The document discusses Myanmar's lucrative jade industry, which primarily benefits the military, Chinese companies, and traders while providing little revenue to the Myanmar government and causing immense social problems. Most of the high-value jade is smuggled into China, representing billions in lost tax revenue for Myanmar annually. The industry fuels conflict between the military and ethnic armed groups and has led to a heroin crisis among miners, with over 40% of injecting drug users in Hpakant township being HIV positive. While reforms have increased government revenue recently, most profits continue to go to Chinese firms and tycoons with military connections.
Jade A Global Witness investigation into Myanmar's "Big State Secret"MYO AUNG Myanmar
The most valuable jade in the world is found in the Kachin hills of northern Myanmar.
This 12 month investigation reveals it is worth far more than previously thought - up to US$31 billion in 2014 alone. That is equivalent to nearly half the GDP of the whole country, which badly needs it. But hardly any of the money is reaching ordinary people or state coffers.
Instead, the trade is controlled by the military elites, US sanctioned drug lords and crony companies that the country's rebranded government says it is consigning to the past. These networks cream off vast profits while local people suffer terrible abuses and see their natural inheritance ripped out from beneath their feet. These injustices are stoking unrest in an already unstable and volatile region.
BREVE HISTÓRICO DA PESQUISA OPERACIONAL
DEFININDO E CONCEITUANDO A PESQUISA OPERACIONAL
CAMPOS DE APLICAÇÃO DA PO
APLICAÇÕES DE SUCESSO DA PO NAS EMPRESAS
TIPOS DE MODELOS EXISTENTES
CONSTRUÇÃO DE MODELOS DE PROBLEMAS EM PO
MODELAGEM DE PROBLEMAS GERENCIAIS
FASES DE ESTUDOS EM PESQUISA OPERACIONAL
FERRAMENTAS, TÉCNICAS E MÉTODOS DE PO
COMPONENTES DO MODELO MATEMÁTICO DE PO.
This document provides an overview of the new Oracle Subledger Accounting (SLA) features in Oracle Release 12. SLA is a rules-based accounting engine that allows generating multiple accounting representations for a single business event. It provides a common data model and UI across subledgers to replace disparate 11i setups. SLA generates accounting for Oracle E-Business Suite modules and provides services like detailed accounting entries, subledger reporting and storage of subledger balances.
Portugal is located on the Iberian Peninsula in southwestern Europe, bordered by Spain. It has a population of around 10 million people and Lisbon is the capital city. Portugal has three main geographical regions - the northern mountains, central plains, and southern rolling plains. The country has a Mediterranean climate with mild winters and hot, dry summers. Portuguese is the official language, though many people also speak English and French. Roman Catholicism is the dominant religion. The Portuguese are known for their friendly nature and emphasis on courtesy and formality.
Greetings,
Attached FYI ( NewBase Special 10 March 2015 ) , from Hawk Energy Services Dubai . Daily energy news covering the MENA area and related worldwide energy news. In todays’ issue you will find news about:-
• Ras AlKhaimah:RAK Petroleum strikes oil off Ivory Coast
• Day two of the Solar Impulse – Oman to India
• Egypt: Aminex's South Malak-2 well declared a discovery
• Egypt sets price for shale gas at $5.45/mmbtu – official
• Vietnam: KrisEnergy becomes operator of Vietnam Block 105
• Nigeria: Oando Energy commences production at the Qua Iboe field
• U.S. Shale Oil Growth Slows as Price Crash Idles Drill Rigs
• Traders cash out on tanker-stored oil as prices rise
• Oil, Gas Industry May Cancel $1trn Projects On Price Fall –Aramco
• Goldman Says $40 Oil Call May Be Too Low as Demand Surprises
As this daily news periodical is free for you, we would appreciate your actions to send to all interested parties that you may wish. Also note that if you or your organization wish to include your own article or advert in our circulations, please send it to :-
khdmohd@hotmail.com or khdmohd@hawkenergy.net
Best Regards.
Khaled Al Awadi
Energy Consultant & NewBase Chairman - Senior Chief Editor
MS & BS Mechanical Engineering (HON), USA
Emarat member since 1990
ASME meme since 1995
Hawk Energy since 2010
Este documento presenta la caracterización institucional de un proyecto educativo TIC desarrollado por cinco docentes de la Institución Educativa Media de Aguas Blancas en Valledupar, Colombia. El proyecto busca utilizar recursos educativos digitales abiertos y el análisis de situaciones problema para enseñar a los estudiantes de sexto grado sobre el concepto de energía, su conservación y transformaciones. El documento incluye el diagnóstico inicial, el contexto institucional, la estructuración del proyecto,
Jade A Global Witness investigation into Myanmar's "Big State Secret"MYO AUNG Myanmar
The most valuable jade in the world is found in the Kachin hills of northern Myanmar.
This 12 month investigation reveals it is worth far more than previously thought - up to US$31 billion in 2014 alone. That is equivalent to nearly half the GDP of the whole country, which badly needs it. But hardly any of the money is reaching ordinary people or state coffers.
Instead, the trade is controlled by the military elites, US sanctioned drug lords and crony companies that the country's rebranded government says it is consigning to the past. These networks cream off vast profits while local people suffer terrible abuses and see their natural inheritance ripped out from beneath their feet. These injustices are stoking unrest in an already unstable and volatile region.
BREVE HISTÓRICO DA PESQUISA OPERACIONAL
DEFININDO E CONCEITUANDO A PESQUISA OPERACIONAL
CAMPOS DE APLICAÇÃO DA PO
APLICAÇÕES DE SUCESSO DA PO NAS EMPRESAS
TIPOS DE MODELOS EXISTENTES
CONSTRUÇÃO DE MODELOS DE PROBLEMAS EM PO
MODELAGEM DE PROBLEMAS GERENCIAIS
FASES DE ESTUDOS EM PESQUISA OPERACIONAL
FERRAMENTAS, TÉCNICAS E MÉTODOS DE PO
COMPONENTES DO MODELO MATEMÁTICO DE PO.
This document provides an overview of the new Oracle Subledger Accounting (SLA) features in Oracle Release 12. SLA is a rules-based accounting engine that allows generating multiple accounting representations for a single business event. It provides a common data model and UI across subledgers to replace disparate 11i setups. SLA generates accounting for Oracle E-Business Suite modules and provides services like detailed accounting entries, subledger reporting and storage of subledger balances.
Portugal is located on the Iberian Peninsula in southwestern Europe, bordered by Spain. It has a population of around 10 million people and Lisbon is the capital city. Portugal has three main geographical regions - the northern mountains, central plains, and southern rolling plains. The country has a Mediterranean climate with mild winters and hot, dry summers. Portuguese is the official language, though many people also speak English and French. Roman Catholicism is the dominant religion. The Portuguese are known for their friendly nature and emphasis on courtesy and formality.
