1,178 fish species in the Indo-Burma region. 151 species from the Salween drainage, 328 from the Mae hlong–Chao Phraya drainages, 500 from the Mekong drainage, 253 from the Red River drainage, 160 from the streams draining the eastern slope of the Annamite range, and 221 from the Malay Peninsula (south of the isthmus of Kra). The Malay Peninsula south of Thailand is excluded, as are those parts of the Salween, Mekong and Red River drainages in China.
Freshwater ecosystems include lakes, ponds, rivers, streams, springs, and wetlands. There are two main types - lentic ecosystems, which are standing bodies of water, and lotic ecosystems, which are running water. Lentic ecosystems can be further divided into zones based on depth and vegetation. Lotic ecosystems have rapid zones with strong currents and pool zones with slower currents. Wetlands are areas that are periodically saturated or flooded with shallow water and support unique plant and animal communities. Forested wetlands include swamps and floodplain forests while tidal freshwater marshes occur along estuaries. Freshwater ecosystems provide important resources but occupy a small area globally.
Freshwater Ecosystems include standing water or lentic such as lakes, ponds, marshes and wet lands, and the flowing water or lotic such as spring, streams and rivers. This ecosystem is normally of very low salinity usually between 15 to 30 ppt. They are highly variable and their characteristics depend upon the surrounding geology, land use and pollution levels.
This document defines and describes different types of freshwater habitats. It identifies lentic habitats as calm standing water and lotic habitats as running water. Major freshwater habitats include lakes, ponds, rivers, streams, springs, and wetlands. The document also discusses the thermal stratification of lakes and classifies four types of lakes: oligotrophic, eutrophic, mesotrophic, and hypereutrophic.
Determination of Cesium 137 and Cesium-134 radioactivity levels in fish consu...chavinperera
This document summarizes a study that measured levels of radioactive cesium-134 and cesium-137 in various fish samples from Sri Lanka following the 2011 Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant accident in Japan. The study found trace amounts of cesium-137 in some marine fish but no detectable radioactive isotopes in freshwater fish. Two canned fish samples showed low levels of cesium-134 and cesium-137, indicating possible contamination from the Fukushima accident. However, all measured radioactivity levels were below Sri Lankan regulatory limits. The study concludes it is important to continue monitoring fish consumed in Sri Lanka for potentially harmful accumulation of radioactivity over time.
Spatial Mapping: Diversity and Distribution of Demersal Fish in the Southern ...robert peranginangin
In the future, fisheries management must not be based on biomass measure only, but must use an integrated ecosystem approach. This study was aimed to discover the species diversity level of demersal fish resources in spatial distribution and its relation to the environment. The study was conducted in May and June 2015 by operating a trawl in the assigned stations. The spatial distribution was based on the Bray-Curtis index which divided the distribution of demersal fish resources into three clusters. Inshore sites of Kalimantan’s western waters (KLBR) was dominated by Leognathidae, inshore sites of the eastern of Riau Islands waters (KPRI) was dominated by Lutjanidae, and offshore sites of the southern of South China Sea (SSCS) was dominated by Nemipteridae. Offshore sites of the southern of South China Sea (SSCS) had a much better community stability level than that of inshore sites of Kalimantan’s western waters (KLBR) and inshore sites of the eastern of Riau Islands waters (KPRI). This study also demonstrated that environmental factors such as depth, sediment type, salinity, and temperature, affect the distribution and species diversity of demersal fish communities in the southern of South China Sea.
Manta Harvesting in the Alor and Solor Waters in Eastern Indonesia 2004Lida Pet
This document reports on monitoring activities related to manta harvesting in the Alor and Solor waters of Eastern Indonesia. It describes the methods used, including site visits and interviews. Key findings include:
1) Manta rays are harvested for their leather and meat, with meat exported for shark fin soup. Catches appear to be high based on preliminary calculations, potentially threatening manta populations.
2) Local communities in Lamakera and Lamalera depend on fishing and harvest mantas. Fishers use specific techniques and operate at certain times/locations. Annual manta catches in the hundreds are reported.
3) The report recommends establishing marine protected areas, enforcement programs, improving infrastructure and markets to reduce pressure
Species Diversity of Polychaete Worms from Some Selected Freshwater Environme...ijtsrd
The number of freshwater species in the world is quite small when compared with the vast number of marine species. There are several marine forms which are penetrated brackish and freshwater but remain unable to breed there while others have adapted sufficiently to remain for their entire life span. Polychaetes are commonly found in Indian estuaries, among 152 species recorded, 119 species from the east coast, 10 species from both east and west coasts. A total of 8 species were identified along Thenkasi District. Macro benthic polychaetes highlighted the presence of indicator species at all stations. Most of the benthic studies explored that Nereididae is the dominant species. The polychaetes observed throughout this study were a similar size and this is a clear indication of extreme disturbance imposed on the sediment. The present findings show macrobenthic polychaete diversity rich all along the Thenkasi District of Tamil Nadu. S. Balasubramanian | T. Citarasu | S. Lazarus | A. Renu "Species Diversity of Polychaete Worms from Some Selected Freshwater Environment of Thenkasi District, Tamil Nadu" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd26516.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/zoology/26516/species-diversity-of-polychaete-worms-from-some-selected-freshwater-environment-of-thenkasi-district-tamil-nadu/s-balasubramanian
One Fish, Two Fish, Blue Crab, Pompano- An Analysis of Marine and Estuarine S...Cody Gramlin
This document analyzes marine and estuarine species sampled along South Carolina's Atlantic coast. Samples were collected from three locations at Hunting Island State Park using fyke and seine nets between August 8-14, 2016. A variety of fish and crab species were identified. Catch per unit effort (CPUE) was calculated for each net deployment to analyze sampling effectiveness. The six most commonly caught species were identified for each sample location.
Freshwater ecosystems include lakes, ponds, rivers, streams, springs, and wetlands. There are two main types - lentic ecosystems, which are standing bodies of water, and lotic ecosystems, which are running water. Lentic ecosystems can be further divided into zones based on depth and vegetation. Lotic ecosystems have rapid zones with strong currents and pool zones with slower currents. Wetlands are areas that are periodically saturated or flooded with shallow water and support unique plant and animal communities. Forested wetlands include swamps and floodplain forests while tidal freshwater marshes occur along estuaries. Freshwater ecosystems provide important resources but occupy a small area globally.
Freshwater Ecosystems include standing water or lentic such as lakes, ponds, marshes and wet lands, and the flowing water or lotic such as spring, streams and rivers. This ecosystem is normally of very low salinity usually between 15 to 30 ppt. They are highly variable and their characteristics depend upon the surrounding geology, land use and pollution levels.
This document defines and describes different types of freshwater habitats. It identifies lentic habitats as calm standing water and lotic habitats as running water. Major freshwater habitats include lakes, ponds, rivers, streams, springs, and wetlands. The document also discusses the thermal stratification of lakes and classifies four types of lakes: oligotrophic, eutrophic, mesotrophic, and hypereutrophic.
Determination of Cesium 137 and Cesium-134 radioactivity levels in fish consu...chavinperera
This document summarizes a study that measured levels of radioactive cesium-134 and cesium-137 in various fish samples from Sri Lanka following the 2011 Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant accident in Japan. The study found trace amounts of cesium-137 in some marine fish but no detectable radioactive isotopes in freshwater fish. Two canned fish samples showed low levels of cesium-134 and cesium-137, indicating possible contamination from the Fukushima accident. However, all measured radioactivity levels were below Sri Lankan regulatory limits. The study concludes it is important to continue monitoring fish consumed in Sri Lanka for potentially harmful accumulation of radioactivity over time.
Spatial Mapping: Diversity and Distribution of Demersal Fish in the Southern ...robert peranginangin
In the future, fisheries management must not be based on biomass measure only, but must use an integrated ecosystem approach. This study was aimed to discover the species diversity level of demersal fish resources in spatial distribution and its relation to the environment. The study was conducted in May and June 2015 by operating a trawl in the assigned stations. The spatial distribution was based on the Bray-Curtis index which divided the distribution of demersal fish resources into three clusters. Inshore sites of Kalimantan’s western waters (KLBR) was dominated by Leognathidae, inshore sites of the eastern of Riau Islands waters (KPRI) was dominated by Lutjanidae, and offshore sites of the southern of South China Sea (SSCS) was dominated by Nemipteridae. Offshore sites of the southern of South China Sea (SSCS) had a much better community stability level than that of inshore sites of Kalimantan’s western waters (KLBR) and inshore sites of the eastern of Riau Islands waters (KPRI). This study also demonstrated that environmental factors such as depth, sediment type, salinity, and temperature, affect the distribution and species diversity of demersal fish communities in the southern of South China Sea.
Manta Harvesting in the Alor and Solor Waters in Eastern Indonesia 2004Lida Pet
This document reports on monitoring activities related to manta harvesting in the Alor and Solor waters of Eastern Indonesia. It describes the methods used, including site visits and interviews. Key findings include:
1) Manta rays are harvested for their leather and meat, with meat exported for shark fin soup. Catches appear to be high based on preliminary calculations, potentially threatening manta populations.
2) Local communities in Lamakera and Lamalera depend on fishing and harvest mantas. Fishers use specific techniques and operate at certain times/locations. Annual manta catches in the hundreds are reported.
