Gulf of Mannar Marine National Park is a beautiful place, located in the Ramanathpuram & Tuticorin districts of the state of Tamil Nadu. The park is the core area of the Gulf of Mannar Biosphere Reserve. This is the first marine Biosphere Reserve in India. It was established in the year of 1980. Total area of the park is 6.23 Km 2.
The Gulf of Mannar Marine National Park is a protected area of India consisting of 21 small islands (islets) and adjacent coral reefs in the Gulf of Mannar in the Indian Ocean. It lies 1 to 10 km away from the east coast of Tamil Nadu, India for 160 km between Thoothukudi (Tuticorin) and Dhanushkodi.
The Gulf of Mannar (/ m ə ˈ n ɑːr / mə- NAR) is a large shallow bay forming part of the Laccadive Sea in the Indian Ocean. It lies between the west coast of Sri Lanka and the southeastern tip of India, in the Coromandel Coast region.
The Gulf of Mannar Marine National Park (GOM MNP) comprises of 21 islands surrounded by coral reef areas along with shallow water habitat of unique marine biodiversity. Sea horse, Sea Cow, Dolphins, sea cucumbers etc. are seen here.
9.267°N 77.433°E / 9.267; 77.433 Ramanathapuram District is an administrative district of Tamil Nadu state in southern India. The town of Ramanathapuram is the district headquarters. Ramanthapuram District has an area of 4123 km 2.
Gulf of Mannar Marine National Park is a beautiful place, located in the Ramanathpuram & Tuticorin districts of the state of Tamil Nadu. The park is the core area of the Gulf of Mannar Biosphere Reserve. This is the first marine Biosphere Reserve in India. It was established in the year of 1980. Total area of the park is 6.23 Km 2.
The Gulf of Mannar Marine National Park is a protected area of India consisting of 21 small islands (islets) and adjacent coral reefs in the Gulf of Mannar in the Indian Ocean. It lies 1 to 10 km away from the east coast of Tamil Nadu, India for 160 km between Thoothukudi (Tuticorin) and Dhanushkodi.
The Gulf of Mannar (/ m ə ˈ n ɑːr / mə- NAR) is a large shallow bay forming part of the Laccadive Sea in the Indian Ocean. It lies between the west coast of Sri Lanka and the southeastern tip of India, in the Coromandel Coast region.
The Gulf of Mannar Marine National Park (GOM MNP) comprises of 21 islands surrounded by coral reef areas along with shallow water habitat of unique marine biodiversity. Sea horse, Sea Cow, Dolphins, sea cucumbers etc. are seen here.
9.267°N 77.433°E / 9.267; 77.433 Ramanathapuram District is an administrative district of Tamil Nadu state in southern India. The town of Ramanathapuram is the district headquarters. Ramanthapuram District has an area of 4123 km 2.
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Scienceinventy
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
here you can get a common knowledge about forests and wildlife about its depletion consequences and conservation a basic knowledge about India's wildlife and government programmes
Detailed account of difference between Biosp[here Reserves and various MPAs were given; MPAs of India were listed with its key biodiversity resources...
A total of 93 species of macrobenthos belonging to 69 genera and 44 families were recorded from selected sites along the Karanja creek during present investigation (January 2004 to December 2005). The benthic fauna recorded, is highly diversified, heterogeneous in size and was represented by gastropods, crustaceans, pelecypods, polychaetes, echinoderms, coelenterates, cephalopods and poriferans in order of species abundance. Macro and micro algae of divisions chlorophyta, cyanophyta, rhodophyta, bracillariophyta and pheophyta, dominated the benthic flora of the creek.
Exclusive mangrove species recorded from the creek belongs to families Avicenniaceae, Euphorbiaceae and Rhizophoraceae. Among gastropods, Nerita oryzarum, Planaxis sulcatus, Bursa tuberculata were found abundantly whereas Murex adustus , Bursa elegans and Bursa lissostroma were recorded rarely. Among bivalves, Placenta placenta recorded from Karanja creek was with clean, luster white and large shells. Polychaetes like Perinereis cultrifera, Perinereis vancauria and Pseudonereis anamola were commonly reported. Presence of three species of sea
lilies (Antedon bifida, Antedon pitasus and Antedon rosacea) and one species of sea urchin (Echinus esculantus) is a unique diversity characteristic from Karanja creek
and no earlier reports are available for presence of such a number of echinoderm species in and around Mumbai coast. At present, Karanja creek supports rich diversity of molluscs, crustaceans and echinoderms, but in future, measures must be taken for protection and conservation of macrobenthos diversity.
Human impacts on pristine environment in the knuckles mountain fore...Nimashi Herath
The Knuckles Mountain Range lies in central Sri Lanka, in the Districts of Matale and Kandy. The range takes its name from a series of recumbent folds and peaks in the west of the massif which resemble the knuckles of clenched fist when viewed from certain locations in the Kandy District.
DIFFERENT BETWEEN YANGON AND BANGKOK SUBSIDENCE STUDYMYO AUNG Myanmar
YANGON AND BANGKOK ARE DIFFERENT GEOLOGICAL PHENOMENAL SUBSIDENCE SIT ON DIFFERENT ROCK TYPE NOT BE CORRELATION SUBSIDENCE BETWEEN EACH OTHER
YANGON
Yangon sits on the southeast corner of Ayeyarwady Delta Basin, 35 km from the west of Sagaing fault and on the southern spur of NNW–SSE trending Bago anticlinal ridge. Yangon is mostly covered with alluvial deposits. Bago anticline
is threatening Yangon with seismic disturbances. This disturbance might not be a significant one but the movement along Sagaing fault that was believed to bring severe damage to buildings and loss of human lives in Bago and Yangon
in 1930 may have potential of causing a catastrophic earthquake in the future.The prevailing geological structures, along with surface geological condition,soil characteristics, and tectonic setting have made Yangon an earthquake prone area.