Greetings,
Attached FYI ( NewBase Special 10 March 2015 ) , from Hawk Energy Services Dubai . Daily energy news covering the MENA area and related worldwide energy news. In todays’ issue you will find news about:-
• Ras AlKhaimah:RAK Petroleum strikes oil off Ivory Coast
• Day two of the Solar Impulse – Oman to India
• Egypt: Aminex's South Malak-2 well declared a discovery
• Egypt sets price for shale gas at $5.45/mmbtu – official
• Vietnam: KrisEnergy becomes operator of Vietnam Block 105
• Nigeria: Oando Energy commences production at the Qua Iboe field
• U.S. Shale Oil Growth Slows as Price Crash Idles Drill Rigs
• Traders cash out on tanker-stored oil as prices rise
• Oil, Gas Industry May Cancel $1trn Projects On Price Fall –Aramco
• Goldman Says $40 Oil Call May Be Too Low as Demand Surprises
As this daily news periodical is free for you, we would appreciate your actions to send to all interested parties that you may wish. Also note that if you or your organization wish to include your own article or advert in our circulations, please send it to :-
khdmohd@hotmail.com or khdmohd@hawkenergy.net
Best Regards.
Khaled Al Awadi
Energy Consultant & NewBase Chairman - Senior Chief Editor
MS & BS Mechanical Engineering (HON), USA
Emarat member since 1990
ASME meme since 1995
Hawk Energy since 2010
Este documento presenta la caracterización institucional de un proyecto educativo TIC desarrollado por cinco docentes de la Institución Educativa Media de Aguas Blancas en Valledupar, Colombia. El proyecto busca utilizar recursos educativos digitales abiertos y el análisis de situaciones problema para enseñar a los estudiantes de sexto grado sobre el concepto de energía, su conservación y transformaciones. El documento incluye el diagnóstico inicial, el contexto institucional, la estructuración del proyecto,
1. A UK-based company called Chinook Sciences won a £300 million ($505 million) contract to build the world's largest advanced thermal energy-from-waste facility in Sharjah, UAE.
2. The deal will benefit Chinook's UK supplier base and is expected to create 200 new UK jobs over the next two years.
3. Mubadala Petroleum, an Abu Dhabi company, agreed to cooperate with Russian state-owned oil company Rosneft in exploring and producing oil and gas assets in Siberia and elsewhere. This helps Rosneft mitigate sanctions through new international partnerships.
Owens & Minor is celebrating its 125th anniversary as a leading distributor of medical and surgical supplies. It was founded in Richmond, Virginia in 1882 and has grown into a Fortune 500 company with over $5.5 billion in annual revenue. Owens & Minor prides itself on its culture of exceptional customer service, caring for teammates, and business integrity. In 2006, the company acquired McKesson Medical-Surgical's acute-care business, solidifying its position as the leading medical supply distributor in the healthcare sector. Owens & Minor also moved into a new headquarters building, allowing its employees to work under one roof for the first time.
Book Review: Dhandha-How Guajarati’s Do BusinessTasheen Sheikh
Shobha Bondre‟s Dhandha is the story of a few such Gujaratis: Jaydev Patel—the New York Life Insurance agent credited with having sold policies worth $2.5 billion so far; Bhimjibhai Patel—one of the country‟s biggest diamond merchants and co-founder of the ambitious „Diamond Nagar‟ in Surat; Dalpatbhai Patel—the motelier who went on to become the mayor of Mansfield County; Mohanbhai Patel—a former Sheriff of Mumbai and the leading manufacturer of aluminium collapsible tubes; and Hersha and Hasu Shah—owners of over a hundred hotels in the US.
C&I Leasing Marine provides marine services to the oil and gas industry in Nigeria and West Africa. It operates a fleet of 12 vessels including tugs, crew boats, and patrol boats. The company aims to be the preferred indigenous marine terminal service provider in Nigeria and West Africa, and a global player in the industry within 10 years. C&I Leasing Marine is committed to Nigerian content requirements by being registered in Nigeria and employing a team of experienced Nigerian professionals to manage operations.
The annual report of the Global Energy Foundation provides information on the foundation's activities in 2008. It discusses the mission and strategy of promoting energy efficiency and development of new energy technologies. It outlines the administrative bodies that govern the foundation, including the Board of Trustees, International Award Committee, Expert Council, and Executive Directorate. It highlights the 2008 laureates of the Global Energy Prize and several special projects conducted by the foundation that year. These include nomination processes, meetings of the International Award Committee, events honoring laureates, and educational/outreach projects focused on youth, media, and childhood. The report also discusses international events attended and press coverage of the foundation. It concludes by outlining plans for 2009.
As part of its programme of enhancing Myanmar companies’ understanding of responsible business practices, MCRB organised a one day workshop in Yangon on “Developing a Human Rights Policy” on 5th September 2016.
Read more: http://www.myanmar-responsiblebusiness.org/news/developing-a-human-rights-policy.html
Ayatsil-Tekel, la nueva apuesta de PEP en la Sonda de Campeche
Con el fin de mantener la producción de crudo pesado en la Región Marina Noreste, Petróleos Mexicanos pretende construir un nuevo campo petrolero que –en caso de ser necesario- remplace a Ku-Maloob-Zaap tal y como en su momento lo hizo éste con Cantarell.
Este documento describe un proyecto de gestión del conocimiento para una empresa. Explica la importancia de la gestión del conocimiento para mejorar la toma de decisiones, resolver problemas y compartir mejores prácticas entre los empleados. También describe marcos teóricos sobre la gestión del conocimiento y estrategias como la codificación y personalización del conocimiento en las organizaciones.
Owens & Minor is a leading distributor of medical supplies and a healthcare supply chain management company. In 2005, the company reported $4.8 billion in revenue. Owens & Minor serves hospitals, healthcare systems, government organizations, and individuals through a network of distribution centers. The company focuses on improving efficiency and lowering costs for customers through innovative supply chain management solutions focused on product, process, and people.
Cyclone Nargis made landfall in Myanmar on May 2nd and 3rd 2008, causing extensive damage in Ayeyarwady and Yangon divisions. Over 84,000 people were killed and tens of thousands more were injured or missing. Infrastructure like housing, schools, and health facilities were heavily damaged. The document discusses the formation and path of Cyclone Nargis, the warning system and response, damage assessments, and recovery efforts including rebuilding housing, schools, agriculture, and livelihoods.
Historia
• Independencia
• De que viven
• Estatus económico
• Presidente actual
• División de la forma de gobierno
Economía
• PIB
• IVA
• Impuestos y porcentajes
• Exportaciones e importaciones (tablas e imágenes).
• Deuda externa (a quien le deben y cuanto).
• Relación con México
• Tipo de moneda
o Cuánto vale en dólares, pesos, etc…
o Tipo de cambio
o Salario mínimo
Cuba
El salario mínimo en Cuba es de 225 pesos cubanos, o aproximadamente unos 10 dólares americanos.
México
Historia
• Independencia
• De que viven
• Estatus económico
• Presidente actual
• División de la forma de gobierno
Economía
• PIB
• IVA
• Impuestos y porcentajes
• Exportaciones e importaciones (tablas e imágenes).
• Deuda externa (a quien le deben y cuanto).