3) The report recommends establishing marine protected areas, enforcement programs, improving infrastructure and markets to reduce pressure
Species Diversity of Polychaete Worms from Some Selected Freshwater Environme...ijtsrd
The number of freshwater species in the world is quite small when compared with the vast number of marine species. There are several marine forms which are penetrated brackish and freshwater but remain unable to breed there while others have adapted sufficiently to remain for their entire life span. Polychaetes are commonly found in Indian estuaries, among 152 species recorded, 119 species from the east coast, 10 species from both east and west coasts. A total of 8 species were identified along Thenkasi District. Macro benthic polychaetes highlighted the presence of indicator species at all stations. Most of the benthic studies explored that Nereididae is the dominant species. The polychaetes observed throughout this study were a similar size and this is a clear indication of extreme disturbance imposed on the sediment. The present findings show macrobenthic polychaete diversity rich all along the Thenkasi District of Tamil Nadu. S. Balasubramanian | T. Citarasu | S. Lazarus | A. Renu "Species Diversity of Polychaete Worms from Some Selected Freshwater Environment of Thenkasi District, Tamil Nadu" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd26516.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/zoology/26516/species-diversity-of-polychaete-worms-from-some-selected-freshwater-environment-of-thenkasi-district-tamil-nadu/s-balasubramanian
One Fish, Two Fish, Blue Crab, Pompano- An Analysis of Marine and Estuarine S...Cody Gramlin
This document analyzes marine and estuarine species sampled along South Carolina's Atlantic coast. Samples were collected from three locations at Hunting Island State Park using fyke and seine nets between August 8-14, 2016. A variety of fish and crab species were identified. Catch per unit effort (CPUE) was calculated for each net deployment to analyze sampling effectiveness. The six most commonly caught species were identified for each sample location.
This document reports on the discovery of a new species of lamellated pen shell, Atrina lamellata, off the coast of Thoothukudi, India. A single specimen was collected from a depth of 310 meters and identified based on its morphological characteristics. This extends the known distribution of A. lamellata to include the southeast coast of India. Little is known about pen shell populations in this region. This study provides a first documentation and taxonomic identification of A. lamellata in the waters off Thoothukudi.
This document reports on the discovery of a new species of lamellated pen shell, Atrina lamellata, off the coast of Thoothukudi, India. A single specimen was collected from a depth of 310 meters and identified based on its morphological characteristics. This extends the known distribution of A. lamellata to include the southeast coast of India. Little is known about pen shell populations in this region. This study provides a first documentation and taxonomic identification of A. lamellata in the waters off Thoothukudi.
Brittlestar regeneration rate paper janice price and lee ann clementskleinkea
This study examined the effects of hydrodynamic stress on arm regeneration in the brittlestar Ophiophragmus filograneus when food was limited. 30 brittlestars had arms removed and were placed in tanks with either oscillating (wave) or laminar (flume) flow and fed for discrete periods each week. Brittlestars in the laminar flow tank regenerated a higher proportion of skeletal tissue than those in the wave tank, suggesting hydrodynamics influence how brittlestars allocate resources to regeneration when food is limited.
This document summarizes a study on meiofaunal organisms found in Songculan Lagoon in the Philippines. Eleven meiofaunal taxa were identified, with nematodes being the most dominant. Sampling at three stations found varying abundances of taxa. Nematodes, copepods, ostracods, and turbellarians were the most relatively abundant taxa overall. The study provides a baseline analysis of meiofaunal composition and abundance in Songculan Lagoon.
This study aimed to identify and analyze meiofaunal organisms in Songculan Lagoon, Philippines. Eleven meiofaunal taxa were identified, including nematodes, copepods, ostracods, turbellarians, gastropods, flatworms, gastrotrichs, polychaetes, oligochaetes, rotifers, and tardigrades. Nematodes and gastropods were present at all sampling stations. Analysis found that nematodes made up 34% of organisms, making them the most abundant taxa overall. Physicochemical properties of the water and sediments were also measured. This baseline data on meiofaunal composition and environmental conditions can inform further studies
Stressed Coral Reef Identification Using Deep Learning CNN Techniques
The Application of Information Systems to Improve Ambulance Response Times in the UK
Practical Considerations for Implementing Adaptive Acoustic Noise Cancellation in Commercial Earbuds
Development of Technology and Equipment for Non-destructive Testing of Defects in Sewing Mandrels of a Three-roll Screw Mill 30-80
Control and Treatment of Bone Cancer: A Novel Theoretical Study
Enhancing Semantic Segmentation through Reinforced Active Learning: Combating Dataset Imbalances and Bolstering Annotation Efficiency
6.scorpion fish-1.pdf. They are called rockfish or stonefish because they co...Saiqa Riaz
The spotted scorpionfish is
a spiny-headed robust scorpionfish
• Dorsal fin having 12 spines and 9 ½
soft rays .
• Pectoral fin with 18-21 fin rays.
• Venom glands are associated with
the dorsal fin spines
• Scorpionfish have extremely potent
venom in their sharp spines
• This make them one of the most
poisonous animals in the ocean.
These fishes remain mostly stationary during
daylight, but are active at night.
2. External anatomy of a scorpaenid fish: (1)
Spinous dorsal fin, (2) spine of dorsal fin, (3)
lateral line, (4) soft-rayed dorsal fin, (5) caudal
fin, (6) spinous anal fin, (7) soft-rayed pectoral
fin, (8) gill cover, (9) suborbital ridge
3.
4. They are called rockfish or stonefish because
they commonly live among rocks
5. Scorpionfish are perchlike fish with large,
spiny heads.Types of scorpion fishes
1. Stone fish
2. Loin fish
3. Scorpaena
4. Black scorpion fish
5. Weedy scorpion fish
6. Scorpaenopsis
7. Dendrochirus
8. Rhinopias
9. weever
Unique Facts
1. Scorpionfish have extremely potent venom
in their sharp spines
2. Scorpionfish tend to live near the surface
2,625 feet (800 m) deep.
3. Scorpionfish are about 8 inches (20 cm) long
on average ,
4. Scorpionfish blend in perfectly with their
coral and rocky surroundings because of
their mottled color patterns.
5. Scorpionfish are solitary and only
congregate for mating.
11.[8 17]length-weight relationships of some important estuarine fish species...Alexander Decker
This document presents a study on the length-weight relationships of 23 fish species found in the Merbok estuary in northern Peninsular Malaysia. The study found:
- The b values for the length-weight relationships varied between 2.7928 and 3.6001, indicating 9 species exhibited positive allometric growth, 10 negative allometric growth, 3 isometric growth, and 1 Gompertz form of growth.
- Condition factors ranged from 0.5769 to 3.4994, showing most species were in good condition.
- This study provides the first published length-weight relationships for species from the Merbok estuary. Most fish specimens were juveniles, indicating the estuary
This document reports on the first record of the squat lobster species Munidopsis scobina off the Thoothukudi coast of the Gulf of Mannar in India. One specimen of M. scobina was collected from a depth of 305-310 meters during trawling operations. M. scobina is described and its key diagnostic features are provided. This extends the known distribution of M. scobina in the Indo-Pacific region. A number of other species previously collected off the Thoothukudi coast are also cited.
The South Pacific Regional Herbarium maintains plant collections for the South Pacific and conducts research on plant taxonomy, conservation and ecology. Conservation International works to establish conservation corridors on Viti Levu including in the Nakauvadra Range. The Fiji Water Foundation is a major philanthropic organization in Fiji focusing on health, education, water and infrastructure projects across 13 provinces.
Environmental conditions and zooplankton community structure in five ponds in...Innspub Net
The degradation of surface water quality in Cameroon is linked to the absence of a functional waste management strategy. For such a strategy to be efficient, a general understanding of aquatic ecosystems will be of importance, these management strategies are particularly lacking in the eastern part of the country. To better understand and appreciate the ecosystems in the town of Bertoua, five ponds where chosen for the physicochemical and zooplankton communities analysis. Sampling on these ponds was conducted from March 2016 to April 2017 on a monthly basis. Samples for physicochemical analysis were collected at 20cm below water surface at the middle of each pond and measured were done following the recommendations of Rodier and Alpha. Biological samples were collected by filtering 50 liters of water through a 64µm mesh opening sieve. Identification was done using standard methods and identification keys. One-way ANOVA analysis was conducted to assess the potential differences between the different ponds base monthly observations. Although they are all hypereutrophic, with regard to the values of the physicochemical parameters, the five ponds showed no significant difference between them but, the structure of the zooplankton community remains very diverse. 118 zooplankton species have been identified in the five ponds. The distribution of zooplankton in these hydrosystems was mainly governed by the presence of organic matter. This study sheds light on the status and biological diversity of ponds in eastern Cameroon, data on which to rely to develop management strategies.
Fish biodiversity and their present conservation status 5 1-53-491Md. Monjurul Hasan
This study was conducted between January 2016 and December 2016 with a view to assessing the
biodiversity of fishes in the River Meghna and their conservation status both in Bangladesh and global
aspects. A total of 107 fish species belonging to 13 orders and 26 families were documented. Perciformes
was found to be the most dominant order consisting 32% of the total fish population. Cyprinidae was
found to be the richest family (16%). Twenty common groups were recorded in the studied areas.
Estuary-River was found to be the biggest habitat for the maximum number of fishes (43%). Twenty one
threatened fish species (20%) were recorded from the River Meghna in which 11 species (10.28%) were
found as Vulnerable (VU), 8 species (7.48%) as Endangered (EN) and 2 species (2%) as Critically
Endangered (CR). Steps should be taken to conserve threatened fish species of Meghna River from the
risk of extinction.
A Transmission Electron Microscopic Study of the Olfactory Epithelium in Hill...AI Publications
Olfaction is primarily produced by the stimulation of receptor cells on the olfactory organ's neuroepithelial surface, surrounded by olfactory nerve fibres. Numerous fish life processes, including migration, communication, feeding, schooling, defence, and reproduction, depend heavily on olfactory signals and cues. The olfactory and reproductory systems are interconnected structurally and functionally, and puberty-related alterations in the olfactory epithelium are documented. The olfactory epithelium, which covers a large portion of the surface of the olfactory rosette, a structure found within the olfactory chambers on the fish rostrum, is where the olfactory receptor cells are situated. Although ultra structural transmission electron microscopic studies of the olfactory organ and bulb are carried out by some investigators but very sparse information is available on hillstream fishes and that is why this work has been undertaken to detail the structure of olfactory system in G. mullya by electron microscopy. Microvillous olfactory receptor cells are placed compactly adjacent to the supporting cell showing a junction complex : the zonula-ocludens. Polygonal white cells are present in between the basal cells and supporting cells. Small polyhedral basal cells lie just above the basal lamina of olfactory epithelium. Basal cells may be working as stem cells for regeneration of lost or damaged non sensory and goblet cells.
