Mangroves in Thailand have decreased significantly due to human activities but recent community-based conservation efforts have helped increase mangrove areas. The Pred Nai community case study shows how community participation in management can be effective. Through restoration activities and forming a conservation group since the 1980s, the community has protected their mangroves and improved livelihoods. Key lessons include the importance of social inclusion, participatory monitoring of resources like crab populations, and building networks between communities. Continued challenges involve further increasing marginalized groups' access and engaging new generations in long-term conservation.
Managing mangroves and sustainable aquacultureCIFOR-ICRAF
Presented by Virni Budi Arifanti of the Indonesian Ministry of Environment and Forestry at the 3rd Asia-Pacific Rainforest Summit, on 23–25 April 2018 in Yogyakarta, Indonesia
Building with Nature Indonesia Securing Eroding Deltas and CoastlinesCIFOR-ICRAF
Presented by Yus Rusila Noor, Yayasan Lahan Basah (YLBA)/Wetlands International Indonesia at Webinar - Coastal Zone Rehabilitation for Low Carbon Development on 31 March 2022.
Panel discussion: Mangroves as nature-based solution to climate changeCIFOR-ICRAF
Presented by K. Kathiresan, Annamalai University at Mangrove Research in Indian sub-continent: Recent Advances, Knowledge Gaps and Future Perspectives on 8 - 10 December 2021
Presented by Dr R Ramasubramanian, Director, M S Swaminathan Research Foundation at Mangrove Research in Indian sub-continent: Recent Advances, Knowledge Gaps and Future Perspectives on 8 - 10 December 2021
Managing mangroves and sustainable aquacultureCIFOR-ICRAF
Presented by Virni Budi Arifanti of the Indonesian Ministry of Environment and Forestry at the 3rd Asia-Pacific Rainforest Summit, on 23–25 April 2018 in Yogyakarta, Indonesia
Building with Nature Indonesia Securing Eroding Deltas and CoastlinesCIFOR-ICRAF
Presented by Yus Rusila Noor, Yayasan Lahan Basah (YLBA)/Wetlands International Indonesia at Webinar - Coastal Zone Rehabilitation for Low Carbon Development on 31 March 2022.
Panel discussion: Mangroves as nature-based solution to climate changeCIFOR-ICRAF
Presented by K. Kathiresan, Annamalai University at Mangrove Research in Indian sub-continent: Recent Advances, Knowledge Gaps and Future Perspectives on 8 - 10 December 2021
Presented by Dr R Ramasubramanian, Director, M S Swaminathan Research Foundation at Mangrove Research in Indian sub-continent: Recent Advances, Knowledge Gaps and Future Perspectives on 8 - 10 December 2021
Climate change ,adaptation and mitigation in fisheriesSWAGATIKA SAHOO
Climate change impacts on aquatic and marine ecosystems and associated livelihoods are growing, and the purpose of this circular is to provide a brief overview of potential impacts and details of ongoing and completed adaptation activities. Sharing examples will aid planning and development of adaptation in fisheries and aquaculture, and this compilation is intended to provide a starting point for planners, policy-makers, and practitioners who are involved in sectors related to fisheries and aquaculture around the globe. This introduction provides an overview of climate change impacts on fisheries and aquaculture. The presentation reviews potential mitigation and adaptation options for fisheries and aquaculture at various scales. This is followed by an overview of selected adaptation activities at various scales to demonstrate the types of activities underway or completed around the world, primarily in developing countries. This is not a comprehensive review of adaptation actions – there are other resources that provide more in-depth reviews of adaptation. However, this circular aims to provide examples of the kinds of adaptation activities specifically addressing fisheries and/or aquaculture.
Blue carbon research: An Indian PerspectiveCIFOR-ICRAF
Presented by Dr Gurmeet Singh, Futuristic Research Division, National Centre for Sustainable Coastal Management Ministry of Environment Forest & Climate change at Mangrove Research in Indian sub-continent: Recent Advances, Knowledge Gaps and Future Perspectives on 8 - 10 December 2021
REDD+ (Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation)Janathakshan Gte Ltd
The presentation prepared by Janathakshan on REDD+ (Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation) initiative in Sri Lanka. SL became a UN-REDD partner country in 2009. Government fo Sri Lanka (GoSL) through the forest department (FD), department of wildlife conservation (DWC) and the CCS with many stakeholders and support of 3 UN organisations has jointly implemented a UN-REDD National Program (2013 to 2017).