• Relación con México
• Tipo de moneda
o Cuánto vale en dólares, pesos, etc…
o Tipo de cambio
o Salario mínimo
Investigado en Noviembre del 2014
Crony capitalism is a term describing an economy in which success in business depends on close relationships between businesspeople and government officials. It may be exhibited by favouritism in the distribution of legal permits, government grants, special tax breaks or other forms of state interventionism. Crony capitalism is believed to arise when business cronyism and related self-serving behaviour by businesses or businesspeople spills over into politics and government, or when self-serving friendships and family ties between businessmen and the government influence the economy and society to the extent that it corrupts public-serving economic and political ideals.In its worst form, crony capitalism can devolve into simple corruption, where any pretence of a free market is dispensed with. Bribes to government officials and tax evasion are common.Corrupt governments may favour a set of business owners who have close ties to the government over others. This may also be done with racial, religious, or ethnic favouritism.Myanmar needs to plan to restrict the growth of crony capitalism, preventing a minority richer people from limiting the growth of the middle class and keeping the majority of the population in poverty. Crony capitalism in Myanmar makes foreign investments dicey—at least for the West.
This document summarizes a case involving the joint venture between BP and Russian company TNK-BP. It describes the founding of TNK-BP in 2003 as a 50/50 partnership between BP and AAR. However, disagreements later emerged between BP and the Russian partners over control, strategy, and new field development. These disputes escalated, negatively impacting the partnership, and ultimately led to BP pursuing deals with Rosneft separately without TNK-BP.
The document provides a list of companies in Myanmar including their subsidiaries, income tax rankings for 2013/2014, commercial tax rankings for 2013/2014, address, contact information, and CEO/Chairman. It includes companies such as A1 Group, AA Group, ACE Group, Ambo Co., Asia Metal Construction, Asia World Company, Aung Chan Thar Construction, AYA Bank, Ben Hur Group, Capital Diamond Star, City Mart Holding, Dagon Group, and Diamond Mercury. The document spans 7 pages and contains over 50 companies.
ALL ABOUT WA STATE TIN MINE IN MYANMAR DATA COLLECTION BY MYO AUNG-EX-EXPLORA...MYO AUNG Myanmar
1. Mysterious tin mines in Myanmar's Wa State near the Chinese border have emerged as a major global supplier of tin, satisfying about a third of China's demand.
2. The mines are controlled by the United Wa State Army, an armed ethnic group that has close ties to China. Production from the mines has increased over 10-fold in the past four years.
3. The sudden rise of Myanmar as a major tin producer has depressed tin prices but prices are now rising as production may be peaking. The future of Myanmar's natural resources will be important for peace negotiations aiming to end decades of conflict in the country.
Myanmar known until recently as Burma, is slowly but steadily starting to attract foreign investment, driven mainly by international resource firms eager to tap into the mineral-rich South East Asia's country. After more than half a century of military ruling, Burma has started benefitting from the recent suspension of sanctions by Canada, the United States and the European Union. Myanmar's gold production is increasing and could prove a key factor for the country's economic growth, but many gold miners are suffering from lung diseases due to inadequate equipment and antiquated practices. In mineral-rich areas of Kachin State, taxes from Burmese and Chinese gold mining provides an important income stream to the Kachin Independence Organization. However, these mining companies use mercury in an environmentally hazardous extraction process, which can lead to long-lasting damage for the area's forests and river ways.
This document provides an overview of the political and economic developments in Myanmar. Politically, Myanmar has transitioned to a civilian government in 2011 after decades of military rule. Key political milestones include Aung San Suu Kyi's landslide victory in the 2012 by-elections and the suspension of most sanctions by the EU and US. Economically, Myanmar remains one of the last frontier markets in Asia, but it is rich in natural resources and undergoing reforms. Geopolitically, Myanmar is strategically located between China and India, and its political opening could shift regional trade routes and make it a hub for energy and trade.
This document provides an overview of Myanmar's iron and steel industry, including its geography, political/economic climate, current steel production and imports, estimated iron ore reserves, and available energy sources. Myanmar has significant iron ore deposits estimated at nearly 400 million tons. Currently steel production is around 950,000 tons per year but operating well below capacity. Most of Myanmar's annual steel consumption of over 630,000 tons is imported. There is potential to invest in expanding steel production through partnerships with state-owned mills or developing new private mills, which could help meet growing domestic demand and reduce imports over time. Adequate power supply remains a challenge but investments in hydropower are expected to increase electricity generation significantly in
This document discusses China's relationship with Myanmar and examines the reasons behind it. It makes three key points:
1. While energy security is often cited as the main driver of China's support for Myanmar, the relationship predates China's major focus on energy security and Myanmar contributes little oil.
2. Claims that China seeks military bases in Myanmar are unfounded as there is no evidence the facilities are under Chinese control.
3. China's partnership with Myanmar must be viewed in the regional context, as other countries in Southeast Asia have also maintained relations with the military junta. Myanmar has used its ties with China to its advantage in relations with neighbors.
ILLEGAL MOLYBDENUM MINE IN KACHIN-CHINA BORDER,MYANMAR-RESEARCH Authored by ...MYO AUNG Myanmar
ILLEGAL MOLYBDENUM MINE IN KACHIN-CHINA BORDER-Authored Reasearch by Dr. U Win, Viz Center, California, USA.-Posted by Winners Circle on May 24, 2012.
A strip mine at Chinese border in Kachin land, Burma
Recently, an interesting feature was discovered on a satellite image from March 2010; it is a contour strip mine located near the Chinese border in Kachin State, Burma. You can see it on GoogleEarth at the following coordinates: 25⁰ 51’ 11.58”N, 98⁰ 32’ 50.01’E.
An illegal molybdenum mine was discovered in Kachin State near the Chinese border in Burma. The 250 acre mine is operated by Chinese groups and the Kachin Border Guard Forces. Molybdenum fetches around $30,000 per ton and the mine has been in operation since 2005 according to a deal between a Burmese general and the Kachin Border Guard leader. The mine is an example of illegal trading that profits the Burmese military while the country takes on international debt.
1. A UK-based company called Chinook Sciences won a £300 million ($505 million) contract to build the world's largest advanced thermal energy-from-waste facility in Sharjah, UAE.
2. The deal will benefit Chinook's UK supplier base and is expected to create 200 new UK jobs over the next two years.
3. Mubadala Petroleum, an Abu Dhabi company, agreed to cooperate with Russian state-owned oil company Rosneft in exploring and producing oil and gas assets in Siberia and elsewhere. This helps Rosneft mitigate sanctions through new international partnerships.
Owens & Minor is celebrating its 125th anniversary as a leading distributor of medical and surgical supplies. It was founded in Richmond, Virginia in 1882 and has grown into a Fortune 500 company with over $5.5 billion in annual revenue. Owens & Minor prides itself on its culture of exceptional customer service, caring for teammates, and business integrity. In 2006, the company acquired McKesson Medical-Surgical's acute-care business, solidifying its position as the leading medical supply distributor in the healthcare sector. Owens & Minor also moved into a new headquarters building, allowing its employees to work under one roof for the first time.
Book Review: Dhandha-How Guajarati’s Do BusinessTasheen Sheikh
Shobha Bondre‟s Dhandha is the story of a few such Gujaratis: Jaydev Patel—the New York Life Insurance agent credited with having sold policies worth $2.5 billion so far; Bhimjibhai Patel—one of the country‟s biggest diamond merchants and co-founder of the ambitious „Diamond Nagar‟ in Surat; Dalpatbhai Patel—the motelier who went on to become the mayor of Mansfield County; Mohanbhai Patel—a former Sheriff of Mumbai and the leading manufacturer of aluminium collapsible tubes; and Hersha and Hasu Shah—owners of over a hundred hotels in the US.