BANGKOK
Bangkok city, the capital of Thailand which has many engineering and environmental problems due to ground subsidence was selected as the main study object in this research study. The study included data collection, bore hole logging and investigations on some important underground
geotechnical parameters to prepare thickness maps, static water level maps, ground elevation and subsidence maps of Bangkok subsoil. Thickness of both fine grained compressible clay layers and that of coarse grained non compressible sand layers are highly varying from place to place and they
are highly deformed. Area of eastern Bangkok is affected by the highest ground subsidence and this area is underlain by the thickest portion of both first and second compressible clay layers. The lowest static water levels of upper most aquifers is also overlain by this area. The uppermost two compressible clay layers contribute more percentage for ground subsidence.
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Scienceinventy
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
here you can get a common knowledge about forests and wildlife about its depletion consequences and conservation a basic knowledge about India's wildlife and government programmes
Detailed account of difference between Biosp[here Reserves and various MPAs were given; MPAs of India were listed with its key biodiversity resources...
A total of 93 species of macrobenthos belonging to 69 genera and 44 families were recorded from selected sites along the Karanja creek during present investigation (January 2004 to December 2005). The benthic fauna recorded, is highly diversified, heterogeneous in size and was represented by gastropods, crustaceans, pelecypods, polychaetes, echinoderms, coelenterates, cephalopods and poriferans in order of species abundance. Macro and micro algae of divisions chlorophyta, cyanophyta, rhodophyta, bracillariophyta and pheophyta, dominated the benthic flora of the creek.
Exclusive mangrove species recorded from the creek belongs to families Avicenniaceae, Euphorbiaceae and Rhizophoraceae. Among gastropods, Nerita oryzarum, Planaxis sulcatus, Bursa tuberculata were found abundantly whereas Murex adustus , Bursa elegans and Bursa lissostroma were recorded rarely. Among bivalves, Placenta placenta recorded from Karanja creek was with clean, luster white and large shells. Polychaetes like Perinereis cultrifera, Perinereis vancauria and Pseudonereis anamola were commonly reported. Presence of three species of sea
lilies (Antedon bifida, Antedon pitasus and Antedon rosacea) and one species of sea urchin (Echinus esculantus) is a unique diversity characteristic from Karanja creek
and no earlier reports are available for presence of such a number of echinoderm species in and around Mumbai coast. At present, Karanja creek supports rich diversity of molluscs, crustaceans and echinoderms, but in future, measures must be taken for protection and conservation of macrobenthos diversity.
Human impacts on pristine environment in the knuckles mountain fore...Nimashi Herath
The Knuckles Mountain Range lies in central Sri Lanka, in the Districts of Matale and Kandy. The range takes its name from a series of recumbent folds and peaks in the west of the massif which resemble the knuckles of clenched fist when viewed from certain locations in the Kandy District.
DIFFERENT BETWEEN YANGON AND BANGKOK SUBSIDENCE STUDYMYO AUNG Myanmar
YANGON AND BANGKOK ARE DIFFERENT GEOLOGICAL PHENOMENAL SUBSIDENCE SIT ON DIFFERENT ROCK TYPE NOT BE CORRELATION SUBSIDENCE BETWEEN EACH OTHER
YANGON
Yangon sits on the southeast corner of Ayeyarwady Delta Basin, 35 km from the west of Sagaing fault and on the southern spur of NNW–SSE trending Bago anticlinal ridge. Yangon is mostly covered with alluvial deposits. Bago anticline
is threatening Yangon with seismic disturbances. This disturbance might not be a significant one but the movement along Sagaing fault that was believed to bring severe damage to buildings and loss of human lives in Bago and Yangon
in 1930 may have potential of causing a catastrophic earthquake in the future.The prevailing geological structures, along with surface geological condition,soil characteristics, and tectonic setting have made Yangon an earthquake prone area.
BANGKOK
Bangkok city, the capital of Thailand which has many engineering and environmental problems due to ground subsidence was selected as the main study object in this research study. The study included data collection, bore hole logging and investigations on some important underground
geotechnical parameters to prepare thickness maps, static water level maps, ground elevation and subsidence maps of Bangkok subsoil. Thickness of both fine grained compressible clay layers and that of coarse grained non compressible sand layers are highly varying from place to place and they
are highly deformed. Area of eastern Bangkok is affected by the highest ground subsidence and this area is underlain by the thickest portion of both first and second compressible clay layers. The lowest static water levels of upper most aquifers is also overlain by this area. The uppermost two compressible clay layers contribute more percentage for ground subsidence.
Exposes the elementary science student to the idea there are three major kinds of soil found on earth as well as the very important remains of dead plants and animals called humus. Discusses soil and humus along with as some of the properties of each.
Conservation of an Island Biodiversity HotspotThe government o.docxmaxinesmith73660
Conservation of an Island Biodiversity Hotspot
The government of Mahandar wants to expand biodiversity conservation efforts on the island. The government has two goals: 1) to protect the overall biodiversity and sustainability of the island ecosystem, and 2) to protect the endemic primates that live in the forests on the island. The endangered primates are unique and very sensitive to habitat changes. This puts them at a higher risk of extinction. The primates have also become a well-known attraction for ecotourists from around the world. The government has enough funds to fully support conservation at only one of four forest areas being considered for conservation. You are a member of the conservation team that will advise the government as to which area should get full conservation support.
Instructions: Examine the map of the island and the primate evolutionary tree, and read (carefully) the descriptions of the 4 possible conservation areas on the following pages. Use this information to complete questions 1-4.
1. Examine the map of the island (attached), with the 4 proposed conservation sites.
a. Does the shape of the proposed conservation area matter? Which area(s) are shaped in a desirable way? Which areas are shaped in a detrimental way? Explain.
b. Does the size of the proposed conservation area matter? Explain.
2. Carefully examine the phylogenetic tree for the primates of Mahandar (attached).
a. What is the number of the node that represents the most recent common ancestor for all of the primates collectively living in each of the four areas.
b. Which forest area displays the least variation in its primates? Explain how you determined this.
c. Which forest area displays the most variation in its primates? Explain how you determined this.
d. If the government of Mahandar is trying to preserve the biodiversity of the primates, do it matter which forest is conserved? Explain your answer.