Montoya-maya - 2009 - DYNAMICS OF LARVAL FISH AND ZOOPLANKTON IN SELECTED SOU...Phanor Montoya-Maya
This thesis studied the larval fish and zooplankton assemblages in nine south and west coast estuaries of South Africa between June 2003 and March 2004. A total of 49,274 larval fish from 47 taxa and 44 zooplankton taxa were collected. The clupeid Gilchristella aestuaria dominated the larval fish catches, comprising 78.8% of individuals. Copepods dominated the zooplankton, with Pseudodiaptomus hessei comprising 59% of individuals. Larval fish and zooplankton abundances varied seasonally and spatially within estuaries. Environmental factors like freshwater input, estuary type, and biogeography
3 ijfaf jul-2017-1-evaluation of the ichthyofaunalAI Publications
Fish constitute more than half of the total number of all the aquatic vertebrates in the world; thus, a study was carried out for six months from January-June, 2016 to investigate the physico-chemical parameters, composition, abundance and diversity of ichthyofauna present in some sections of Omambala, Ezu and Ahommiri Rivers in Anambra state, Nigeria. Water samples were collected for physico-chemical analysis and fish samples were also collected with the assistance of artisanal fishermen using different types of traditional fishing gears namely - gill nets, cast nets, hook and line, local traps (baited) and bag nets to evaluate fish species composition and abundance. The result of the physico-chemical analysis showed uniform values for temperature (25±0.16oC-30±0.48oC), dissolved oxygen (3.65±0.78-5.65±0.11mg/l) and biochemical oxygen demand (13±0.03-16±0.08mg/l) which favoured the distribution of fishes present in different sections of the three Rivers. A total catch of 11,031 fishes were recorded from the three Rivers which comprised 11 orders, 29 families, 43 genera and 69 species. Umuoba-Anam section had 9691 catches, Ebenebe section (702) and Awa section (638). Monthly composition showed highest in March (1,909) and June (2,294) for dry and rainy seasons respectively. Seasonal composition showed highest during the rainy season with a total number of 5922 fishes while 5109 fishes was recorded for the dry season. The diversity indices of the three Rivers indicated diverse communities with ten common species variety and Shannon Weiner (H’) diversity index of 2.755-3.682. Tilapia zilli (22.2%) was the most common and abundant species followed by Clarias anguillaris (21.4%), Malapterus electricus (18.9%), Heterobranchus bidorsalis (15.4%), Xenomystis nigri (14.6%), Heterotis niloticus (13.0%), Auchenoglanis monkei (11.0%), Tilapia dageti (10.2%), Hepsetus odoe (8.1%) and Bagrus filamentosus (7.2%). The study revealed that taxa richness and species diversity increase with increased water level and uniform physico-chemical changes. Further survey of fish species diversity and abundance should be carried out continuously for a longer period on a larger scale for a thorough assessment of the water bodies and their fishery potentials.
The document presents a case study investigating the impact of Atlantic salmon cage culture in Mjoifjordur, Iceland on sediment chemistry. Sediment samples were collected from stations at various distances from the salmon cages and analyzed for total organic matter, total organic carbon, total nitrogen, and phosphorus. The results showed a significant increase in these parameters close to the cages, indicating a localized impact of cage farming on sediment chemistry in the immediate vicinity of the cages.
This document summarizes a study on the systematic and taxonomic aspects of catfishes found in the Sasthamcottah Lake in Kerala, India. Seven species of catfish from 6 genera were collected from the lake: Horabagrus brachysoma, Mystus oculatus, Ompok malabaricus, Ompok bimaculatus, Wallago attu, Clarias dussumieri, and Heteropneustes fossilis. The study examined morphological characteristics, meristic counts, diversity, and conservation status of the catfish species. Key findings included different colorations observed between seasons, commercial and food importance of some species, and population declines of C. d
The document discusses the clownfish, a type of fish that lives in saltwater habitats and reefs in the Pacific and Indian Oceans. It faces threats from predators in the ocean and from being caught for aquariums, where it only lives about 5 years compared to 10 years in the wild. Clownfish have a symbiotic relationship with sea anemones and receive protection from the anemone's stinging tentacles while providing it with nutrients. They exhibit social behaviors like forming hierarchies and changing sex from male to female if the female dies.
Re-Colonizing Soft Corals on the Degraded Coral Reefs of Gulf Of Kachchh Mari...paperpublications3
Abstract: Coral reefs of the Gulf of Kachchh are in a highly degraded condition, when compared with other three major coral reef regions of India. In correlation with geographical and oceanographical changes, its arid climate and the semi-diurnal tidal amplitudes fluctuations hamper the recovery of the reef. Soft corals may play the alternative key role in maintaining the ecological role in the degraded reef ecosystem in the absence of hard corals. Re-colonization of soft corals on the degraded reefs is among the first steps to make them to recover gradually. Present Line Intercept Transect survey (LIT) conducted in a reef of the Gulf inferred the possibility to recovery of the reefs due to the colonization of soft corals on the bare coral boulders.
Occurrence of Conochilus Arboreus (Rotifera: Gnesiotrocha) In a Subtropical P...AnuragSingh1049
The seasonal behavior and abundance of a colonial form of Conochilus arboreus was studied in detail. Its relationship with abiotic and biotic factors was investigated during limnological studies conducted in kunjwani pond for one year.
Fields survey of freshwater fishes in upper moei riverYMCA Mandalay
Salween River System originates at the Himalaya mountain range and flows from the Tibetan Plateau into the Andaman Sea. It drains a narrow and mountainous watershed of 324,000 square kilometres that extends into the countries of China, Burma and Thailand.
Chin State has been characterized among all states and regions of Myanmar as the highest poverty gap ratio, highest occurrence of food deficits, poor road connectivity on steep mountain ridge and narrow valleys, low population density but lowest percent availability of cultivable lands and high percentage of waste and scrub lands, adherence to the shifting cultivation system, lack of rural based industries, and higher rate of out migration.
More Related Content
Similar to Chapter 3 the status and distribution of freshwater fishes of indo burma
This document reports on the discovery of a new species of lamellated pen shell, Atrina lamellata, off the coast of Thoothukudi, India. A single specimen was collected from a depth of 310 meters and identified based on its morphological characteristics. This extends the known distribution of A. lamellata to include the southeast coast of India. Little is known about pen shell populations in this region. This study provides a first documentation and taxonomic identification of A. lamellata in the waters off Thoothukudi.
This document reports on the discovery of a new species of lamellated pen shell, Atrina lamellata, off the coast of Thoothukudi, India. A single specimen was collected from a depth of 310 meters and identified based on its morphological characteristics. This extends the known distribution of A. lamellata to include the southeast coast of India. Little is known about pen shell populations in this region. This study provides a first documentation and taxonomic identification of A. lamellata in the waters off Thoothukudi.
Brittlestar regeneration rate paper janice price and lee ann clementskleinkea
This study examined the effects of hydrodynamic stress on arm regeneration in the brittlestar Ophiophragmus filograneus when food was limited. 30 brittlestars had arms removed and were placed in tanks with either oscillating (wave) or laminar (flume) flow and fed for discrete periods each week. Brittlestars in the laminar flow tank regenerated a higher proportion of skeletal tissue than those in the wave tank, suggesting hydrodynamics influence how brittlestars allocate resources to regeneration when food is limited.
This document summarizes a study on meiofaunal organisms found in Songculan Lagoon in the Philippines. Eleven meiofaunal taxa were identified, with nematodes being the most dominant. Sampling at three stations found varying abundances of taxa. Nematodes, copepods, ostracods, and turbellarians were the most relatively abundant taxa overall. The study provides a baseline analysis of meiofaunal composition and abundance in Songculan Lagoon.
This study aimed to identify and analyze meiofaunal organisms in Songculan Lagoon, Philippines. Eleven meiofaunal taxa were identified, including nematodes, copepods, ostracods, turbellarians, gastropods, flatworms, gastrotrichs, polychaetes, oligochaetes, rotifers, and tardigrades. Nematodes and gastropods were present at all sampling stations. Analysis found that nematodes made up 34% of organisms, making them the most abundant taxa overall. Physicochemical properties of the water and sediments were also measured. This baseline data on meiofaunal composition and environmental conditions can inform further studies
Stressed Coral Reef Identification Using Deep Learning CNN Techniques
The Application of Information Systems to Improve Ambulance Response Times in the UK
Practical Considerations for Implementing Adaptive Acoustic Noise Cancellation in Commercial Earbuds
Development of Technology and Equipment for Non-destructive Testing of Defects in Sewing Mandrels of a Three-roll Screw Mill 30-80
Control and Treatment of Bone Cancer: A Novel Theoretical Study
Enhancing Semantic Segmentation through Reinforced Active Learning: Combating Dataset Imbalances and Bolstering Annotation Efficiency
6.scorpion fish-1.pdf. They are called rockfish or stonefish because they co...Saiqa Riaz
The spotted scorpionfish is
a spiny-headed robust scorpionfish
• Dorsal fin having 12 spines and 9 ½
soft rays .
• Pectoral fin with 18-21 fin rays.
• Venom glands are associated with
the dorsal fin spines
• Scorpionfish have extremely potent
venom in their sharp spines
• This make them one of the most
poisonous animals in the ocean.
These fishes remain mostly stationary during
daylight, but are active at night.
2. External anatomy of a scorpaenid fish: (1)
Spinous dorsal fin, (2) spine of dorsal fin, (3)
lateral line, (4) soft-rayed dorsal fin, (5) caudal
fin, (6) spinous anal fin, (7) soft-rayed pectoral
fin, (8) gill cover, (9) suborbital ridge
3.
4. They are called rockfish or stonefish because
they commonly live among rocks
5. Scorpionfish are perchlike fish with large,
spiny heads.Types of scorpion fishes
1. Stone fish
2. Loin fish
3. Scorpaena
4. Black scorpion fish
5. Weedy scorpion fish
6. Scorpaenopsis
7. Dendrochirus
8. Rhinopias
9. weever
Unique Facts
1. Scorpionfish have extremely potent venom
in their sharp spines
2. Scorpionfish tend to live near the surface
2,625 feet (800 m) deep.