C&I Leasing Marine provides marine services to the oil and gas industry in Nigeria and West Africa. It operates a fleet of 12 vessels including tugs, crew boats, and patrol boats. The company aims to be the preferred indigenous marine terminal service provider in Nigeria and West Africa, and a global player in the industry within 10 years. C&I Leasing Marine is committed to Nigerian content requirements by being registered in Nigeria and employing a team of experienced Nigerian professionals to manage operations.
The annual report of the Global Energy Foundation provides information on the foundation's activities in 2008. It discusses the mission and strategy of promoting energy efficiency and development of new energy technologies. It outlines the administrative bodies that govern the foundation, including the Board of Trustees, International Award Committee, Expert Council, and Executive Directorate. It highlights the 2008 laureates of the Global Energy Prize and several special projects conducted by the foundation that year. These include nomination processes, meetings of the International Award Committee, events honoring laureates, and educational/outreach projects focused on youth, media, and childhood. The report also discusses international events attended and press coverage of the foundation. It concludes by outlining plans for 2009.
As part of its programme of enhancing Myanmar companies’ understanding of responsible business practices, MCRB organised a one day workshop in Yangon on “Developing a Human Rights Policy” on 5th September 2016.
Read more: http://www.myanmar-responsiblebusiness.org/news/developing-a-human-rights-policy.html
Ayatsil-Tekel, la nueva apuesta de PEP en la Sonda de Campeche
Con el fin de mantener la producción de crudo pesado en la Región Marina Noreste, Petróleos Mexicanos pretende construir un nuevo campo petrolero que –en caso de ser necesario- remplace a Ku-Maloob-Zaap tal y como en su momento lo hizo éste con Cantarell.
Este documento describe un proyecto de gestión del conocimiento para una empresa. Explica la importancia de la gestión del conocimiento para mejorar la toma de decisiones, resolver problemas y compartir mejores prácticas entre los empleados. También describe marcos teóricos sobre la gestión del conocimiento y estrategias como la codificación y personalización del conocimiento en las organizaciones.
Owens & Minor is a leading distributor of medical supplies and a healthcare supply chain management company. In 2005, the company reported $4.8 billion in revenue. Owens & Minor serves hospitals, healthcare systems, government organizations, and individuals through a network of distribution centers. The company focuses on improving efficiency and lowering costs for customers through innovative supply chain management solutions focused on product, process, and people.
Cyclone Nargis made landfall in Myanmar on May 2nd and 3rd 2008, causing extensive damage in Ayeyarwady and Yangon divisions. Over 84,000 people were killed and tens of thousands more were injured or missing. Infrastructure like housing, schools, and health facilities were heavily damaged. The document discusses the formation and path of Cyclone Nargis, the warning system and response, damage assessments, and recovery efforts including rebuilding housing, schools, agriculture, and livelihoods.
Historia
• Independencia
• De que viven
• Estatus económico
• Presidente actual
• División de la forma de gobierno
Economía
• PIB
• IVA
• Impuestos y porcentajes
• Exportaciones e importaciones (tablas e imágenes).
• Deuda externa (a quien le deben y cuanto).
• Relación con México
• Tipo de moneda
o Cuánto vale en dólares, pesos, etc…
o Tipo de cambio
o Salario mínimo
Cuba
El salario mínimo en Cuba es de 225 pesos cubanos, o aproximadamente unos 10 dólares americanos.
México
Historia
• Independencia
• De que viven
• Estatus económico
• Presidente actual
• División de la forma de gobierno
Economía
• PIB
• IVA
• Impuestos y porcentajes
• Exportaciones e importaciones (tablas e imágenes).
• Deuda externa (a quien le deben y cuanto).
• Relación con México
• Tipo de moneda
o Cuánto vale en dólares, pesos, etc…
o Tipo de cambio
o Salario mínimo
Investigado en Noviembre del 2014
Crony capitalism is a term describing an economy in which success in business depends on close relationships between businesspeople and government officials. It may be exhibited by favouritism in the distribution of legal permits, government grants, special tax breaks or other forms of state interventionism. Crony capitalism is believed to arise when business cronyism and related self-serving behaviour by businesses or businesspeople spills over into politics and government, or when self-serving friendships and family ties between businessmen and the government influence the economy and society to the extent that it corrupts public-serving economic and political ideals.In its worst form, crony capitalism can devolve into simple corruption, where any pretence of a free market is dispensed with. Bribes to government officials and tax evasion are common.Corrupt governments may favour a set of business owners who have close ties to the government over others. This may also be done with racial, religious, or ethnic favouritism.Myanmar needs to plan to restrict the growth of crony capitalism, preventing a minority richer people from limiting the growth of the middle class and keeping the majority of the population in poverty. Crony capitalism in Myanmar makes foreign investments dicey—at least for the West.
This document summarizes a case involving the joint venture between BP and Russian company TNK-BP. It describes the founding of TNK-BP in 2003 as a 50/50 partnership between BP and AAR. However, disagreements later emerged between BP and the Russian partners over control, strategy, and new field development. These disputes escalated, negatively impacting the partnership, and ultimately led to BP pursuing deals with Rosneft separately without TNK-BP.
The document provides a list of companies in Myanmar including their subsidiaries, income tax rankings for 2013/2014, commercial tax rankings for 2013/2014, address, contact information, and CEO/Chairman. It includes companies such as A1 Group, AA Group, ACE Group, Ambo Co., Asia Metal Construction, Asia World Company, Aung Chan Thar Construction, AYA Bank, Ben Hur Group, Capital Diamond Star, City Mart Holding, Dagon Group, and Diamond Mercury. The document spans 7 pages and contains over 50 companies.
ALL ABOUT WA STATE TIN MINE IN MYANMAR DATA COLLECTION BY MYO AUNG-EX-EXPLORA...MYO AUNG Myanmar
1. Mysterious tin mines in Myanmar's Wa State near the Chinese border have emerged as a major global supplier of tin, satisfying about a third of China's demand.
2. The mines are controlled by the United Wa State Army, an armed ethnic group that has close ties to China. Production from the mines has increased over 10-fold in the past four years.
3. The sudden rise of Myanmar as a major tin producer has depressed tin prices but prices are now rising as production may be peaking. The future of Myanmar's natural resources will be important for peace negotiations aiming to end decades of conflict in the country.
Myanmar known until recently as Burma, is slowly but steadily starting to attract foreign investment, driven mainly by international resource firms eager to tap into the mineral-rich South East Asia's country. After more than half a century of military ruling, Burma has started benefitting from the recent suspension of sanctions by Canada, the United States and the European Union. Myanmar's gold production is increasing and could prove a key factor for the country's economic growth, but many gold miners are suffering from lung diseases due to inadequate equipment and antiquated practices. In mineral-rich areas of Kachin State, taxes from Burmese and Chinese gold mining provides an important income stream to the Kachin Independence Organization. However, these mining companies use mercury in an environmentally hazardous extraction process, which can lead to long-lasting damage for the area's forests and river ways.