3. Read the descriptions of the 4 proposed conservation areas (attached). Use that information to completely fill out the following chart.
Forest area
Environmental
benefit if conserved
Economic
benefit if conserved
Trade-offs (“cons”) of
Conserving the area
Mangrove Forest
Tropical Forest North
Tropical Forest South
Cloud Forest
4. Based on all the information you have, which forest area do you think should be conserved? Explain your reasoning. (Note: there is no one correct answer to this question, which means your explanation of the reasoning is extremely important to the scoring of your answer!)
The island of Mahandar
Phylogenetic Analysis of the Mahandarian Primates
Below is a phylogenetic tree for the primates on Mahandar. The tree shows evolutionary data for primate taxa that are endemic to the island. Use this picture to answer question 2.
Four Possible Conservation Areas
1. Mangrove Forest
land area to be conserved (%)
7
number of endemic species in the area
14
number of endemic sp.
Conservation of an Island Biodiversity HotspotThe government o.docxdonnajames55
Conservation of an Island Biodiversity Hotspot
The government of Mahandar wants to expand biodiversity conservation efforts on the island. The government has two goals: 1) to protect the overall biodiversity and sustainability of the island ecosystem, and 2) to protect the endemic primates that live in the forests on the island. The endangered primates are unique and very sensitive to habitat changes. This puts them at a higher risk of extinction. The primates have also become a well-known attraction for ecotourists from around the world. The government has enough funds to fully support conservation at only one of four forest areas being considered for conservation. You are a member of the conservation team that will advise the government as to which area should get full conservation support.
Complete the chart on the following page. You will attach this chart (but not this instruction page) to your completed writing assignment when you submit it.
Things to Consider: Examine the map of the island, the primate evolutionary tree, and read (carefully) the descriptions of the 4 possible conservation areas on the following pages. Then, consider the following:
Does the size of the proposed conservation area matter? Which proposed sites have a size advantage? Which have a disadvantage?
Does the shape of the proposed conservation area matter? Which area(s) are shaped in a desirable way? Which areas are shaped in a detrimental way?
Do all areas contain the same biodiversity? Which have more? Which have less?
Do all areas contain significant diversity in their primate populations (you need to consult the evolutionary tree to determine this)? Which areas contain more genetically diverse primate populations? Which areas contain less diverse populations?
The Written Assignment: Based on all the information you have, which forest area do you think should be conserved? Explain your reasoning; your reasoning should include the advantages to conserving the area you picked (required), and may also include disadvantages to conserving other areas (optional). While you may decide on a particular area due to non-biological considerations (for example, economic advantages to conserving this area), you must also discuss the biology (shape, size, diversity) in your response. Note: there is no one correct answer to this question, which means your explanation of the reasons is extremely important to the scoring of your assignment.
Forest area
Biological Advantages of conserving this area
Economic Advantages of conserving this area
Trade-offs (“cons”) of
Conserving the area
Mangrove Forest
Tropical Forest North
Tropical Forest South
Cloud Forest
The island of Mahandar
Phylogenetic Analysis of the Mahandarian Primates
Below is a phylogenetic tree for the primates on Mahandar. The tree shows evolutionary data for primate taxa that are endemic to the island. Think carefully – Some regions have all their primates on bran.
Conservation of an Island Biodiversity HotspotThe government .docxaryan532920
Conservation of an Island Biodiversity Hotspot
The government of Mahandar wants to expand biodiversity conservation efforts on the island. The government has two goals: 1) to protect the overall biodiversity and sustainability of the island ecosystem, and 2) to protect the endemic primates that live in the forests on the island. The endangered primates are unique and very sensitive to habitat changes. This puts them at a higher risk of extinction. The primates have also become a well-known attraction for ecotourists from around the world. The government has enough funds to fully support conservation at only one of four forest areas being considered for conservation. You are a member of the conservation team that will advise the government as to which area should get full conservation support.
Complete the chart on the following page. You will attach this chart (but not this instruction page) to your completed writing assignment when you submit it.
Things to Consider: Examine the map of the island, the primate evolutionary tree, and read (carefully) the descriptions of the 4 possible conservation areas on the following pages. Then, consider the following:
Does the size of the proposed conservation area matter? Which proposed sites have a size advantage? Which have a disadvantage?
Does the shape of the proposed conservation area matter? Which area(s) are shaped in a desirable way? Which areas are shaped in a detrimental way?
Do all areas contain the same biodiversity? Which have more? Which have less?
Do all areas contain significant diversity in their primate populations (you need to consult the evolutionary tree to determine this)? Which areas contain more genetically diverse primate populations? Which areas contain less diverse populations?
The Written Assignment: Based on all the information you have, which forest area do you think should be conserved? Explain your reasoning; your reasoning should include the advantages to conserving the area you picked (required), and may also include disadvantages to conserving other areas (optional). While you may decide on a particular area due to non-biological considerations (for example, economic advantages to conserving this area), you must also discuss the biology (shape, size, diversity) in your response. Note: there is no one correct answer to this question, which means your explanation of the reasons is extremely important to the scoring of your assignment.
Forest area
Biological Advantages of conserving this area
Economic Advantages of conserving this area
Trade-offs (“cons”) of
Conserving the area
Mangrove Forest
Tropical Forest North
Tropical Forest South
Cloud Forest
The island of Mahandar
Phylogenetic Analysis of the Mahandarian Primates
Below is a phylogenetic tree for the primates on Mahandar. The tree shows evolutionary data for primate taxa that are endemic to the island. Think carefully – Some regions have all their primates on bran ...
this is my 10th standard project wherein i have compiled information from various sources. it is a short project with useful content. hope it proves to be of good use.
WORLD WILDLIFE FUND (WWF) ORGANIZATION AND MYANMARMYO AUNG Myanmar
WORLD WILDLIFE FUND (WWF) ORGANIZATION AND MYANMAR
http://wwf.panda.org/knowledge_hub/?328353/Ayeyarwady-River-and-Myanmar-Economy
Ayeyarwady River and Myanmar Economy-Posted on 24 May 2018
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https://www.worldwildlife.org/publications/assessing-climate-risk-in-myanmar-technical-report
Assessing Climate Risk in Myanmar: Technical Report
https://www.worldwildlife.org/pages/taking-stock-of-myanmar-s-natural-capital
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World Oceans Day 8th June, 2019 provides an opportunity to honour, protect, and conserve the oceans. United Nations Sustainable Development Goal # 14 commits countries to unite over what is a truly global responsibility – the protection of our oceans and the lives that depend on it.