3. Scorpionfish are about 8 inches (20 cm) long
on average ,
4. Scorpionfish blend in perfectly with their
coral and rocky surroundings because of
their mottled color patterns.
5. Scorpionfish are solitary and only
congregate for mating.
11.[8 17]length-weight relationships of some important estuarine fish species...Alexander Decker
This document presents a study on the length-weight relationships of 23 fish species found in the Merbok estuary in northern Peninsular Malaysia. The study found:
- The b values for the length-weight relationships varied between 2.7928 and 3.6001, indicating 9 species exhibited positive allometric growth, 10 negative allometric growth, 3 isometric growth, and 1 Gompertz form of growth.
- Condition factors ranged from 0.5769 to 3.4994, showing most species were in good condition.
- This study provides the first published length-weight relationships for species from the Merbok estuary. Most fish specimens were juveniles, indicating the estuary
This document reports on the first record of the squat lobster species Munidopsis scobina off the Thoothukudi coast of the Gulf of Mannar in India. One specimen of M. scobina was collected from a depth of 305-310 meters during trawling operations. M. scobina is described and its key diagnostic features are provided. This extends the known distribution of M. scobina in the Indo-Pacific region. A number of other species previously collected off the Thoothukudi coast are also cited.
The South Pacific Regional Herbarium maintains plant collections for the South Pacific and conducts research on plant taxonomy, conservation and ecology. Conservation International works to establish conservation corridors on Viti Levu including in the Nakauvadra Range. The Fiji Water Foundation is a major philanthropic organization in Fiji focusing on health, education, water and infrastructure projects across 13 provinces.
Environmental conditions and zooplankton community structure in five ponds in...Innspub Net
The degradation of surface water quality in Cameroon is linked to the absence of a functional waste management strategy. For such a strategy to be efficient, a general understanding of aquatic ecosystems will be of importance, these management strategies are particularly lacking in the eastern part of the country. To better understand and appreciate the ecosystems in the town of Bertoua, five ponds where chosen for the physicochemical and zooplankton communities analysis. Sampling on these ponds was conducted from March 2016 to April 2017 on a monthly basis. Samples for physicochemical analysis were collected at 20cm below water surface at the middle of each pond and measured were done following the recommendations of Rodier and Alpha. Biological samples were collected by filtering 50 liters of water through a 64µm mesh opening sieve. Identification was done using standard methods and identification keys. One-way ANOVA analysis was conducted to assess the potential differences between the different ponds base monthly observations. Although they are all hypereutrophic, with regard to the values of the physicochemical parameters, the five ponds showed no significant difference between them but, the structure of the zooplankton community remains very diverse. 118 zooplankton species have been identified in the five ponds. The distribution of zooplankton in these hydrosystems was mainly governed by the presence of organic matter. This study sheds light on the status and biological diversity of ponds in eastern Cameroon, data on which to rely to develop management strategies.
Fish biodiversity and their present conservation status 5 1-53-491Md. Monjurul Hasan
This study was conducted between January 2016 and December 2016 with a view to assessing the
biodiversity of fishes in the River Meghna and their conservation status both in Bangladesh and global
aspects. A total of 107 fish species belonging to 13 orders and 26 families were documented. Perciformes
was found to be the most dominant order consisting 32% of the total fish population. Cyprinidae was
found to be the richest family (16%). Twenty common groups were recorded in the studied areas.
Estuary-River was found to be the biggest habitat for the maximum number of fishes (43%). Twenty one
threatened fish species (20%) were recorded from the River Meghna in which 11 species (10.28%) were
found as Vulnerable (VU), 8 species (7.48%) as Endangered (EN) and 2 species (2%) as Critically
Endangered (CR). Steps should be taken to conserve threatened fish species of Meghna River from the
risk of extinction.
A Transmission Electron Microscopic Study of the Olfactory Epithelium in Hill...AI Publications
Olfaction is primarily produced by the stimulation of receptor cells on the olfactory organ's neuroepithelial surface, surrounded by olfactory nerve fibres. Numerous fish life processes, including migration, communication, feeding, schooling, defence, and reproduction, depend heavily on olfactory signals and cues. The olfactory and reproductory systems are interconnected structurally and functionally, and puberty-related alterations in the olfactory epithelium are documented. The olfactory epithelium, which covers a large portion of the surface of the olfactory rosette, a structure found within the olfactory chambers on the fish rostrum, is where the olfactory receptor cells are situated. Although ultra structural transmission electron microscopic studies of the olfactory organ and bulb are carried out by some investigators but very sparse information is available on hillstream fishes and that is why this work has been undertaken to detail the structure of olfactory system in G. mullya by electron microscopy. Microvillous olfactory receptor cells are placed compactly adjacent to the supporting cell showing a junction complex : the zonula-ocludens. Polygonal white cells are present in between the basal cells and supporting cells. Small polyhedral basal cells lie just above the basal lamina of olfactory epithelium. Basal cells may be working as stem cells for regeneration of lost or damaged non sensory and goblet cells.
Montoya-maya - 2009 - DYNAMICS OF LARVAL FISH AND ZOOPLANKTON IN SELECTED SOU...Phanor Montoya-Maya
This thesis studied the larval fish and zooplankton assemblages in nine south and west coast estuaries of South Africa between June 2003 and March 2004. A total of 49,274 larval fish from 47 taxa and 44 zooplankton taxa were collected. The clupeid Gilchristella aestuaria dominated the larval fish catches, comprising 78.8% of individuals. Copepods dominated the zooplankton, with Pseudodiaptomus hessei comprising 59% of individuals. Larval fish and zooplankton abundances varied seasonally and spatially within estuaries. Environmental factors like freshwater input, estuary type, and biogeography
3 ijfaf jul-2017-1-evaluation of the ichthyofaunalAI Publications
Fish constitute more than half of the total number of all the aquatic vertebrates in the world; thus, a study was carried out for six months from January-June, 2016 to investigate the physico-chemical parameters, composition, abundance and diversity of ichthyofauna present in some sections of Omambala, Ezu and Ahommiri Rivers in Anambra state, Nigeria. Water samples were collected for physico-chemical analysis and fish samples were also collected with the assistance of artisanal fishermen using different types of traditional fishing gears namely - gill nets, cast nets, hook and line, local traps (baited) and bag nets to evaluate fish species composition and abundance. The result of the physico-chemical analysis showed uniform values for temperature (25±0.16oC-30±0.48oC), dissolved oxygen (3.65±0.78-5.65±0.11mg/l) and biochemical oxygen demand (13±0.03-16±0.08mg/l) which favoured the distribution of fishes present in different sections of the three Rivers. A total catch of 11,031 fishes were recorded from the three Rivers which comprised 11 orders, 29 families, 43 genera and 69 species. Umuoba-Anam section had 9691 catches, Ebenebe section (702) and Awa section (638). Monthly composition showed highest in March (1,909) and June (2,294) for dry and rainy seasons respectively. Seasonal composition showed highest during the rainy season with a total number of 5922 fishes while 5109 fishes was recorded for the dry season. The diversity indices of the three Rivers indicated diverse communities with ten common species variety and Shannon Weiner (H’) diversity index of 2.755-3.682. Tilapia zilli (22.2%) was the most common and abundant species followed by Clarias anguillaris (21.4%), Malapterus electricus (18.9%), Heterobranchus bidorsalis (15.4%), Xenomystis nigri (14.6%), Heterotis niloticus (13.0%), Auchenoglanis monkei (11.0%), Tilapia dageti (10.2%), Hepsetus odoe (8.1%) and Bagrus filamentosus (7.2%). The study revealed that taxa richness and species diversity increase with increased water level and uniform physico-chemical changes. Further survey of fish species diversity and abundance should be carried out continuously for a longer period on a larger scale for a thorough assessment of the water bodies and their fishery potentials.
The document presents a case study investigating the impact of Atlantic salmon cage culture in Mjoifjordur, Iceland on sediment chemistry. Sediment samples were collected from stations at various distances from the salmon cages and analyzed for total organic matter, total organic carbon, total nitrogen, and phosphorus. The results showed a significant increase in these parameters close to the cages, indicating a localized impact of cage farming on sediment chemistry in the immediate vicinity of the cages.
This document summarizes a study on the systematic and taxonomic aspects of catfishes found in the Sasthamcottah Lake in Kerala, India. Seven species of catfish from 6 genera were collected from the lake: Horabagrus brachysoma, Mystus oculatus, Ompok malabaricus, Ompok bimaculatus, Wallago attu, Clarias dussumieri, and Heteropneustes fossilis. The study examined morphological characteristics, meristic counts, diversity, and conservation status of the catfish species. Key findings included different colorations observed between seasons, commercial and food importance of some species, and population declines of C. d
The document discusses the clownfish, a type of fish that lives in saltwater habitats and reefs in the Pacific and Indian Oceans. It faces threats from predators in the ocean and from being caught for aquariums, where it only lives about 5 years compared to 10 years in the wild. Clownfish have a symbiotic relationship with sea anemones and receive protection from the anemone's stinging tentacles while providing it with nutrients. They exhibit social behaviors like forming hierarchies and changing sex from male to female if the female dies.
Re-Colonizing Soft Corals on the Degraded Coral Reefs of Gulf Of Kachchh Mari...paperpublications3
Abstract: Coral reefs of the Gulf of Kachchh are in a highly degraded condition, when compared with other three major coral reef regions of India. In correlation with geographical and oceanographical changes, its arid climate and the semi-diurnal tidal amplitudes fluctuations hamper the recovery of the reef. Soft corals may play the alternative key role in maintaining the ecological role in the degraded reef ecosystem in the absence of hard corals. Re-colonization of soft corals on the degraded reefs is among the first steps to make them to recover gradually. Present Line Intercept Transect survey (LIT) conducted in a reef of the Gulf inferred the possibility to recovery of the reefs due to the colonization of soft corals on the bare coral boulders.