This document provides an overview of the political and economic developments in Myanmar. Politically, Myanmar has transitioned to a civilian government in 2011 after decades of military rule. Key political milestones include Aung San Suu Kyi's landslide victory in the 2012 by-elections and the suspension of most sanctions by the EU and US. Economically, Myanmar remains one of the last frontier markets in Asia, but it is rich in natural resources and undergoing reforms. Geopolitically, Myanmar is strategically located between China and India, and its political opening could shift regional trade routes and make it a hub for energy and trade.
This document provides an overview of Myanmar's iron and steel industry, including its geography, political/economic climate, current steel production and imports, estimated iron ore reserves, and available energy sources. Myanmar has significant iron ore deposits estimated at nearly 400 million tons. Currently steel production is around 950,000 tons per year but operating well below capacity. Most of Myanmar's annual steel consumption of over 630,000 tons is imported. There is potential to invest in expanding steel production through partnerships with state-owned mills or developing new private mills, which could help meet growing domestic demand and reduce imports over time. Adequate power supply remains a challenge but investments in hydropower are expected to increase electricity generation significantly in
This document discusses China's relationship with Myanmar and examines the reasons behind it. It makes three key points:
1. While energy security is often cited as the main driver of China's support for Myanmar, the relationship predates China's major focus on energy security and Myanmar contributes little oil.
2. Claims that China seeks military bases in Myanmar are unfounded as there is no evidence the facilities are under Chinese control.
3. China's partnership with Myanmar must be viewed in the regional context, as other countries in Southeast Asia have also maintained relations with the military junta. Myanmar has used its ties with China to its advantage in relations with neighbors.
ILLEGAL MOLYBDENUM MINE IN KACHIN-CHINA BORDER,MYANMAR-RESEARCH Authored by ...MYO AUNG Myanmar
ILLEGAL MOLYBDENUM MINE IN KACHIN-CHINA BORDER-Authored Reasearch by Dr. U Win, Viz Center, California, USA.-Posted by Winners Circle on May 24, 2012.
A strip mine at Chinese border in Kachin land, Burma
Recently, an interesting feature was discovered on a satellite image from March 2010; it is a contour strip mine located near the Chinese border in Kachin State, Burma. You can see it on GoogleEarth at the following coordinates: 25⁰ 51’ 11.58”N, 98⁰ 32’ 50.01’E.
An illegal molybdenum mine was discovered in Kachin State near the Chinese border in Burma. The 250 acre mine is operated by Chinese groups and the Kachin Border Guard Forces. Molybdenum fetches around $30,000 per ton and the mine has been in operation since 2005 according to a deal between a Burmese general and the Kachin Border Guard leader. The mine is an example of illegal trading that profits the Burmese military while the country takes on international debt.
The document summarizes news from the Business Council of Mongolia newsletter. It covers business, economic, and political news highlights from Mongolia. Some of the key points included are that the Prime Minister said the government will have to review policies and subsidies due to falling copper prices. A Japanese firm expressed interest in mining uranium. The economy is expected to be impacted by slowing foreign investment and rising prices, though direct effects of the global financial crisis are seen as limited due to Mongolia's isolation from international markets. An IMF team visited to discuss strengthening the Mongolian economy.
§ Myanmar has experienced steady GDP growth of around 6% in recent years and has significant potential for further economic development in sectors such as agriculture, tourism, infrastructure, and natural resources like natural gas.
§ The country has a young population, large tracts of arable land, and is strategically located for trade between China and India, though currently relies heavily on neighbors Thailand, China, and the UK for investment.
§ Special economic zones are being developed to encourage investment in industries like deep sea ports, factories, and oil and gas pipelines to drive economic growth and connectivity in the region.
Fields survey of freshwater fishes in upper moei riverYMCA Mandalay
Salween River System originates at the Himalaya mountain range and flows from the Tibetan Plateau into the Andaman Sea. It drains a narrow and mountainous watershed of 324,000 square kilometres that extends into the countries of China, Burma and Thailand.
Chapter 3 the status and distribution of freshwater fishes of indo burmaYMCA Mandalay
1,178 fish species in the Indo-Burma region. 151 species from the Salween drainage, 328 from the Mae hlong–Chao Phraya drainages, 500 from the Mekong drainage, 253 from the Red River drainage, 160 from the streams draining the eastern slope of the Annamite range, and 221 from the Malay Peninsula (south of the isthmus of Kra). The Malay Peninsula south of Thailand is excluded, as are those parts of the Salween, Mekong and Red River drainages in China.
Chin State has been characterized among all states and regions of Myanmar as the highest poverty gap ratio, highest occurrence of food deficits, poor road connectivity on steep mountain ridge and narrow valleys, low population density but lowest percent availability of cultivable lands and high percentage of waste and scrub lands, adherence to the shifting cultivation system, lack of rural based industries, and higher rate of out migration.
This study summarizes the evolution of farming systems and livelihood dynamics in Northern Chin State, Myanmar over the last few decades. It finds that shifting cultivation, primarily of maize, had been the major livelihood but is changing towards more rice-based semi-commercial farming with the development of terraces and lowland paddy fields. Terracing started in the 1960s but mass adoption only occurred in recent decades due to NGO assistance. Lowland paddy provides staple rice for 5-7 months while shifting cultivation alone provides maize for only 3-6 months, requiring other livelihood combinations to meet food needs. Increased population has shortened fallow periods in shifting cultivation, reducing yields. The assistance of development organizations like
Rethinking swidden cultivation in myanmar pyoe pyin 2014YMCA Mandalay
Swidden cultivation, also know as shifting cultivation or Shwe Pyaung Taung-ya, describes a spectrum of rotational agro-forestry practices at varying levels of intensity prevalent in Myanmar’s uplands. Swidden cultivation contributes to the livelihoods of millions of citizens, for whom it is a solution to upland food security.
Kachin State is known as a hotspot for biological diversity. The conservation of its natural resources, which cannot be valued in monetary terms, is of internationally importance. The logging and gold mining has already caused incalculable loss of biodiversity in the riverine and forest ecosystem.
Zo people tend to speculate as to where came from. Some suggest that they are the descendents od the Chinese of the Chin dynasty because they are called Chin by the Burman. Some devoted Christians dreamed of being one of the lost tribes of Israle. The history of the Zo people is very complex because they have many versions of legends and traditions. Their clothing, houses and diet differ from one area to another because of climatic differences within a short distance. The language, through basically similar, has developed into muti-dialects.
At both the Shwedagon and Kyaikhtiyoe, there are new inscriptions. For instance, an inscription is mounted on the new Shwedagon Htidaw, and on parts of the Kyailhtiyoe Shwehtidaw canonical texts have been inscribed.
In 1478, King Dhammazedi from the Mon kingdom of Ramannadesa, erected ten stone inscriptions written with Mon and Pali language. The stone inscription is known among scholars as the "Kalyani Sima" or "Kalyani Inscription". The inscription deal mainly with the the reform undertaken by the king to purify Theravada Buddhism in his kingdom.
The Myanmar elephant is internationally endangered and is regarded as a worldwide flagship species. Throughout their range states, the wild elephant is severely threatened by habitat destruction, poaching, and fragmentation into small isolated groups. Many population biologists believe that nowhere in Asia is there a single wild population large enough to avoid inbreeding over the long term.