Pritam Bhattacharjee, Dr. Pralay Ganguly
Sundarban is world famous for its mangrove vegetation and is approximately of 10,000 sq km in area in the northern Bay of Bengal, which is also designated as world heritage site by UNESCO in the year 1987. It is the home of several animals and plant species, specially the mangrove trees (Sundari) and Royal Bengal tiger of this forest is world famous. Mangroves functions as a buffer against frequently occurring cyclones and helps to protect South Bengal specially Kolkata and southern part of Bangladesh. But now a day due to the climate change and repetitive cyclone occurring every year, Sundarban faces lots of challenges, with rising sea level- island are disappearing, salinity of water increasing day by day in addition of that there have been a major disturbances to hydrological parameters, changing fishing patterns are resulting disastrous consequences for the fisher man. Frequent cyclones and erratic monsoon damaging ecology, humidity, livelihood as well as ecotourism. The objective of this research is to focus the area of Sundarban and its potentials, challenges and probable solution to overcome the situation as well as the impact of mangrove degradation on local people and tourism. Here we use some data and statistics to understand the situation better. In this process researcher collected data from 130 respondents in the study area and further analysis has been taken through percentage method, statistical tools like t test with the help of software like SPSS, MS excel etc to conclude. Study findings suggest that significance difference exists on profile base of residents due to environmental degradation and minimize the negative impacts on same could bring a prosperous livelihood for residents
conservation of natural resources in their natural habitat known as in-situ conservation. natural resources includes living organism (plants,animals),forest ,wetlands, ocean, rivers etc.
Natural calamities and diseases of sundarbans mangrove forestihn FreeStyle Corp.
Bangladesh with an area of 147,570 square km is bordered by India to the northeast and west, Myanmar to the southeast, and the Bay of Bengal to the south. Bangladesh is one of the most densely populated countries in the world and its population is still growing by over 2 million people per year. The Sundarbans mangrove forest has a history of scientific management since 1879. The Sundarbans are the world's largest halophytic mangrove forests and one of the most biologically productive of all natural ecosystems. The forest is an essential buffer for inland areas against the ravages of frequent cyclones from the Bay of Bengal. For outstanding natural value, the World Heritage committee of UNESCO inscribed the Sundarban of Bangladesh in the 798th World Heritage list in 1997 and accordingly the Government of the People’s Republic of Bangladesh declared the Sundarban as World Heritage Site in 1999. The Sundarbans is the largest remaining habitat in the world for the Royal-Bengal Tiger. According to Ramsar convention, the wetland of Sundarban area in very complex and it is recognized as one of the most organic productive area in the world. The livelihood survival of the Sundarban community is linked with the forest resources of the Sundarbans, aquatic resources of the saline and fresh water wetlands.
Environment Protection of Reserved areas – A Study of Gulf of Mannar (GOM) Bi...IDES Editor
Protected areas in India comprise of Sanctuaries,
National parks and Biosphere Reserves. The program of
Biosphere Reserve was initiated under “The man and
Biosphere (MAB) “program by UNESCO in 1971. Biosphere
Reserves are areas of terrestrial and coastal or marine
ecosystem, or a combination thereof, which are internationally
recognized for promoting and demonstrating a balanced
relationship between people and nature. This paper focuses
on environmental planning of Gulf of Mannar Biosphere
Reserve which extends from Rameswaram Island to Tuticorin
with 130 species of corals. The study provides guideline for
sustainable use of resources, activities to be permitted along
coastal stretch, coastal highways, and mangroves, reclamation
of saline and alkaline soil, coastal pollution, sedimentation,
avifauna, settlements, tourism and recommended vegetation.
It also provides guideline for the improvement of the relation
between people and their environment globally.
In this presentation, I discuss Location, Tourist spot, Eco-system, Trees, Seasons, Contribution in economy, Diversity of the bird's species, and Overall brief idea about Sundarban.
Marine protected area Marine protected areas (MPA) are protected areas of seas, oceans, estuaries or in the US, the Great Lakes .[2] These marine areas can come in many forms ranging from wildlife refuges to research facilities.[3] MPAs restrict human activity for a conservation purpose, typically to protect natural or cultural resources.[4] Such marine resources are protected by local, state, territorial, native, regional, national, or international authorities and differ substantially among and between nations. This variation includes different limitations on development, fishing practices, fishing seasons and catch limits, moorings and bans on removing or disrupting marine life. In some situations (such as with the Phoenix Islands Protected Area), MPAs also provide revenue for countries, potentially equal to the income that they would have if they were to grant companies permissions to fish.[5]
On 28 October 2016 in Hobart, Australia, the Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources agreed to establish the first Antarctic and largest marine protected area in the world encompassing 1.55 million km2 (600,000 sq mi) in the Ross Sea.[6] Other large MPAs are in the Indian, Pacific, and Atlantic Oceans, in certain exclusive economic zones of Australia and overseas territories of France, the United Kingdom and the United States, with major (990,000 square kilometres (380,000 sq mi) or larger) new or expanded MPAs by these nations since 2012—such as Natural Park of the Coral Sea, Pacific Remote Islands Marine National Monument, Coral Sea Commonwealth Marine Reserve and South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands Marine Protected Area. When counted with MPAs of all sizes from many other countries, as of August 2016 there are more than 13,650 MPAs, encompassing 2.07% of the world's oceans, with half of that area – encompassing 1.03% of the world's oceans – receiving complete "no-take" designation.[7]
Mangroves are vital for healthy coastal ecosystems in many regions of the world and research and studies are revealing the unique importance of these habitats to the planet. The Mangrove Action Project is dedicated to reversing the degradation and loss of mangrove forest wetlands and their associated coastal ecosystems worldwide. www.mangroveactionproject.org
Fields survey of freshwater fishes in upper moei riverYMCA Mandalay
Salween River System originates at the Himalaya mountain range and flows from the Tibetan Plateau into the Andaman Sea. It drains a narrow and mountainous watershed of 324,000 square kilometres that extends into the countries of China, Burma and Thailand.