Occurrence of Conochilus Arboreus (Rotifera: Gnesiotrocha) In a Subtropical P...AnuragSingh1049
The seasonal behavior and abundance of a colonial form of Conochilus arboreus was studied in detail. Its relationship with abiotic and biotic factors was investigated during limnological studies conducted in kunjwani pond for one year.
Similar to Chapter 3 the status and distribution of freshwater fishes of indo burma (20)
Fields survey of freshwater fishes in upper moei riverYMCA Mandalay
Salween River System originates at the Himalaya mountain range and flows from the Tibetan Plateau into the Andaman Sea. It drains a narrow and mountainous watershed of 324,000 square kilometres that extends into the countries of China, Burma and Thailand.
Chin State has been characterized among all states and regions of Myanmar as the highest poverty gap ratio, highest occurrence of food deficits, poor road connectivity on steep mountain ridge and narrow valleys, low population density but lowest percent availability of cultivable lands and high percentage of waste and scrub lands, adherence to the shifting cultivation system, lack of rural based industries, and higher rate of out migration.
This study summarizes the evolution of farming systems and livelihood dynamics in Northern Chin State, Myanmar over the last few decades. It finds that shifting cultivation, primarily of maize, had been the major livelihood but is changing towards more rice-based semi-commercial farming with the development of terraces and lowland paddy fields. Terracing started in the 1960s but mass adoption only occurred in recent decades due to NGO assistance. Lowland paddy provides staple rice for 5-7 months while shifting cultivation alone provides maize for only 3-6 months, requiring other livelihood combinations to meet food needs. Increased population has shortened fallow periods in shifting cultivation, reducing yields. The assistance of development organizations like
Rethinking swidden cultivation in myanmar pyoe pyin 2014YMCA Mandalay
Swidden cultivation, also know as shifting cultivation or Shwe Pyaung Taung-ya, describes a spectrum of rotational agro-forestry practices at varying levels of intensity prevalent in Myanmar’s uplands. Swidden cultivation contributes to the livelihoods of millions of citizens, for whom it is a solution to upland food security.
Kachin State is known as a hotspot for biological diversity. The conservation of its natural resources, which cannot be valued in monetary terms, is of internationally importance. The logging and gold mining has already caused incalculable loss of biodiversity in the riverine and forest ecosystem.
Zo people tend to speculate as to where came from. Some suggest that they are the descendents od the Chinese of the Chin dynasty because they are called Chin by the Burman. Some devoted Christians dreamed of being one of the lost tribes of Israle. The history of the Zo people is very complex because they have many versions of legends and traditions. Their clothing, houses and diet differ from one area to another because of climatic differences within a short distance. The language, through basically similar, has developed into muti-dialects.
At both the Shwedagon and Kyaikhtiyoe, there are new inscriptions. For instance, an inscription is mounted on the new Shwedagon Htidaw, and on parts of the Kyailhtiyoe Shwehtidaw canonical texts have been inscribed.
In 1478, King Dhammazedi from the Mon kingdom of Ramannadesa, erected ten stone inscriptions written with Mon and Pali language. The stone inscription is known among scholars as the "Kalyani Sima" or "Kalyani Inscription". The inscription deal mainly with the the reform undertaken by the king to purify Theravada Buddhism in his kingdom.
The Myanmar elephant is internationally endangered and is regarded as a worldwide flagship species. Throughout their range states, the wild elephant is severely threatened by habitat destruction, poaching, and fragmentation into small isolated groups. Many population biologists believe that nowhere in Asia is there a single wild population large enough to avoid inbreeding over the long term.
The spiders were obtained in that part of Burma which, before the annexation of the whole country, was termed British Burma, and is now called lower Burma. The collections were chiefly made at Tharrawaddy, a station about 70 miles north of Rangoon, during the year 1884- 87. As to the general character of the Burmese spider- fauna, it can not, in spite of the numerous new genera which at present seem to be confined to Burma, be said to differ essentially from that of the neighboring regions of Southern Asia- Indo- China, India, and Indo- Malaysia. A great many of the Burmese species have a very wide geographical distribution, and some are almost cosmopolitan.
Myanmar is rich in mineral wealth. But it still left much of the virgin lands which are remote, mountainous and rugged. Much will be find. Mineral database is not well established and complete yet.
Jade is the gem name for mineral aggregates composed of either or both of two different minerals, Jadeite and Nephrite. Jadeite is a sodium-rich aluminous pyroxene; nephrite is a fine-grained, calcium-rich, magnesium, iron, aluminous amphibole. All jade is composed of fine-grained, highly intergrown, interlocking crystals of one or both of these minerals. Though neither mineral is very hard (6-7), jade is one of the toughest gem minerals known because of the intergrown nature of the individual crystals.
Jade is the gem name for mineral aggregates composed of either or both of two different minerals, Jadeite and Nephrite. Jadeite is a sodium-rich aluminous pyroxene; nephrite is a fine-grained, calcium-rich, magnesium, iron, aluminous amphibole. All jade is composed of fine-grained, highly intergrown, interlocking crystals of one or both of these minerals. Though neither mineral is very hard (6-7), jade is one of the toughest gem minerals known because of the intergrown nature of the individual crystals.
The document discusses Myanmar's lucrative jade industry, which primarily benefits the military, Chinese companies, and traders while providing little revenue to the Myanmar government and causing immense social problems. Most of the high-value jade is smuggled into China, representing billions in lost tax revenue for Myanmar annually. The industry fuels conflict between the military and ethnic armed groups and has led to a heroin crisis among miners, with over 40% of injecting drug users in Hpakant township being HIV positive. While reforms have increased government revenue recently, most profits continue to go to Chinese firms and tycoons with military connections.
Grossular bearing jadeite omphacite rock in the myanmar jadeite areaYMCA Mandalay
The Myanmar jadeitite deposits near Hpakant have attracted remarkable attention of geologists and gemologists not only for being the largest jadeite jade deposit in the world, producing high quality jade with the glassy imperial green for more then 300 years.
1) The jade mines of Hpakant, Burma have long had issues with drug addiction and HIV due to harsh working conditions. Drug use is rampant and authorities collude in the drug trade by taking bribes.
2) At Myitkyina University in Kachin State, drug use among students has surged in recent years and now a majority are addicted to heroin. Discarded syringes can be found throughout campus.
3) Both places have entrenched systems of corruption that allow the drug trade to continue openly. Community efforts to address the problems have been unsuccessful due to complicity of authorities.
Geology of an amber locality in the hukawng valley northern myanmarYMCA Mandalay
This document summarizes the geology of an amber locality in the Hukawng Valley of northern Myanmar. Key points:
1. Amber has been mined from the Noije Bum hill since at least the 1st century AD. Previous studies assigned an Eocene age to the host rocks, but recent evidence suggests they are Cretaceous, specifically Upper Albian.
2. The authors visited the current mining area in 2001. The site occurs within folded sedimentary and volcanic rocks of Cretaceous to Cenozoic age in the Hukawng Basin. Amber is found in fine-grained sediments deposited in a nearshore marine environment.
3. Evidence from insect incl
As Burmese troops and their allies have progressively seized control of KIA areas, drug production has been increasing. The main opium growing areas in Kachin State are now in Chipwi and Waingmaw townships, under the control of the Burma Army and its local Border Guard Forces led by Zakhung Ting Ying, a National Assembly MP. In northern Shan State, opium is booming in areas under the Burma Army and thirteen government militia forces, four of whose leaders are MPs in the Shan State Assembly. Opium, heroin and methamphetamines are flooding from these government-controlled areas into Kachin communities, worsening existing problems of drug abuse, particularly among youth. It is estimated that about one third of students in Myitkyina and Bhamo universities are injecting drug users.
Proospects for governance and peace in ethnic statesYMCA Mandalay
Two months after a new government took over the reins of power in Burma, it is too early to make any definitive assessment of the prospects for improved governance and peace in ethnic areas. Initial signs give some reason for optimism, but the difficulty of overcoming sixty years of conflict and strongly-felt grievances and deep suspicions should not be underestimated. The economic and geostrategic realities are changing fast, and they will have a fundamental impact – positive and negative – on Burma’s borderlands. But unless ethnic communities are able to have much greater say in the governance of their affairs, and begin to see tangible benefits from the massive development projects in their areas, peace and broadbased development will remain elusive. The new decentralized governance structures have the potential to make a positive contribution in this regard, but it is unclear if they can evolve into sufficiently powerful and genuinely representative bodies quickly enough to satisfy ethnic. There has been renewed fighting in Shan State, and there are warning signs that more ethnic ceasefires could break down. Negotiations with armed groups and an improved future for long-marginalized ethnic populations is the only way that peace can be achieved.
The remote and environmentally rich Hugawng valley in Burma's northern Kachin State has been internationally recognized as one of the world's hotspots of biodiversity. Indeed, the military junta ruling Burma, together with the US-based Wildlife Conservation Society, is establishing the world's largest tiger reserve in the valley. However, the conditions of the people living there have not received attention. In Hugawng valley concessions were sold to 8 selected companies and the number of main gold mining sites increased from 14 in 1994 to 31 sites in 2006. The regime's Ministry of Mines collects signing fees for the concessions as well as 35% - 50% tax on annual profits. Additional payments are rendered to the military's top commander for the region, various township and local authorities as well as the Minister of Mines personally. The junta has announced occasional bans on gold mining in Kachin State but as this report shows, these bans are temporary and selective, in effect used to maintain the junta's grip on mining revenues. While the regime, called the State Peace and Development Council or SPDC, has consolidated political and financial control of the valley, it has not enforced its own existing (and very limited) environmental and health regulations on gold mining operations. This lack of regulation has resulted in deforestation, the destruction of river banks, and altering of river flows. Miners have been severely injured or killed by unsafe working practices and the lack of adequate health services. The most dramatic effects of this gold mining boom, however, have been on the social conditions of the local people. The influx of transient populations, together with harsh working conditions, a lack of education opportunities and poverty have led to the expansion of the drug, sex, and gambling industries in Hugawng valley.