The spiders were obtained in that part of Burma which, before the annexation of the whole country, was termed British Burma, and is now called lower Burma. The collections were chiefly made at Tharrawaddy, a station about 70 miles north of Rangoon, during the year 1884- 87. As to the general character of the Burmese spider- fauna, it can not, in spite of the numerous new genera which at present seem to be confined to Burma, be said to differ essentially from that of the neighboring regions of Southern Asia- Indo- China, India, and Indo- Malaysia. A great many of the Burmese species have a very wide geographical distribution, and some are almost cosmopolitan.
Myanmar is rich in mineral wealth. But it still left much of the virgin lands which are remote, mountainous and rugged. Much will be find. Mineral database is not well established and complete yet.
Jade is the gem name for mineral aggregates composed of either or both of two different minerals, Jadeite and Nephrite. Jadeite is a sodium-rich aluminous pyroxene; nephrite is a fine-grained, calcium-rich, magnesium, iron, aluminous amphibole. All jade is composed of fine-grained, highly intergrown, interlocking crystals of one or both of these minerals. Though neither mineral is very hard (6-7), jade is one of the toughest gem minerals known because of the intergrown nature of the individual crystals.
Jade is the gem name for mineral aggregates composed of either or both of two different minerals, Jadeite and Nephrite. Jadeite is a sodium-rich aluminous pyroxene; nephrite is a fine-grained, calcium-rich, magnesium, iron, aluminous amphibole. All jade is composed of fine-grained, highly intergrown, interlocking crystals of one or both of these minerals. Though neither mineral is very hard (6-7), jade is one of the toughest gem minerals known because of the intergrown nature of the individual crystals.
Grossular bearing jadeite omphacite rock in the myanmar jadeite areaYMCA Mandalay
The Myanmar jadeitite deposits near Hpakant have attracted remarkable attention of geologists and gemologists not only for being the largest jadeite jade deposit in the world, producing high quality jade with the glassy imperial green for more then 300 years.
1) The jade mines of Hpakant, Burma have long had issues with drug addiction and HIV due to harsh working conditions. Drug use is rampant and authorities collude in the drug trade by taking bribes.
2) At Myitkyina University in Kachin State, drug use among students has surged in recent years and now a majority are addicted to heroin. Discarded syringes can be found throughout campus.
3) Both places have entrenched systems of corruption that allow the drug trade to continue openly. Community efforts to address the problems have been unsuccessful due to complicity of authorities.
Geology of an amber locality in the hukawng valley northern myanmarYMCA Mandalay
This document summarizes the geology of an amber locality in the Hukawng Valley of northern Myanmar. Key points:
1. Amber has been mined from the Noije Bum hill since at least the 1st century AD. Previous studies assigned an Eocene age to the host rocks, but recent evidence suggests they are Cretaceous, specifically Upper Albian.
2. The authors visited the current mining area in 2001. The site occurs within folded sedimentary and volcanic rocks of Cretaceous to Cenozoic age in the Hukawng Basin. Amber is found in fine-grained sediments deposited in a nearshore marine environment.
3. Evidence from insect incl
As Burmese troops and their allies have progressively seized control of KIA areas, drug production has been increasing. The main opium growing areas in Kachin State are now in Chipwi and Waingmaw townships, under the control of the Burma Army and its local Border Guard Forces led by Zakhung Ting Ying, a National Assembly MP. In northern Shan State, opium is booming in areas under the Burma Army and thirteen government militia forces, four of whose leaders are MPs in the Shan State Assembly. Opium, heroin and methamphetamines are flooding from these government-controlled areas into Kachin communities, worsening existing problems of drug abuse, particularly among youth. It is estimated that about one third of students in Myitkyina and Bhamo universities are injecting drug users.
Proospects for governance and peace in ethnic statesYMCA Mandalay
Two months after a new government took over the reins of power in Burma, it is too early to make any definitive assessment of the prospects for improved governance and peace in ethnic areas. Initial signs give some reason for optimism, but the difficulty of overcoming sixty years of conflict and strongly-felt grievances and deep suspicions should not be underestimated. The economic and geostrategic realities are changing fast, and they will have a fundamental impact – positive and negative – on Burma’s borderlands. But unless ethnic communities are able to have much greater say in the governance of their affairs, and begin to see tangible benefits from the massive development projects in their areas, peace and broadbased development will remain elusive. The new decentralized governance structures have the potential to make a positive contribution in this regard, but it is unclear if they can evolve into sufficiently powerful and genuinely representative bodies quickly enough to satisfy ethnic. There has been renewed fighting in Shan State, and there are warning signs that more ethnic ceasefires could break down. Negotiations with armed groups and an improved future for long-marginalized ethnic populations is the only way that peace can be achieved.
The remote and environmentally rich Hugawng valley in Burma's northern Kachin State has been internationally recognized as one of the world's hotspots of biodiversity. Indeed, the military junta ruling Burma, together with the US-based Wildlife Conservation Society, is establishing the world's largest tiger reserve in the valley. However, the conditions of the people living there have not received attention. In Hugawng valley concessions were sold to 8 selected companies and the number of main gold mining sites increased from 14 in 1994 to 31 sites in 2006. The regime's Ministry of Mines collects signing fees for the concessions as well as 35% - 50% tax on annual profits. Additional payments are rendered to the military's top commander for the region, various township and local authorities as well as the Minister of Mines personally. The junta has announced occasional bans on gold mining in Kachin State but as this report shows, these bans are temporary and selective, in effect used to maintain the junta's grip on mining revenues. While the regime, called the State Peace and Development Council or SPDC, has consolidated political and financial control of the valley, it has not enforced its own existing (and very limited) environmental and health regulations on gold mining operations. This lack of regulation has resulted in deforestation, the destruction of river banks, and altering of river flows. Miners have been severely injured or killed by unsafe working practices and the lack of adequate health services. The most dramatic effects of this gold mining boom, however, have been on the social conditions of the local people. The influx of transient populations, together with harsh working conditions, a lack of education opportunities and poverty have led to the expansion of the drug, sex, and gambling industries in Hugawng valley.
IMPACT Silver is a pure silver zinc producer with over $260 million in revenue since 2008 and a large 100% owned 210km Mexico land package - 2024 catalysts includes new 14% grade zinc Plomosas mine and 20,000m of fully funded exploration drilling.
Understanding User Needs and Satisfying ThemAggregage
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Myanmar jade
1. SPECIAL REPORT 1
BY ANDREW R.C. MARSHALL AND MIN ZAYAR OO
Myanmar’s
old guard
runs a jade
empire
Intensively mined jade is one
of Myanmar’s most lucrative
industries.The military, its crony
tycoons and China, where most
of it ends up, benefit the most.
MYANMAR
SPECIAL REPORT 1
2. SPECIAL REPORT 2
MYANMAR JADE BENEFITS CHINA
HPAKANT, MYANMAR, SEPT 29, 2013
T
in Tun picked all night through tee-
tering heaps of rubble to find the
palm-sized lump of jade he now
holds in his hand. He hopes it will make
him a fortune. It’s happened before.