Chapter 3 the status and distribution of freshwater fishes of indo burmaYMCA Mandalay
1,178 fish species in the Indo-Burma region. 151 species from the Salween drainage, 328 from the Mae hlong–Chao Phraya drainages, 500 from the Mekong drainage, 253 from the Red River drainage, 160 from the streams draining the eastern slope of the Annamite range, and 221 from the Malay Peninsula (south of the isthmus of Kra). The Malay Peninsula south of Thailand is excluded, as are those parts of the Salween, Mekong and Red River drainages in China.
Chin State has been characterized among all states and regions of Myanmar as the highest poverty gap ratio, highest occurrence of food deficits, poor road connectivity on steep mountain ridge and narrow valleys, low population density but lowest percent availability of cultivable lands and high percentage of waste and scrub lands, adherence to the shifting cultivation system, lack of rural based industries, and higher rate of out migration.
Chin State has been characterized among all states and regions of Myanmar as the highest poverty gap ratio, highest occurrence of food deficits, poor road connectivity on steep mountain ridge and narrow valleys, low population density but lowest percent availability of cultivable lands and high percentage of waste and scrub lands, adherence to the shifting cultivation system, lack of rural based industries, and higher rate of out migration.
Rethinking swidden cultivation in myanmar pyoe pyin 2014YMCA Mandalay
Swidden cultivation, also know as shifting cultivation or Shwe Pyaung Taung-ya, describes a spectrum of rotational agro-forestry practices at varying levels of intensity prevalent in Myanmar’s uplands. Swidden cultivation contributes to the livelihoods of millions of citizens, for whom it is a solution to upland food security.
Kachin State is known as a hotspot for biological diversity. The conservation of its natural resources, which cannot be valued in monetary terms, is of internationally importance. The logging and gold mining has already caused incalculable loss of biodiversity in the riverine and forest ecosystem.
Zo people tend to speculate as to where came from. Some suggest that they are the descendents od the Chinese of the Chin dynasty because they are called Chin by the Burman. Some devoted Christians dreamed of being one of the lost tribes of Israle. The history of the Zo people is very complex because they have many versions of legends and traditions. Their clothing, houses and diet differ from one area to another because of climatic differences within a short distance. The language, through basically similar, has developed into muti-dialects.
At both the Shwedagon and Kyaikhtiyoe, there are new inscriptions. For instance, an inscription is mounted on the new Shwedagon Htidaw, and on parts of the Kyailhtiyoe Shwehtidaw canonical texts have been inscribed.
In 1478, King Dhammazedi from the Mon kingdom of Ramannadesa, erected ten stone inscriptions written with Mon and Pali language. The stone inscription is known among scholars as the "Kalyani Sima" or "Kalyani Inscription". The inscription deal mainly with the the reform undertaken by the king to purify Theravada Buddhism in his kingdom.
The Myanmar elephant is internationally endangered and is regarded as a worldwide flagship species. Throughout their range states, the wild elephant is severely threatened by habitat destruction, poaching, and fragmentation into small isolated groups. Many population biologists believe that nowhere in Asia is there a single wild population large enough to avoid inbreeding over the long term.
The spiders were obtained in that part of Burma which, before the annexation of the whole country, was termed British Burma, and is now called lower Burma. The collections were chiefly made at Tharrawaddy, a station about 70 miles north of Rangoon, during the year 1884- 87. As to the general character of the Burmese spider- fauna, it can not, in spite of the numerous new genera which at present seem to be confined to Burma, be said to differ essentially from that of the neighboring regions of Southern Asia- Indo- China, India, and Indo- Malaysia. A great many of the Burmese species have a very wide geographical distribution, and some are almost cosmopolitan.
Myanmar is rich in mineral wealth. But it still left much of the virgin lands which are remote, mountainous and rugged. Much will be find. Mineral database is not well established and complete yet.
Jade is the gem name for mineral aggregates composed of either or both of two different minerals, Jadeite and Nephrite. Jadeite is a sodium-rich aluminous pyroxene; nephrite is a fine-grained, calcium-rich, magnesium, iron, aluminous amphibole. All jade is composed of fine-grained, highly intergrown, interlocking crystals of one or both of these minerals. Though neither mineral is very hard (6-7), jade is one of the toughest gem minerals known because of the intergrown nature of the individual crystals.
Jade is the gem name for mineral aggregates composed of either or both of two different minerals, Jadeite and Nephrite. Jadeite is a sodium-rich aluminous pyroxene; nephrite is a fine-grained, calcium-rich, magnesium, iron, aluminous amphibole. All jade is composed of fine-grained, highly intergrown, interlocking crystals of one or both of these minerals. Though neither mineral is very hard (6-7), jade is one of the toughest gem minerals known because of the intergrown nature of the individual crystals.
Grossular bearing jadeite omphacite rock in the myanmar jadeite areaYMCA Mandalay
The Myanmar jadeitite deposits near Hpakant have attracted remarkable attention of geologists and gemologists not only for being the largest jadeite jade deposit in the world, producing high quality jade with the glassy imperial green for more then 300 years.
The jade mines of Hpakant in Burma’s northern Kachin State Have long been notorious for high rates of drug addiction and HIV infection. There are so many drug dealers, sellers and addicts in the village. It is all done quite openly and it has led to so much stealing and other social problems.
Geology of an amber locality in the hukawng valley northern myanmarYMCA Mandalay
Amber (Burmite) from the Hukawng Valley of Myanmar has been known since at least the 1st century AD. It is currently being produced from a hill known as Noije Bum, which was first documented as a source of amber in 1836. This site occurs within the Hukawng Basin, which is comprised of fold sedimentary rocks of Cretaceous and Cenozoic age.