How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo, making a field required can be done through both Python code and XML views. When you set the required attribute to True in Python code, it makes the field required across all views where it's used. Conversely, when you set the required attribute in XML views, it makes the field required only in the context of that particular view.
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdfTechSoup
"Learn about all the ways Walmart supports nonprofit organizations.
You will hear from Liz Willett, the Head of Nonprofits, and hear about what Walmart is doing to help nonprofits, including Walmart Business and Spark Good. Walmart Business+ is a new offer for nonprofits that offers discounts and also streamlines nonprofits order and expense tracking, saving time and money.
The webinar may also give some examples on how nonprofits can best leverage Walmart Business+.
The event will cover the following::
Walmart Business + (https://business.walmart.com/plus) is a new shopping experience for nonprofits, schools, and local business customers that connects an exclusive online shopping experience to stores. Benefits include free delivery and shipping, a 'Spend Analytics” feature, special discounts, deals and tax-exempt shopping.
Special TechSoup offer for a free 180 days membership, and up to $150 in discounts on eligible orders.
Spark Good (walmart.com/sparkgood) is a charitable platform that enables nonprofits to receive donations directly from customers and associates.
Answers about how you can do more with Walmart!"
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold MethodCeline George
Odoo provides an option for creating a module by using a single line command. By using this command the user can make a whole structure of a module. It is very easy for a beginner to make a module. There is no need to make each file manually. This slide will show how to create a module using the scaffold method.
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
An import error occurs when a program fails to import a module or library, disrupting its execution. In languages like Python, this issue arises when the specified module cannot be found or accessed, hindering the program's functionality. Resolving import errors is crucial for maintaining smooth software operation and uninterrupted development processes.
Chapter 3 the status and distribution of freshwater fishes of indo burma
1. 38
Chapter 3. The status and distribution of
freshwater fishes of Indo-Burma
Maurice Kottelat1
, Ian G. Baird2
, Sven O. Kullander3
, Heok Hee Ng4
, Lynne R. Parenti5
, Walter J. Rainboth6
and Chavalit Vidthayanon7
3.1 Overview of the regional fish fauna...........................................................................................................................................................................39
3.1.1 Freshwater fish diversity.....................................................................................................................................................................................39
3.1.2 Zoogeography and faunal composition..........................................................................................................................................................39
3.1.3 Geographical factors affecting the distribution of freshwater fishes.......................................................................................................40
3.1.4 Taxonomic issues ................................................................................................................................................................................................41
3.1.5 Limitations in data availability and reliability..............................................................................................................................................41
3.2 Conservation status.......................................................................................................................................................................................................43
3.3 Patterns of species richness in the Indo-Burma region.........................................................................................................................................44
3.3.1 All fish species.......................................................................................................................................................................................................44
3.3.2 Threatened species .............................................................................................................................................................................................. 45
3.3.3 Restricted range and endemic species............................................................................................................................................................. 45
3.3.4 Data Deficient species ........................................................................................................................................................................................46
3.3.5 Extirpated/Extinct species................................................................................................................................................................................47
3.4 Major threats to freshwater fishes..............................................................................................................................................................................48
3.4.1 Alteration of river morphology........................................................................................................................................................................49
3.4.1.1 Hydropower................................................................................................................................................................................................49
3.4.1.2 Irrigation......................................................................................................................................................................................................51
3.4.1.3 Navigation................................................................................................................................................................................................... 52
3.4.2 Pollution................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 52
3.4.3 Mining................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 53
3.4.4 Exploitation.......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 53
3.4.5 Introductions, translocations and invasive species ..................................................................................................................................... 55
3.5 Conservation actions and recommendations..........................................................................................................................................................56
3.5.1 Dams and hydropower.......................................................................................................................................................................................56
3.5.2 Synergy of threats................................................................................................................................................................................................57
3.5.3 Introductions and invasive species...................................................................................................................................................................57
3.5.4 Protected areas......................................................................................................................................................................................................57
3.5.5 Species specific conservation programmes.....................................................................................................................................................58
3.5.6 Education and community engagement........................................................................................................................................................58
3.5.7 Implementation of domestic and international legislation.......................................................................................................................58
3.5.8 Research and training.........................................................................................................................................................................................58
3.6 References........................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 59
Boxes
3.1 Evolution of the river network in Southeast Asia................................................................................................................................................... 61
3.2 Inlé Lake...........................................................................................................................................................................................................................62
3.3 Interdependent conservation of bitterlings and mussels......................................................................................................................................63
3.4 Deep-water fish sanctuaries in the Mekong River Basin......................................................................................................................................64
1
Route de la Baroche 12, Case Postale 57, 2952 Cornol, Switzerland. mkottelat@dplanet.ch
2
Department of Geography, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 550 North Park Street, Madison, Wisconsin, USA 53706. ibaird@wisc.edu.
3
Department of Vertebrate Zoology, Swedish Museum of Natural History, Box 50007, SE-104 05 Stockholm, Sweden. sven.kullander@nrm.se
4
Tropical Marine Science Institute, National University of Singapore, 18 Kent Ridge Road, Singapore 119227. heokhee@nus.edu.sg
5
Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History, PO Box 37012, MRC 159, Washington, DC 20013-7012, USA. parentil@si.edu
6
Department of Biology and Microbiology, 800 Algoma Boulevard, University of Wisconsin Oshkosh, Oshkosh WI 54901, USA. rainboth@uwosh.edu
7
Mekong River Commission, 184 Fa Ngum Road, Unit 18 Ban Sithan Neua, Vientiane 01000, Lao PDR. chavalit@mrcmekong.org
3. 40
fromnorthtosouth:theSalween,MekongandupperYangtze.
North of the Indo-Burma region, the Salween, Mekong
and Yangtze flow very close together, in narrow gorges, for
more than 300 km, sometimes separated by less than 20 km.
Geomorphological studies (for example, Clark et al. 2004)
have shown that these three rivers and the Ayeyarwaddy and
Tsangpo were connected to a palaeo-Red River. See Box 3.1.
Throughout history the Mekong River and the smaller
rivers of the Indo-Burma region have shared parts of their
watersheds over time. As a result of this exchange of stream
reaches these rivers now share parts of their faunas. For most
of the shared faunas, sharing of species is, however, fairly
rare because smaller populations of a species have smaller
gene pools and will consequently show the results of natural
selection and genetic drift more quickly than would the larger
original population. So, sharing of species between rivers
in neighbouring catchments may be more representative of
recent than long-term connections.
Cyprinidae is the numerically most abundant primary
freshwater family in the Indo-Burma region. A study on the
cyprinid genera shared between rivers of east, southeast and
south Asia, along with those of high Asia on the Tibetan
Plateau (Rainboth, 1991b) demonstrated links that would not
otherwise have been predicted, given that past connections
between some rivers were still unknown at that time.
Within the Indo-Burma region, the Southeast Asian group
of cyprinids included the Salween fauna (almost entirely an
upland river with little or no delta and estuary), which most
closely resembled that of the upper Mekong. The array of
genera from the middle Mekong (from Myanmar to Kratié
in Cambodia) most closely resembled the fauna of central
Thailand (Chao Phraya and tributaries). The lower Mekong
(Great Lake, Tonlé Sap and Mekong delta) was most like the
fauna of the rivers of the eastern side of the Malay Peninsula.
With respect to the East Asian cyprinids, the Red River
fauna was most similar to that of the Pearl River. The upper
Yangtze fauna was somewhat similar to the middle Yangtze
and lower Yangtze, but the fauna in all three parts of the
Yangtze differed considerably from that of the Red River
group.
To the west, the cyprinid genera of the upper and lower
Ayeyarwaddy most closely resembled those of the Sittang
and all three were part of the Gangetic fauna. Those of
the Tsangpo did not resemble those of the Salween, upper
Mekong or upper Yangtze, but instead clustered with the
Tarim and Yarkand faunas of High Asia - these three faunas
were linked with the East Asian fauna.
When all species are considered, the fish fauna of the Red
River is quite similar to that of East Asia (from the Pearl
River northwards) (122 of 253 species are shared) and has
much less in common with that of the Mekong–Chao Phraya
(21 species shared, mostly sporadic species). The earlier
connection of the Chao Phraya and Mekong explains why
most species of the Chao Phraya are also known from the
Mekong, with only 50 of 328 of its species not shared. The
reverse is not true such that 226 of the 500 Mekong species
are not shared with Chao Phraya. The Nan drainage (a
tributary of Chao Phraya) is inhabited by a number of species
and genera otherwise known only from the Mekong (for
example, Sectoria, Yasuhikotakia nigrolineata) suggesting an
earlier past connection between these drainages.
The Salween shares most of its 151 species with the Sittaung–
Ayeyarwaddy drainages and only a few (33) with the Mekong–
Chao Phraya drainages, which likely reflects the lack of
earlier connections. The Salween–Sittaung–Ayeyarwaddy
fish fauna has more affinities with the Brahmaputra and
North Indian fish fauna, which also reflects geological
history. The Tenasserim area, although still poorly known,
has a fauna related to that of the Salween–Ayeyarwaddy. Inlé
Lake is an aquatic ecoregion of its own (Abell et al. 2008).
See Box 3.2.
The fauna of the Mae Khlong is particularly noteworthy. It
may be described as the fauna of the Chao Phraya, but with
the addition of a number of genera and species otherwise
known only, or mainly, from the Salween–Ayeyarwaddy–
Tenasserim drainages (for example, Batasio, Acanthocobitis,
Badis), again suggesting an earlier connection.
The composition and history of the fish fauna of the Malay
Peninsula is somewhat more complex. The southern part
of the peninsula has a clear Sundaic fauna (Sundaland: the
south of the Malay Peninsula and the Great Sunda Islands
(Sumatra, Java and Borneo)). The proportion of Sundaic
fauna included within the total fauna decreases northwards.
Several species and genera of that Sundaic fauna are also
known from Southeastern Thailand (Chantaburi and Trat
provinces) and coastal areas of Cambodia (for example,
Barbucca, Vaillantella, Silurichthys). Along the western slope
of the Malay Peninsula (Andaman Sea basin) several elements
belong to the Ayeyarwaddy–Salween–Tenasserim fauna (for
example, Acanthocobitis, Batasio, Hara) but their proportion
of the total fauna decreases southwards. Along the eastern
slope (Gulf of Thailand basin) it is the representation of the
Mekong–Chao Phraya fauna that decreases.