“Last year I found a stone worth 50 mil-
lion kyat,” he said, trekking past the craters
and slag heaps of this notorious jade-min-
ing region in northwest Myanmar. That’s
about $50,000 – and it was more than
enough money for Tin Tun, 38,to buy land
and build a house in his home village.
But rare finds by small-time prospectors
like Tin Tun pale next to the staggering
wealth extracted on an industrial scale by
Myanmar’s military, the tycoons it helped
enrich, and companies linked to the coun-
try where most jade ends up: China.
Almost half of all jade sales are “unof-
ficial”- that is, spirited over the border into
China with little or no formal taxation.
This represents billions of dollars in lost
revenues that could be spent on rebuilding
a nation shattered by nearly half a century
of military dictatorship.
Official statistics confirm these missing
billions. Myanmar produced more than 43
million kg of jade in fiscal year 2011/12
(April/March). Even valued at a conserva-
tive $100 per kg, it was worth $4.3 billion.
But official exports of jade that year stood
at only $34 million.
Official Chinese statistics only deepen
the mystery. China doesn’t publicly report
how much jade it imports from Myanmar.
But jade is included in official imports of
precious stones and metals, which in 2012
were worth $293 million - a figure still too
small to explain where billions of dollars of
Myanmar jade has gone.
Such squandered wealth symbolizes a
wider challenge in Myanmar, an impov-
erished country whose natural resources
- including oil, timber and precious met-
als - have long fueled armed conflicts
while enriching only powerful individuals
or groups. In a rare visit to the heart of
Myanmar’s secretive jade-mining industry
in Hpakant, Reuters found an anarchic re-
gion where soldiers and ethnic rebels clash,
and where mainland Chinese traders rub
shoulders with heroin-fueled “handpickers”
who are routinely buried alive while scav-
enging for stones.
Myint Aung, Myanmar’s Minister of
Mines, did not reply to written questions
from Reuters about the jade industry’s
missing millions and social costs.
Since a reformist government took office
in March 2011, Myanmar has pinned its
economic hopes on the resumption of for-
eign aid and investment. Some economists
argue, however, that Myanmar’s prosperity
and unity may depend upon claiming more
revenue from raw materials.
There are few reliable estimates on total
jade sales that include unofficial exports.
The Harvard Ash Center, which advises
Myanmar’s quasi-civilian government, has
possibly the best numbers available.
After sending researchers to the area
this year, the Harvard Ash Center pub-
lished a report in July that put sales of
Burmese jade at about $8 billion in 2011.
That’s more than double the country’s rev-
enue from natural gas and nearly a sixth of
its 2011 GDP.
“Practically nothing is going to the gov-
ernment,” David Dapice, the report’s co-
author, told Reuters. “What you need is a
modern system of public finance in which
the government collects some part of the
rents from mining this stuff.”
HIDING STONES
Chinese have prized jade for its beauty and
symbolism for millennia. Many believe
wearing jade jewelry brings good fortune,
Practically nothing is going
to the government.
David Dapice
Co-author of Harvard University’s Ash Center
report on Mynamar
CASHING IN: Tin Tun, a 38-year-old prospector, sells the jade he found after searching all night
through mining rubble. REUTERS/MINZAYAR
3. SPECIAL REPORT 3
MYANMAR JADE BENEFITS CHINA
prosperity and longevity. It is also viewed
as an investment, a major factor driving
China’s appetite for Burmese jade.“Gold is
valuable, but jade is priceless,” runs an old
Chinese saying.
Jade is not only high value but easy to
transport. “Only the stones they cannot
hide go to the emporiums,” said Tin Soe,
53, a jade trader in Hpakant, referring to
the official auctions held in Myanmar’s
capital of Naypyitaw.
The rest is smuggled by truck to China
by so-called “jockeys”through territory be-
longing to either the Burmese military or
the Kachin Independence Army (KIA),
both of whom extract tolls. The All China
Jade Trade Association, a state-linked in-
dustry group based in Beijing, declined re-
peated requests for an interview.
Hpakant lies in Kachin State, a rugged
region sandwiched strategically between
China and India. Nowhere on Earth does
jade exist in such quantity and quality.
“Open the ground,let the country abound,”
reads the sign outside the Hpakant offices
of the Ministry of Mines.
In fact, few places better symbolize how
little Myanmar benefits from its fabulous
natural wealth. The road to Hpakant has
pot-holes bigger than the four-wheel-drive
cars that negotiate it. During the rainy sea-
son, it can take nine hours to reach from
Myitkyina,the Kachin state capital 110 km
(68 miles) away.
Non-Burmese are rarely granted official
access to Hpakant,but taxi-drivers routine-
ly take Chinese traders there for exorbitant
fees,part of which goes to dispensing bribes
at police and military checkpoints.The offi-
cial reason for restricting access to Hpakant
is security: the Burmese military and the
Kachin Independence Army (KIA) have
long vied for control of the road, which is
said to be flanked with land-mines.But the
restrictions also serve to reduce scrutiny of
the industry’s biggest players and its hor-
rific social costs: the mass deaths of workers
and some of the highest heroin addiction
and HIV infection rates in Myanmar.
There are also “obvious” links between
jade and conflict in Kachin State, said
analyst Richard Horsey, a former United
Nations senior official in Myanmar. A 17-
year ceasefire between the military and the
KIA ended when fighting erupted in June
2011.It has since displaced at least 100,000
people.
“Such vast revenues - in the hands of
both sides - have certainly fed into the con-
flict, helped fund insurgency, and will be
a hugely complicating factor in building a
sustainable peace economy,”Horsey said.
The United States banned imports of
jade, rubies and other Burmese gemstones
in 2008 in a bid to cut off revenue to the
military junta which then ruled Myanmar,
also known as Burma. But soaring demand
from neighboring China meant the ban
had little effect. After Myanmar’s reformist
government took power, the United States
scrapped or suspended almost all economic
and political sanctions - but not the ban
on jade and rubies. It was renewed by the
White House on Aug. 7 in a sign that
Myanmar’s anarchic jade industry remains
a throwback to an era of dictatorship. The
U.S. Department of the Treasury included
the industry in activities that “contribute to
human rights abuses or undermine Burma’s
democratic reform process.”
Foreign companies are not permitted to
extract jade. But mining is capital inten-
sive, and it is an open secret that most of
the 20 or so largest operations in Hpakant
are owned by Chinese companies or their
proxies, say gem traders and other indus-
try insiders in Kachin State. “Of course,
some (profit) goes to the government,”said
Yup Zaw Hkawng, chairman of Jadeland
Myanmar, the most prominent Kachin
mining company in Hpakant. “But mostly
GEM SHOW: Washing off chunks of jade for sale at the jade emporium in Myanmar’s capital of
Naypyitaw. REUTERS/SOE ZEYA TUN
$2.6billion
Total jade sales at the last
official auction of the precious
stone in June
Source: Government of Myanmar
4. SPECIAL REPORT 4
MYANMAR JADE BENEFITS CHINA
it goes into the pockets of Chinese families
and the families of the former (Burmese)
government.”
Other players include the Union
of Myanmar Economic Holdings Ltd
(UMEHL),theinvestmentarmofthecoun-
try’s much-feared military, and Burmese ty-
coons such as Zaw Zaw, chairman of Max
Myanmar,who made their fortunes collabo-
rating with the former junta.