As Burmese troops and their allies have progressively seized control of KIA areas, drug production has been increasing. The main opium growing areas in Kachin State are now in Chipwi and Waingmaw townships, under the control of the Burma Army and its local Border Guard Forces led by Zakhung Ting Ying, a National Assembly MP. In northern Shan State, opium is booming in areas under the Burma Army and thirteen government militia forces, four of whose leaders are MPs in the Shan State Assembly. Opium, heroin and methamphetamines are flooding from these government-controlled areas into Kachin communities, worsening existing problems of drug abuse, particularly among youth. It is estimated that about one third of students in Myitkyina and Bhamo universities are injecting drug users.
Proospects for governance and peace in ethnic statesYMCA Mandalay
Two months after a new government took over the reins of power in Burma, it is too early to make any definitive assessment of the prospects for improved governance and peace in ethnic areas. Initial signs give some reason for optimism, but the difficulty of overcoming sixty years of conflict and strongly-felt grievances and deep suspicions should not be underestimated. The economic and geostrategic realities are changing fast, and they will have a fundamental impact – positive and negative – on Burma’s borderlands. But unless ethnic communities are able to have much greater say in the governance of their affairs, and begin to see tangible benefits from the massive development projects in their areas, peace and broadbased development will remain elusive. The new decentralized governance structures have the potential to make a positive contribution in this regard, but it is unclear if they can evolve into sufficiently powerful and genuinely representative bodies quickly enough to satisfy ethnic. There has been renewed fighting in Shan State, and there are warning signs that more ethnic ceasefires could break down. Negotiations with armed groups and an improved future for long-marginalized ethnic populations is the only way that peace can be achieved.
UNDERSTANDING WHAT GREEN WASHING IS!.pdfJulietMogola
Many companies today use green washing to lure the public into thinking they are conserving the environment but in real sense they are doing more harm. There have been such several cases from very big companies here in Kenya and also globally. This ranges from various sectors from manufacturing and goes to consumer products. Educating people on greenwashing will enable people to make better choices based on their analysis and not on what they see on marketing sites.
Characterization and the Kinetics of drying at the drying oven and with micro...Open Access Research Paper
The objective of this work is to contribute to valorization de Nephelium lappaceum by the characterization of kinetics of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum. The seeds were dehydrated until a constant mass respectively in a drying oven and a microwawe oven. The temperatures and the powers of drying are respectively: 50, 60 and 70°C and 140, 280 and 420 W. The results show that the curves of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum do not present a phase of constant kinetics. The coefficients of diffusion vary between 2.09.10-8 to 2.98. 10-8m-2/s in the interval of 50°C at 70°C and between 4.83×10-07 at 9.04×10-07 m-8/s for the powers going of 140 W with 420 W the relation between Arrhenius and a value of energy of activation of 16.49 kJ. mol-1 expressed the effect of the temperature on effective diffusivity.
Climate Change All over the World .pptxsairaanwer024
Climate change refers to significant and lasting changes in the average weather patterns over periods ranging from decades to millions of years. It encompasses both global warming driven by human emissions of greenhouse gases and the resulting large-scale shifts in weather patterns. While climate change is a natural phenomenon, human activities, particularly since the Industrial Revolution, have accelerated its pace and intensity
WRI’s brand new “Food Service Playbook for Promoting Sustainable Food Choices” gives food service operators the very latest strategies for creating dining environments that empower consumers to choose sustainable, plant-rich dishes. This research builds off our first guide for food service, now with industry experience and insights from nearly 350 academic trials.
Artificial Reefs by Kuddle Life Foundation - May 2024punit537210
Situated in Pondicherry, India, Kuddle Life Foundation is a charitable, non-profit and non-governmental organization (NGO) dedicated to improving the living standards of coastal communities and simultaneously placing a strong emphasis on the protection of marine ecosystems.
One of the key areas we work in is Artificial Reefs. This presentation captures our journey so far and our learnings. We hope you get as excited about marine conservation and artificial reefs as we are.
Please visit our website: https://kuddlelife.org
Our Instagram channel:
@kuddlelifefoundation
Our Linkedin Page:
https://www.linkedin.com/company/kuddlelifefoundation/
and write to us if you have any questions:
info@kuddlelife.org
"Understanding the Carbon Cycle: Processes, Human Impacts, and Strategies for...MMariSelvam4
The carbon cycle is a critical component of Earth's environmental system, governing the movement and transformation of carbon through various reservoirs, including the atmosphere, oceans, soil, and living organisms. This complex cycle involves several key processes such as photosynthesis, respiration, decomposition, and carbon sequestration, each contributing to the regulation of carbon levels on the planet.
Human activities, particularly fossil fuel combustion and deforestation, have significantly altered the natural carbon cycle, leading to increased atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations and driving climate change. Understanding the intricacies of the carbon cycle is essential for assessing the impacts of these changes and developing effective mitigation strategies.
By studying the carbon cycle, scientists can identify carbon sources and sinks, measure carbon fluxes, and predict future trends. This knowledge is crucial for crafting policies aimed at reducing carbon emissions, enhancing carbon storage, and promoting sustainable practices. The carbon cycle's interplay with climate systems, ecosystems, and human activities underscores its importance in maintaining a stable and healthy planet.
In-depth exploration of the carbon cycle reveals the delicate balance required to sustain life and the urgent need to address anthropogenic influences. Through research, education, and policy, we can work towards restoring equilibrium in the carbon cycle and ensuring a sustainable future for generations to come.
Willie Nelson Net Worth: A Journey Through Music, Movies, and Business Venturesgreendigital
Willie Nelson is a name that resonates within the world of music and entertainment. Known for his unique voice, and masterful guitar skills. and an extraordinary career spanning several decades. Nelson has become a legend in the country music scene. But, his influence extends far beyond the realm of music. with ventures in acting, writing, activism, and business. This comprehensive article delves into Willie Nelson net worth. exploring the various facets of his career that have contributed to his large fortune.