3.1.3 Geographical factors affecting the
distribution of freshwater fishes
Within these faunistic units the distribution of most species is
shaped by their ecological requirements and the topography.
Simply speaking, lowland species, those inhabiting large
river mainstreams, swamps and slow flowing waters, and
those with a large size, tend to have extensive ranges that may
encompass several major drainages (for example, most species of
7. 44
Europe (45.9% (regionally endemic species only; Freyhof and
Brooks 2011)). This may reflect a lower current level of threat
in some areas, but may also be a product of the large number
of Data Deficient species (43.6 % here, versus 27.1% in the
East Himalaya region).
Platytropius siamensis, the Siamese flat-barbelled catfish,
is the only species of fish from the region considered to be
Extinct at present (see below).
Five hundred and eighteen species (43.9%) are assessed as
Least Concern and 514 species (43.8%) are considered Data
Deficient (meaning there was insufficient information
available to make an assessment of extinction risk), revealing
the inadequacy of knowledge, for many species, of their
ecological requirements, distributions, and levels of threat
throughout the region.
Six species have been omitted from the assessment in error,
and a further seven species have been described since the
completion of the assessment (Table 3.2).
3.3 Patterns of species richness in the
Indo-Burma region
3.3.1 All fish species
The lower and middle Mekong and Chao Phraya drainages
have the most diverse fish faunas (Figure 3.2). This diversity
is concentrated in the lowland areas, in the main rivers, and
in the floodplain. This observation is, however, possibly
biased as these areas are the most extensively studied, have
the greatest subsistence and economic importance through
their fisheries, and currently house, or formerly housed, the
main research institutions of the region.
Figure 3.1 Numbers of freshwater fish species in each IUCN
Red List Category in the Indo-Burma region.
EX EW CR EN VU NT LC DD
numberofspecies
0100200300400500
The fish fauna is least diverse in mountainous areas (for example,
in northern Thailand and northern Laos). This can be explained
by the lower diversity of habitats, being mainly headwaters,
rapids, and rocky stretches. But these sites are also very remote
and hard to access and, as a result, suffer from lack of sampling.
The low diversity recorded for the Tenasserim and the lower
Salween is thought to be mainly due to lack of sampling.
This is clear in the Salween drainage where the number of
recorded species is higher where it forms the border between
Thailand and Myanmar than further downriver in Myanmar;
the highest diversity is expected to be in the lower part of the
drainage.
Table 3.2 Fish species omitted from the assessment in error, or due to lack of a formal description at the time of the assessment.
Omitted species
Brevibora dorsiocellata (Duncker, 1904) Malay Peninsula
Badis juergenschmidti Schindler & Linke, 2010 Sittaung
Lepidocephalichthys kranos Havird & Page, 2010 Middle Mekong
Lepidocephalichthys zeppelini Havird & Tangjitjaroen, 2010 Middle Mekong
Macrognathus dorsiocellatus Britz, 2010 Sittaung, Salween
Kryptopterus hesperius Ng, 2002 Mae Khlong
Recently described species
Acanthocobitis pictilis Kottelat, 2012 Tenasserim, Mae Khlong
Boraras naevus Conway & Kottelat, 2011 Malay Peninsula
Clarias gracilentus Ng, Dang & Nguyen, 2011 Phu Quoc Island
Schistura diminuta Ou, Montaña, Winemiller & Conway, 2011 Lower Mekong
Scleropages inscriptus Roberts, 2012 Tenasserim
Erethistoides luteola Ng, Ferraris & Neely, 2012 Sittaung
Pseudeutropius indigens Ng & Vidthayanon, 2011 Malay Peninsula
8. 45
3.3.2 Threatened species
The distribution pattern of threatened species largely parallels
that of species richness. The sub-catchments with the most
diverse fish fauna have the largest numbers of threatened
species. This largely reflects the reality that more studies
have been conducted along the main rivers, and that the
species identified as being threatened are in most cases species
important for fisheries for which there is more available
information.
The concentration of species with small ranges in Inlé Lake and
their various threats is clear. The absence of threatened species
in most of the Red River drainage reflects the assessment of
most species as Data Deficient (compare with Figure 3.3).
Species assessed as Data Deficient are assumed to be potentially
threatened.
3.3.3 Restricted range and endemic species
Thepatternofdistributionoftherestrictedrangeandendemic
species (Figure 3.4) largely duplicates that of species richness.
As the region is partly defined by political boundaries and not
by physiographic or faunistic criteria, patterns of endemism
are particularly biased along the margins of the region. For
example, species with a small range in northwestern Laos (for
example, Nam Youan subcatchment) and Xishuangbanna
(Yunnan, China) are not highlighted as being endemic to
the region although their global range is much smaller than
that of most of the endemic species in the Mekong and
Chao Phraya flood plain (examples: Sectoria heterognathos,
Schistura macrocephalus, Schistura kloetzliae, Mystacoleucus
lepturus). The same observation is made at the southern
margin of the region along the border between Thailand and
Malaysia, and in the Red River drainage along the border
with China.
Figure 3.2 Patterns of
freshwater fish species richness
(number of species per river/
lake sub-catchment) in the
Indo-Burma region.
The boundaries and names shown and the designations used on this map do not imply any official endorsement,
acceptance or opinion by IUCN
Coordinate system: World Cylindrical Equal Area.
Source: IUCN Indo-Burma Freshwater Biodiversity Assessment
Major rivers
Project area
0 140 28070 Kilometres
No. species per
sub catchment
192 - 262
146 - 191
106 - 145
73 - 105
46 - 72
2 - 45
9. 46
3.3.4 Data Deficient species
ThepatternofdistributionoftheDataDeficient(DD)species
(Figure 3.5) broadly duplicates that of species richness, with
the largest density of species in the middle and lower Chao
Phraya and Mekong. The Red River drainage and northern
Vietnam, however, support higher than expected numbers of
DD species.
Five hundred and fourteen (43.6%) of the 1178 assessed
species are placed in the DD category. The main reasons
species were assessed as DD are: (1) recent discovery or
recognition as distinct species (often previously confused
with other species); (2) known only from a single record or
from a few individuals; (3) uncertainty about taxonomy (131
species), and (4) little or no information on their biology.
For most species in this category there is no information on
population trends, threats, etc. Most of these species are also
of small size and have little commercial value. One hundred and
sixteen of the 131 species assessed as DD because of uncertain
taxonomy occur in Vietnam; most of these have been described
in the last 15 years.
The taxonomy of northern Vietnamese fishes has evolved in
relative isolation, with little knowledge of the work conducted
in adjacent countries, and with different quality standards. As a
result, the validity of a large portion of the species described in
the last 20 years is open to question and many appear to be con-
specific with species described from China and Laos. The true
identity of these species can only be confirmed through direct
comparisons of specimens of these species but, unfortunately,
it is very difficult for foreign scientists to access material from
Vietnam, both in the field and in research institutions. Reliable
data on species populations and their threats are also scarce. The
assessors who examined the Red River fishes may have a different
perception of these issues.
Figure 3.3 The distribution of
threatened freshwater fish species
within river sub-catchments
across Indo-Burma.
The boundaries and names shown and the designations used on this map do not imply any official endorsement,
acceptance or opinion by IUCN
Coordinate system: World Cylindrical Equal Area.
Source: IUCN Indo-Burma Freshwater Biodiversity Assessment
Major rivers
Project area
0 140 28070 Kilometres
No. species per
sub catchment
23 - 27
18 - 22
12 - 17
7 - 11
3 - 6
1 - 2
10. 47
Figure 3.4 The distribution of
freshwater fish species endemic
to sub-catchments within the
Indo-Burma region.
The boundaries and names shown and the designations used on this map do not imply any official endorsement,
acceptance or opinion by IUCN
Coordinate system: World Cylindrical Equal Area.
Source: IUCN Indo-Burma Freshwater Biodiversity Assessment
Major rivers
Project area
0 140 28070 Kilometres
No. species per
sub catchment
103 - 138
76 - 102
53 - 75
32 - 52
14 - 31
1 - 13
DD species, all of which are potentially threatened, will be
re-assessed once sufficient information becomes available.
The observation that many of the DD species have only been
discovered recently already suggests that they have small
ranges and are potentially at risk.
3.3.5 Extirpated/Extinct species
Platytropius siamensis, the Siamese flat-barbelled catfish, is
the only species of fish from the region currently considered
to be Extinct. The species was first described in 1883 and
was known from the Chao Phraya and Bang Pakong river
drainages in central Thailand. Not recorded in surveys since
1977, the species is thought to have been negatively affected by
pollution, and habitat loss arising from wetland conversion,
damming and canalisation. A further four species are
considered ‘Possibly Extinct’ (Balitoridae: Schistura tenura,
Schistura nasifilis; and Cyprinidae: Puntius compressiformis,
Balantiocheilos ambusticauda); all are assessed as Critically
Endangered (Possibly Extinct) and require additional survey
to confirm their existence in the field. Schistura tenura is
typical of species found in the upper parts of river catchments
with probably restricted distributions, high vulnerablility
to impacts from threats such as, in the case of this species,
hydropower development.
Yasuhikotakia sidthimunki (the Dwarf Clown Loach) was
previously recorded as present in the Mae Khlong and Chao
Phraya drainages, and possibly the Mekong. It is now thought
to still be present in two small streams in the Mae Khlong
drainage, although this requires confirmation. It is, however,
possible that the species has been extirpated in the wild. It
is available in the aquarium-fish trade, but its survival in
captivity relies entirely on cultivation in only a few farms in
Thailand. It is generally understood that the captive stock
went virtually extinct in the 1980s because the only breeder
20. 57
the condemned rapids habitats. The reservoirs created by dams
are often presented as being beneficial to the conservation of
terrestrial organisms, often through providing protected status to
the basin, but with the main objective being a reduction in erosion
and subsequent siltation, which would of course negatively impact
financialoperationofthedamitself.Nostudyhasyetcomparedthe
lossofaquaticbiodiversitywiththatofterrestrialbiodiversity,such
thataninformeddecisionmightbemadeastothebestmitigations
measures to put in place. Without such studies how do we weigh
up the loss of aquatic versus terrestrial biodiversity when planning
the appropriate and “best value” mitigation measures to put in
place? For example, is the creation of one more wetland for the
threatened white-wing duck an ethically acceptable compensation
for the global loss of habitat and almost guaranteed extinction of a
number of endemic species of fishes?
