and photon extraction and source validation
were carried out using the ACIS-Extract software.
Results. The EWOCS X-ray catalog comprises 5963 validated sources out of the 9420 initially provided to ACIS-Extract, reaching a
photon flux threshold of approximately 2 × 10−8 photons cm−2
s
−1
. The X-ray sources exhibit a highly concentrated spatial distribution,
with 1075 sources located within the central 1 arcmin. We have successfully detected X-ray emissions from 126 out of the 166 known
massive stars of the cluster, and we have collected over 71 000 photons from the magnetar CXO J164710.20-455217.
2. Content
• Introduction
• Source
• Properties of stem cells
• Types of stem cells
• How stem cells work
• Current stem cells therapy
• Advantages
• Conclusion
• References
3. What is stem cells
• Cells in the body have specific purposes, but
stem cells are cells that do not yet have a
specific role and can become almost any cell
that is required.
• Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that can
turn into specific cells, as the body needs
them.
4. Source
• A person's body contains stem cells throughout
their life. The body can use these stem cells
whenever it needs them.
• Also called tissue-specific or somatic stem cells,
adult stem cells exist throughout the body from the
time an embryo develops.
• The cells are in a non-specific state, but they are
more specialized than embryonic stem cells. They
remain in this state until the body needs them for a
specific purpose
5.
6. Properties of stem cell
• All stem cells regardless of their source have
three general properties
• 1. They are capable of dividing and renewing
themselves for long periods.
• 2. They are unspecialized
• 3. They give rose to specialized cell types
7.
8. Self renewable
• Stem cells are capable of dividing & renewing
themselves for long periods
• - This is unlike muscle, blood or nerve cells-
which don't normally replicate themselves
• - This cells are capable of long term self
renewal
9. Unspecialization
• Stem cells are unspecialized
• They do not have any tissue - specific
structures that allow for specialized function
10. Specialization
• Differentiation : unspecialized stem cells give
rise to specialized (differentiated) cells in
response to external and internal chemical
agents
11. Types of stem cells
• Totipotent
• The ability to differentiate into all types of
cells;can form any cell of the embryo as well
as the placenta
• Pluripotent
• The ability to differentiate into almost all
types of tissues except placental tissue
12. • Multipotent
• Can differentiate into multiple specialized cells
of a closely related family of cells
• Oligopotent
• ability to differentiate into a few cells
• Unipotent
• these cells produce only one cell type , but
have the property of self renewal which
distinguish them from non stem cells
13.
14.
15. Types of stem cells
• Embryonic stem cells
• Embryonic stem cells come from human embryos that are
three to five days old.
• They are harvested during a process called in-vitro
fertilization.
• This involves fertilizing an embryo in a laboratory instead of
inside the female body.
• Embryonic stem cells are known as pluripotent stem cells.
• These cells can give rise to virtually any other type of cell in
the body.
16. • Adult stem cells derived from mature
organisms that can divide to form
differentiated cells, but are less versatile &
more difficult to identify, isolate, purify. ex-
stem cells found in blood, bone marrow liver,
etc
• Fetal derived from aborted Fetal tissue
• Umbilical derived from Umbilical cords- all
blood cells
17. How stem cells therapy work
• When stem cells are transplanted into the
body and arrive into the injured part they are
targeted for tissue regeneration, the stem cells
come in contact with growth factors or
chemicals in he body. Those chemicals
program the stem cells to differentiate into
the tissue surrounding it.
21. Brain damage
• Stroke and traumatic brain injury lead to celldeath,
characterized bya loss of neurons
andoligodendrocytes within the brain.
• Healthy adult brains contain neural stem cells
which divide tomaintain general stem cell numbers,
or become progenitor cells.
• Stem cells may also be used to treat brain
degeneration, such as in Parkinson's and
Alzheimer's disease.
22. Cancer
• Stem cell therapies may serve as potential treatments
for cancer as current cancer treatments are designed
to kill cancer cells however The stem cells neither
differentiated nor turned tumorigenic.
• Essentially, chemotherapy is used to completely
destroy the patients own lymphocytes, and stem cells
injected, eventually replacing the immune system of
the patient with that of the healthy donor.
23. Spinal cord injury
• Multipotent isolated adult stem cells from umbilical cord
blood were injected into the damaged part of the spinal cord
of a patient suffering from a spinal cord injury and following
the procedure, patient could walk on their own,without
difficulty.
• The observed recovery was associated with differentiation of
transplanted cells into new neurons and oligodendrocytes
• ‐ thelatter of which forms the myelin sheath around axons of
the central nervous system, thus insulating neural impulses
and facilitating communication with the brain.
24. Heart Damage
• Several clinical trials targeting heart disease have shown that
adult stem cell therapy is safe, effective,and equally efficient
in treating old and recent infarcts
• Stem cell therapy for treatment of myocardial infarction
usually makes use of bone marrow stem cells
• Possible mechanisms of recovery include:
• – Generation of heart muscle cells
• – Stimulation of growth of new blood vessels to repopulate
• damaged heart tissue
• – Secretion of growth factors
25.
26. Diabetes
• Diabetes patients lose the function of insulin producing beta cells within the pancreas. Human embryonic
stem cells may be grown in cell culture and stimulated to form insulin‐producing cells that can be
transplanted into the patient.
• However, clinical success is highly dependent on the development of the following procedures:
• – Transplanted cells should proliferate
• – Transplanted cells should differentiate in
• a site
• ‐specific manner
• – Transplanted cells should survive in the recipient (prevention of
• transplant rejection)
• – Transplanted cells should integrate within the targeted tissue
• – Transplanted cells should integrate into the host circuitry and
• restore function
27. Advantages of stem cell therapy
• May be done under local anesthesia
• • No cutting or stitches
• • Your own natural fat and stem cells
• • Minimal risk of complications
• • Minimal recovery time
• • Natural looking results
• • Helps to correct defect by filling and restoring symmetry
• • Helps improve appearance of skin
• • Regenerates and heals tissues
• • Improves blood flow to the area
• • Softens scars
• • Long lasting results
• • No foreign materials
• • At a fraction of the cost of older methods
28. Conclusion
• Stem cell Therapy is done using unspecialized
cell which has capacity to differentiate into
different cells.
• It is painless and effective therapy