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Introduction
Willie Nelson net worth is a testament to his enduring influence and success in many fields. Born on April 29, 1933, in Abbott, Texas. Nelson's journey from a humble beginning to becoming one of the most iconic figures in American music is nothing short of inspirational. His net worth, which estimated to be around $25 million as of 2024. reflects a career that is as diverse as it is prolific.
Early Life and Musical Beginnings
Humble Origins
Willie Hugh Nelson was born during the Great Depression. a time of significant economic hardship in the United States. Raised by his grandparents. Nelson found solace and inspiration in music from an early age. His grandmother taught him to play the guitar. setting the stage for what would become an illustrious career.
First Steps in Music
Nelson's initial foray into the music industry was fraught with challenges. He moved to Nashville, Tennessee, to pursue his dreams, but success did not come . Working as a songwriter, Nelson penned hits for other artists. which helped him gain a foothold in the competitive music scene. His songwriting skills contributed to his early earnings. laying the foundation for his net worth.
Rise to Stardom
Breakthrough Albums
The 1970s marked a turning point in Willie Nelson's career. His albums "Shotgun Willie" (1973), "Red Headed Stranger" (1975). and "Stardust" (1978) received critical acclaim and commercial success. These albums not only solidified his position in the country music genre. but also introduced his music to a broader audience. The success of these albums played a crucial role in boosting Willie Nelson net worth.
Iconic Songs
Willie Nelson net worth is also attributed to his extensive catalog of hit songs. Tracks like "Blue Eyes Crying in the Rain," "On the Road Again," and "Always on My Mind" have become timeless classics. These songs have not only earned Nelson large royalties but have also ensured his continued relevance in the music industry.
Acting and Film Career
Hollywood Ventures
In addition to his music career, Willie Nelson has also made a mark in Hollywood. His distinctive personality and on-screen presence have landed him roles in several films and television shows. Notable appearances include roles in "The Electric Horseman" (1979), "Honeysuckle Rose" (1980), and "Barbarosa" (1982). These acting gigs have added a significant amount to Willie Nelson net worth.
Television Appearances
Nelson's char
Willie Nelson Net Worth: A Journey Through Music, Movies, and Business Ventures
Wetland conservation in myanmar
1. CMS/CAF/Inf.14
Wetland Conservation in Myanmar
1. Introduction
Myanmar with an area of 667,553 square kilometers is endowed with vast areas of
natural forests ranging form beach and dune forests, mangrove forests in costal and delta
areas in the south to varied terrestrial vegetation of dry and moist deciduous forest and
evergreen forest in the central and coniferous dominated sub-temperate forest types on
the high mountain parts of far north. Occurrence of diverse forest types are largely due to
influence of rainfall, temperature, type of soil, topography and closeness to the sea.
Moreover, in Myanmar unique ecosystems are recognized according to the interaction
between physical components in environment of a locality and plant communities thrive
therein.
2. Forest Management in Myanmar
Despite forest degradation has been taking place with increasing rate all over the
world, Myanmar still possesses half of her area covered with forests. Forest degradation
in Myanmar, on the other hand, is unavoidable due to clearing of forest land into
agricultural production or other land uses. It is fortunate to mention that compare to the
neighboring countries or elsewhere the rate of forest depletion is kept to the minimal of
0.12%. According to the appraisal of forest cover of Myanmar using 1989 Landsat TM
imageries, the area of closed forest is 43.34% and degraded forest was 7.53% of the total
land area of the country. Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) reported in 2001 that
forest cover of Myanmar was to be 52% of the country's total land area.
3. Wildlife Conservation in Myanmar
Wildlife conservation dated back to 1859 when Myanmar was ruled by the kings.
With the advent of scientific forestry management in 1856 wildlife conservation was
further consolidated by promulgation of wildlife laws such as Elephant Act of 1879 in
Myanmar. Although environmental conservation has been pronounced for a couple of
decades at international circles, conservation oriented forest management and sustainable
utilization of forest resources including wildlife are basic principles in the forest policy
statements of Myanmar. In the context of the environmental conservation and
sustainable development, Forest Department has adopted three approaches such as
natural system, modified natural system and plantation system. Under the natural system
a net work of protected areas had been formed at different Bio Unit so as to safeguard
the major ecosystems, species and also to serve as a gene pool and support the life
supporting system of the people.
4. Wildlife Legislature and Protected Areas
Myanmar has a long history of legal background for conservation of natural
resources such as forests, wetlands and wildlife. In the 1902 Forest Act, wild animals
and their parts were declared as forest produces. Specific legislation to protect wildlife
was enacted in 1912 under "the Wild Birds and Animal Protection Act". Besides, the
regulations of wild animals in reserve and public forest land were formed in 1917. Later,
the act to consolidated and amend the law, relating to wildlife was promulgated under
the Wildlife Protection of Act of 1936. However, in 1994 the Protection of Wildlife,
Wild Plants and Conservation of Natural Area Law was promulgated and replaced
similar one of 1936.
2. 4
5. Protected Areas for Nature Conservation in Myanmar
There are unique and varied forest ecosystems through out Myanmar. Wildlife
species of various kinds are adapted to these ecosystems depending on their habitat
requirements. Nature and Wildlife Conservation Division of Forest Department has
been identifying representative critical areas for the rare and endangered species based
on the existing forest ecosystems. With the guidance from the Ministry of Forestry and
support from the Forest Department the NWCD has established 40 Protected Areas with
a total of 49012.895 square kilometers covering 4.72% of the total land area to protect
and conserve the critically endangered wildlife species with ecosystem approach.
6. Wetland Migratory Birds
Wetlands are important natural resources in Myanmar. They are natural heritages
of the country and play a vital role in the economy of Myanmar. Principle wetlands of
Myanmar are mangroves, swamp forests, lakes and marshes. Coastal forests provide
many valuable resources such as fishery, forest products and medicinal plants. Besides,
they act as natural barriers against introduction of sea water into the agricultural areas as
well as prevent the costal land from erosion.
The main type of wetland in the coastal area in Myanmar is the mangrove with
mud flat land ecosystem. Mangroves are extremely productive and are important for a
large number of aquatic fauna. These ecosystems are home to many waterfowls of native
and migratory in nature. Those genera such as Rhizophara, Brugeira, Sonmeratia and
Avicennia are unique to the region and deserve for effective protection for the survival of
mankind.