EIAs should not be viewed as mere procedure and their
recommendations must be taken into account. There must be
follow-up after EIAs are completed and the legal requirements
of conducting them must be fulfilled. In the Mekong region the
recommendations on aquatic biodiversity in EIAs related to
hydropower dams are commonly ignored, or at best, addressed in
partial and incomplete ways.
Environmental monitoring should be conducted during and after
completion of dams by staff or external experts with relevant
training. Ideally this should be conducted by independent
experts or auditors mandated by an independent authority, and
conservation bodies or non-government organisations (NGOs)
should be permitted to enter impacted areas and to conduct their
own studies. This is of course difficult to implement in countries
where the independence of such authorities is structurally
impossible, or where criticism of projects exposes one to political,
monetary, or physical retaliation, but efforts should be made to
improve this situation. The results of EIAs and of monitoring
should be made public so that preliminary surveys and studies can
be evaluated. Each hydropower project is effectively a large-scale
ecological experiment, so the results of these experiments need
to be disclosed in order to learn their lessons and avoid repeating
errors.
Monitoringneedstofocusonaquaticbiodiversityandnotonly
onbiomassandproductivity–thecurrencyformeasuringfish
biodiversity is species not kilograms, dollars or catch per unit
of effort. Biodiversity surveys should therefore be conducted by
fish biodiversity experts and should include all fish species present.
Surveys conducted by fisheries experts are unlikely to provide
adequate, or correct, information as required for an effective EIA
and for long-term monitoring. Voucher specimens should be kept
for future examination.
Reservoirs are usually viewed as ideal new freshwater habitats and
are commonly thought suitable for establishing new fisheries or
aquaculture, especially since the first years after inundation may
supporthighproductivity.Asthesereservoirsareoftenestablished
within biodiversity protection areas the concession agreements
should include clauses specifying that freshwater species not
previously known in the area will not be introduced. Experience
shows that such clauses may be respected by those in charge of
biodiversity, but that they are frequently ignored by individuals in
charge of fisheries and that proposals or attempts to introduce, or
translocate,speciesaremadeevenbeforecompletionoftheproject.
3.5.2 Synergy of threats
Commonly,concessionsforarangeofactivitiesimpactingasiteare
grantedbydifferentauthorities,withoutconsultationandwithout
consideration of the cumulative impacts of these varied activities
on the site and for mitigation measures taken by or imposed on
them. For example, a concession for a hydroelectric company
may be granted in the same area as a logging concession and
concessions for mining activities or industrial plantations, or two
hydropowerconcessionsmaybegrantedonthesameriver.Inthese
situations the EIA for one activity may conclude that a species is
not globally threatened because it is present in another area, which
is nullified if a second project is simultaneously granted a similar
concession in that other area. It is therefore important that EIAs
and subsequent mitigation measures take full account of all other
activities impacting, or potentially impacting, the site, or species
present.
3.5.3 Introductions and invasive species
Introduced and invasive species are not restricted to fish.
Crustaceans, molluscs, plants and their parasites may also be
invasive. Introductions of species should be controlled and subject
topriorimpactanalysisandgovernmentauthorisation,andshould
follow international guidelines, minimally those established by
international agencies (ICES/EIFAC Code, Turner, 1988; see,
for example, Coates 1995, Costa-Pierce & Soemarwoto 1990).
Large and predatory species should not be introduced. Introduced
species already present in the region should not be stocked in areas
where they are not yet present. The decision to introduce species
must not be in the hands of commercial companies but controlled
by government or international agencies. This also applies to
species imported solely for aquaculture. All cultivated fish species
will eventually escape and we know of no case of successful
eradication of an introduced and established fish species. Invasive
species should be controlled and, to do so effectively, research on
biological control is needed. When caught, invasive species should
never be returned to the water.
3.5.4 Protected areas
The protection of key habitats in rivers, such as rapids and deep-
water pools during the dry season, is rarely implemented but can
be effective (Baird 2006; Baird and Flaherty 2005). See Box 3.4.
The protection of fish habitats is usually easier in headwaters,
especially those in protected areas. Although the diversity in the
headwaters is relatively low, a large portion of the species may be
endemic. The protection of large areas in the lowlands where the
23. 60
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Hogan, Z., I.G. Baird, R. Radtke and M. J. Vander Zanden. 2007. Long
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24. 61
Box 3.1 Evolution of the river network in Southeast Asia
Walter J. Rainboth
The fish fauna of the Indo-Burma region is shaped by
the geological history of its rivers. The Yangtze, Mekong
and Salween, among the most important rivers of Asia,
changed their course, at times were connected or
disconnected, or part of them changed direction as the
Himalayan range was rising. The following is summarized
from Rainboth (1996, 2012).
Tectonic processes that modified the river basins of
Southeast Asia extend well beyond the Indo-Burma
region. The land surface of the Indochinese Peninsula
and Myanmar has its origins in the closing of the Palaeo-
Tethys (an ancient ocean). Southeast Asia represents
remnants of ocean basins including various landmasses.
As they increased size, these terrains developed their
own drainage systems, which remain on them today.
When India collided with Eurasia, it deformed the land that had preceded it. Prior to uplift the Salween and Mekong flowed across a low
relief landscape. As the Salween and Mekong began to rise in elevation, the rivers gained strength. This process of gradual uplift affects
different eastern Himalayan areas differently. Along the southern margin of Eurasia, the recently attached areas have faults and suture
zones which retain the capability of moving to relieve stress. These have been active in the Indo-Burma region. Much of the change in
river basins affected the ancient Red River, which was formerly one of the great rivers of the world.
The most unusual physiographic feature of the region today is the close proximity of three deep, narrow, parallel gorges of three major
rivers of Asia, the Yangtze, Mekong and Salween running over a reach of some 300 km and in places being separated by as little as
20 km. In the past, all of these river courses were part of the great paleo-Red River that may have included major reaches of today’s
middle and upper Yangtze, Mekong, Salween, Tsangpo and Ayeyarwaddy. The Tsangpo was captured by the Brahmaputra. The paleo-
Tsangpo almost certainly was connected to the Ayeyarwaddy, but may also have been part of the paleo-Red River system for a period
of time.
The first certain change in the paleo-Red River was the capture of the middle Yangtze as western Sichuan rose and tilted to the east,
causing a reversal of flow in the middle Yangtze as it joined the lower Yangtze near today’s Three Gorges Dam. The upper Yangtze was
still connected to paleo-Red River after the capture of the Middle Yangtze took its flow eastward. Eventually the paleo-Red River lost
the upper Yangtze watershed to the growing middle Yangtze, and the Mekong captured its headwaters from the paleo-Red River. The
Mekong ultimately lost its western-most major branch to the Salween as the rivers formed their modern basins. However, the sequence
of events after the flow reversal of the middle Yangtze is unclear.
The uplift of Tibetan Plateau margins in the north followed by uplift in the south while India forced its way into Eurasia caused the
extrusion of the Indochinese Peninsula by ~1,000 km, while the peninsula rotated clockwise. In the early Pliocene (5 Ma [million years
ago]), the origins of the Yangtze, Mekong and Salween rivers flowed across a gently undulating surface of an average elevation of
~1,000 m. By the beginning of the Pleistocene (2.5 Ma) the average elevation of the plateau was ~2,000 m. By the middle Pleistocene
(1.5 Ma) the average elevation was ~3,000 m, and the climate was becoming markedly drier. By the late Pleistocene the average
elevation was ~4,000 m, with landlocked basins becoming markedly salty. The uplift continued through the Holocene, which began
12,000 yrs ago, reaching an average altitude of ~4,500 m with a 300–700 m rise during the last 10,000 years. The rise in elevation has
been the major cause of the increased rate of gorge incision in the Salween, Mekong and Yangtze.
It is thought that the Mekong did flow down through today’s Chao Phraya until the Quaternary (2.5 Ma) and this almost certainly
included rivers such as the Nam Tha in northern Laos. Much of the topography of northern Laos is due to earth movements from the
late Pliocene through the Pleistocene. Rapid elevation of western parts of northern Thailand and Laos directed the Mekong to the east.
The Khorat Plateau Basin of the northeast Thailand had a gentle slope away from the Annamitic mountains throughout the Mesozoic
and most of the Cenozoic. During the Pleistocene it developed a slight incline to the east.
Downstream in Cambodia, the Mekong originally took a path to the south that formed a nearly straight line directly to the sea. However,
during the Pleistocene extensive volcanism in the area of southeast Cambodia and adjoining areas of Viet Nam altered the river’s
course, deflecting it towards the Tonlé Sap which it joined and produced the river with multiple channels we see today. Some of the
basalt outcrops are extensive and high.
Southeast Asia has an extraordinary feature in the extensive continental shelf that becomes exposed at regular intervals during sea-
level retreat in glacial periods. This allows fish species from the lower courses of their watersheds to expand their ranges onto rivers
passing over temporarily exposed continental shelf. Extended river basins on the Sunda Shelf can combine and allow fishes to expand
their ranges to rivers that appear separate today.
The Mekong (before it flowed to the Tonlé Sap) would have passed directly into the South China Sea without joining any other rivers. In
the past, the Tonlé Sap took a southwest path towards the Gulf of Thailand rather than the South China Sea. By flowing into the area
that becomes the Gulf of Thailand during high-water periods, it would have come into contact with the extended Chao Phrya and rivers
from the eastern coast of the Malay Peninsula.
Past river positions. Present river positions.