THE CHINA CONNECTION
Soldiers guard the big mining companies
and sometimes shoot in the air to scare off
small-time prospectors. “We run like cra-
zy when we see them,” said Tin Tun, the
handpicker.
UMEHL is notoriously tight-lipped
about its operations. “Stop bothering us,”
Major Myint Oo, chief of human resources
at UMEHL’s head office in downtown
Yangon, told Reuters. “You can’t just come
in here and meet our superiors. This is a
military company. Some matters must be
kept secret.”
This arrangement, whereby Chinese
companies exploit natural resources with
military help, is both familiar and deeply
controversial in Myanmar.
Lastyear,protestsoutsidetheLetpadaung
copper mine in northwest Myanmar
triggered a violent police crackdown. The
mine’s two operators - UMEHL and
Myanmar Wanbao,a unit of Chinese weap-
ons manufacturer China North Industries
Corp - shared most of the profits, leaving
the government with just 4 percent. That
contract was revised in July in an apparent
attempt to appease public anger. The gov-
ernment now gets 51 percent of the profits,
while Myanmar Wanbao and UMEHL get
30 and 19 percent respectively.
China’s domination of the jade trade
could feed into a wider resentment over its
exploitation of Myanmar’s natural wealth.
A Chinese-led plan to build a $3.6 mil-
lion dam at the Irrawaddy River’s source in
Kachin State - and send most of the power
it generated to Yunnan Province - was sus-
pended in 2011 by President Thein Sein
amid popular outrage.
The national and local governments
should also get a greater share of Kachin
State’s natural wealth, say analysts and ac-
tivists. That includes gold, timber and hy-
dropower, but especially jade.
A two-week auction held in the capital
Naypyitaw in June sold a record-breaking
$2.6 billion in jade and gems. But jade tax
revenue in 2011 amounted to only 20 per-
cent of the official sales. Add in all the “un-
official”sales outside of the emporium, and
Harvard calculates an effective tax rate of
about 7 percent on all Burmese jade.
It is, on the other hand, highly lucrative
for the mining companies,whose estimated
cost of production is $400 a ton, compared
with an official sales figure of $126,000 a
ton, the report said.
“Kachin, and by extension Myanmar,
cannot be peaceful and politically stable
without some equitable sharing of resource
revenues with the local people,”said analyst
Horsey.
THE PECKING ORDER
At the top of the pecking order in Hpakant
are cashed-up traders from China,who buy
stones displayed on so-called “jade tables”
in Hpakant tea-shops. The tables are run
by middleman called laoban (“boss” in
Chinese), who are often ethnic Chinese.
JADE TRADERS: Traders (left) wait for handpickers to arrive with their stones at a tea shop in Hpakant. Buyers, mostly from China, inspect stones at “jade
tables”. REUTERS/MINZAYAR.
7%The estimated effective tax rate
on total sales of jade in Myanmar
Source: Harvard Ash Center report on Myanmar
Text continues on page 6
5. SPECIAL REPORT 5
MYANMAR JADE BENEFITS CHINA
HANDPICKERS: Small-time prospectors (above) search for jade in the rubble dumped by mining companies in Hpakant township. Handpickers and
traders smoke opium , shoot heroin and take “yaba” or methamphetamines at a home in Hpakant. Kyaw Myo Aung, 17, rests in his tent at a jade mine.
Handpickers sleep during the day after working through the night. REUTERS/MINZAYAR
6. SPECIAL REPORT 6
MYANMAR JADE BENEFITS CHINA
They buy jade from,and sometimes employ,
handpickers like Tin Tun.
The handpickers are at the bottom of the
heap - literally. They swarm in their hun-
dreds across mountains of rubble dumped
by the mining companies. It is peril-
ous work, especially when banks and slag
heaps are destabilized by monsoon rain.
Landslides routinely swallow 10 or 20 men
at a time, said Too Aung, 30, a handpicker
from the Kachin town of Bhamo.
“Sometimes we can’t even dig out their
bodies,” he said. “We don’t know where to
look.”
In 2002, at least a thousand people were
killed when flood waters inundated a mine,
Jadeland Myanmar chairman Yup Zaw
Hkawng told Reuters. Deaths are common
but routinely concealed by companies eager
to avoid suspending operations, he said.
The boom in Hpakant’s population co-
incided with an exponential rise in opium
production in Myanmar, the world’s sec-
ond-largest producer after Afghanistan.
Its derivative, heroin, is cheap and widely
available in Kachin State, and Hpakant’s
workforce seems to run on it.
About half the handpickers use heroin,
whileothersrelyonopiumoralcohol,saidTin
Soe,53,a jade trader and a local leader of the
opposition National League for Democracy
party. “It’s very rare to find someone who
doesn’t do any of these,”he said.
Official figures on heroin use in Hpakant
are hard to get.The few foreign aid workers
operating in the area, mostly working with
drug users, declined comment for fear of
upsetting relations with the Myanmar gov-
ernment. But health workers say privately
about 40 percent of injecting drug users in
Hpakant are HIV positive - twice the na-
tional average.
Drug use is so intrinsic to jade mining
that “shooting galleries” operate openly in
Hpakant, with workers often exchanging
lumps of jade for hits of heroin.
Soe Moe, 39, came to Hpakant in 1992.
Three years later, he was sniffing heroin,
then injecting it.His habit now devours his
earnings as a handpicker. “When I’m on
(heroin), I feel happier and more energetic.
I work better,” he said. The shooting gal-
lery he frequents accommodates hundreds
of users.“The place is so busy it’s like a fes-
tival,” he said. Soe Moe said he didn’t fear
arrest, because the gallery owners paid off
the police.
MOVING MOUNTAINS
Twenty years ago, Hpakant was controlled
by KIA insurgents who for a modest fee
granted access to small prospectors. Four
people with iron picks could live off the jade
harvested from a small plot of land, said
Yitnang Ze Lum of the Myanmar Gems
and Jewellery Entrepreneurs Association
(MGJEA) in Myitkyina.
A 1994 ceasefire brought most of
Hpakant back under government control,
and large-scale extraction began,with hun-
dreds of backhoes, earthmovers and trucks
working around the clock. “Now even a
mountain lasts only three months,” said
Yitnang Ze Lum.
Many Kachin businessmen, unable to
compete in terms of capital or technology,
were shut out of the industry. Non-Kachin
workers poured in from across Myanmar,
looking for jobs and hoping to strike it rich.
The mines were closed in mid-2012 when
the conflict flared up again. Myanmar’s
100 miles
100 km
Sources: Reuters; Central Statistical Organisation
THAILAND
CHINAINDIA
Naypyidaw
Yangon
Myitkyina
Bay of
Bengal
MYANMAR
Hpakant
KACHIN
0
10
20
30
40
50
0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
$2.5
2008-
’09
‘09-
’10
‘10-
’11
‘11-
’12
‘12-
’13
Production Official sales
mln kg bln
Myanmar’s jade industry
Jade production Mining capital
Sometimes we can’t even
dig out their bodies. We don’t
know where to look.
Too Aung
Describing the frequent landslides
on the slagheaps of jade mine operations