In Myanmar, coastal and inland mangrove wetlands are of value for nature
conservation. Migratory birds are dependent upon these areas and, hence, can be
considered them as international importance. The birds found in mangroves wetlands are
also diverse.
Natural lakes in Myanmar are primarily associated with river systems. The lakes
adjacent to the four main rivers namely Ayeyarwady, Chindwin, Sittaung and Thanlwin
are flooded during the rainy season, and the wetlands are formed after the rise subsided.
These wetlands fed by ground water discharge have a direct influence on stream flow.
For example, Inle Lake, in Shan State is the site of ground water discharge and then acts
as site of recharge to the ground water at another. Lakes are important areas for fishery
industry and also provide for breeding sites for water birds and it forms the basis for
national and local fisheries.
Indawgyi, Inle and Moeyungyi are famous wetlands as well as Important Bird
Areas in Myanmar. Fresh water fish from the inland wetland have been the major protein
food source of the people of Myanmar. A network of fresh water wetlands, rivers and
adjacent wetlands are very important for water supply, transport and habitats for fresh
water fish. However, the natural characteristics and value of many inland lakes have
been changed by human activities, thus reducing their natural values. The key
representative lakes in Myanmar need to be preserved to maintain the biological
diversity of wetland ecosystem. A network sites along flying routes is essential for the
migratory water birds as they need a chain of protected feeding and resting areas to
enable them to travel from the northern breeding ground to the southern non-breeding
areas. However, in many areas, the conservation values of the wetlands have not been
fully recognized yet in land use planning in Myanmar. As a result, a large percentage of
wetlands and mangroves have been lost or degraded.
3. 4
In spite of constraints to conservation of wetlands, Myanmar always seeks wise
use and sustainable use of wetlands. Myanmar collaborated with the Wild Bird Society
of Japan to survey 99 wetland sites in the country. Training courses on wetland
assessment and water birds study were given to the staff for capacity building. Similarly,
the workshop on Wetland conservation in Myanmar was also held in Yangon in 2001,
and current management conservation on wetlands were discussed. The workshop
recommended future actions on management, conservation and wise use of wetlands.
Based on the results of wetland inventories which were taken between 2000 and 2004 a
Hand Book of "An Inventory of the Wetlands of Myanmar" has been drafted, and it
is expected that it will be published in early 2005.
7. Status of Migratory Birds in Myanmar
Myanmar is on both Central and East Asian Flyways of the migratory birds.
Many migratory birds winter in wetlands and on coastal areas every year. Although
Myanmar is not a member country to the Convention on Migratory Species yet
migratory species including migratory birds are protected by forming protected areas
which are suitable for wintering. Myanmar shared information in compiling the Asian
Waterfowl Census gathered during the period 1994-1996. According to the census
29,313 water birds of 30 species was reported. Moyingyi, now a Ramsar site in
Myanmar used to support 10,000 water birds in the past, and is supporting a number of
waterfowls including migratory in nature such as Lesser Whistling Duck, Ruddy
Shelduck and Eastern Sarus Crane (Grus antigonesharpii) are found in large numbers
during their wintering. Occurrences of migratory birds are continuously monitored in
Myanmar. Forest Department of Myanmar is collaborating with relevant departments
for conservation of wetlands and coastal areas to provide habitats for migratory birds.
8. Threats and Issues Associated with wetland conservation in Myanmar;
There is supply of fresh water to agriculture, industries and housing. This can be a
problem for a long term existence of wetlands.
Development of dams and unsustainable agricultural practices cause negative
impact on the regular flow of water into the wetlands.
Pollution, particularly the release of industrial waste into rivers, stream and lake in
areas close to paper mills is a serious threat to sustainable fisheries.
Over fishing and use of unauthorized fishing methods.
Increased deposition of silt in wetlands due to inappropriate land use methods in
upland areas.
Hunting and netting of water birds by the poor near the wetlands.
Weak awareness on the importance of wetland and their conservation among poor
local communities.
Inadequate qualified staff to work in wetland conservation and management.
Insufficient financial resources and equipment for wetland conservation and
Management.
4. 4
9. Myanmar and Ramsar Conservation
Although Myanmar is not a Party to the Ramsar Convention, Myanmar always
attended meetings, workshops and training courses relating to Ramsar when invited.
Officials from Ramsar and related organizations visit Myanmar and discuss about
status of wetland in Myanmar, their international importance and extend opportunities
Myanmar to accede to the Ramsar Convention.
Though in 1998, Forest Department received an invitation letter through the
National Commission for Environmental Affairs to apply for membership country at
Ramsar, but was not able to decide to accede to the Convention.
Myanmar is considered as integral part in the context of wise use and international
importance of wetlands in Asia, and accordingly Myanmar has been participating at the
regional wetland collaboration.
In 2004 Ramsar Secretariat welcomed Myanmar to be a member country by
sending new invitation and Myanmar decided to accede to the Convention.
Myanmar is looking forward to becoming a member country to Ramsar this year,
2004.
In Myanmar, there are 18 wetland sites that meet the Ramsar criteria as Wetlands
of International Importance.
Myanmar looks forward to collaborate with Ramsar for the conservation, wise use
and management of wetlands in Myanmar.
Myanmar needs assistance from Ramsar and related organizations in the
promotion of conservation, management of wetlands as well as capacity building of staff
of Forest Department.
10. Conclusion
Due to population increase and growing demand on fresh water resources there is
a heavy pressure on the long term conservation of wetlands in Myanmar. Collaboration
of relevant stakeholders in the wise use of wetland is urgently needed in Myanmar. It
needs to look at the livelihood of poor communities living near the wetlands so that their
dependence on wetland resource can be made sustainable. Increased national and
international collaboration are needed to manage and conserve the wetland of
international importance in Myanmar.
S:_WorkingDocsSpeciesCentralAsianFlywayDelhi 2005Docs_CAFinf_04_14_Myanmar.doc