Marine protected area Marine protected areas (MPA) are protected areas of seas, oceans, estuaries or in the US, the Great Lakes .[2] These marine areas can come in many forms ranging from wildlife refuges to research facilities.[3] MPAs restrict human activity for a conservation purpose, typically to protect natural or cultural resources.[4] Such marine resources are protected by local, state, territorial, native, regional, national, or international authorities and differ substantially among and between nations. This variation includes different limitations on development, fishing practices, fishing seasons and catch limits, moorings and bans on removing or disrupting marine life. In some situations (such as with the Phoenix Islands Protected Area), MPAs also provide revenue for countries, potentially equal to the income that they would have if they were to grant companies permissions to fish.[5]
On 28 October 2016 in Hobart, Australia, the Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources agreed to establish the first Antarctic and largest marine protected area in the world encompassing 1.55 million km2 (600,000 sq mi) in the Ross Sea.[6] Other large MPAs are in the Indian, Pacific, and Atlantic Oceans, in certain exclusive economic zones of Australia and overseas territories of France, the United Kingdom and the United States, with major (990,000 square kilometres (380,000 sq mi) or larger) new or expanded MPAs by these nations since 2012—such as Natural Park of the Coral Sea, Pacific Remote Islands Marine National Monument, Coral Sea Commonwealth Marine Reserve and South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands Marine Protected Area. When counted with MPAs of all sizes from many other countries, as of August 2016 there are more than 13,650 MPAs, encompassing 2.07% of the world's oceans, with half of that area – encompassing 1.03% of the world's oceans – receiving complete "no-take" designation.[7]
A presentation about aquatic ecosystem restoration in Massachusetts. Presented by Tim Purinton, director of the Massachusetts Division of Ecological Restoration, during the Buzzards Bay Coalition's 2012 Decision Makers Workshop series. Learn more at www.savebuzzardsbay.org/DecisionMakers
Blue carbon science for sustainable coastal developmentCIFOR-ICRAF
Presented by Daniel Murdiyarso, Principal Scientist,on World Wetlands Day, 2 February 2017, at the Italian Cultural Institute of Jakarta (Istituto Italiano di Cultura Jakarta), Indonesia.
Presented by Franky Zamzani (Deputy Director for Monitoring of Mitigation Action, Directorate Mitigation, Directorate General of Climate Change, Ministry of the Environment and Forestry) at "Global Comparative Study on REDD+ Workshop: REDD+ social safeguards in Indonesia: Opportunities and challenges", on 16 May 2023
In sustainable Development Goals (SDG)’s, water is as the 6th goal, namely “Ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all. It show that clean water is one if human basic needs, and it is processed from raw water to clean water by using any treatment. Beyond drinking water, sanitation and hygiene to also address the quality and sustainability of water resources, which critical to the survival of people and the planet.Anthropogenic means of, relating to, or resulting from the influence of human beings on nature. Prior to the Industrial Revolution, humanity's influence on nature had been comparatively mild (although humans have been influencing the environment for tens of thousands of years, before humans started farming). However with the introduction of motive power, the use of oil and gasoline to achieve energy needs, and the reliance on electricity, anthropogenic impacts on the environment have increased exponentially.Anthropogenic means of, relating to, or resulting from the influence of human beings on nature. Prior to the Industrial Revolution, humanity's influence on nature had been comparatively mild (although humans have been influencing the environment for tens of thousands of years, before humans started farming). However with the introduction of motive power, the use of oil and gasoline to achieve energy needs, and the reliance on electricity, anthropogenic impacts on the environment have increased exponentially.Anthropogenic means of, relating to, or resulting from the influence of human beings on nature. Prior to the Industrial Revolution, humanity's influence on nature had been comparatively mild (although humans have been influencing the environment for tens of thousands of years, before humans started farming). However with the introduction of motive power, the use of oil and gasoline to achieve energy needs, and the reliance on electricity, anthropogenic impacts on the environment have increased exponentially.Groundwater is the world's largest source of freshwater and it is of vital importance for food production. Increasing extraction of groundwater in recent decades has resulted in sinking water tables worldwide. A study by hydrologist Dr. Inge de Graaf from the Institute of Earth and Environmental Sciences at the University of Freiburg shows that almost 20 percent of the catchments areas where groundwater is pumped suffer from a flow of streams and rivers that is too low to sustain their freshwater ecosystems. This number is expected to increase to 50 percent by 2050. “The effects can be seen already in the Midwest of the United States and in the Indus Valley project between Afghanistan and Pakistan,” de Graaf explains. The results of her study have been published in the current edition of Nature. Groundwater is the world's largest source of freshwater and it is of vital importance for food production. Increasing extraction of groundwater in recent decades results sinking water table.
Climate change is one of the major concern which affects the coastal ecosystem heavily. This presentation deals with the effect of Climate change on Indian mangroves.
Climate change ,adaptation and mitigation in fisheriesSWAGATIKA SAHOO
Climate change impacts on aquatic and marine ecosystems and associated livelihoods are growing, and the purpose of this circular is to provide a brief overview of potential impacts and details of ongoing and completed adaptation activities. Sharing examples will aid planning and development of adaptation in fisheries and aquaculture, and this compilation is intended to provide a starting point for planners, policy-makers, and practitioners who are involved in sectors related to fisheries and aquaculture around the globe. This introduction provides an overview of climate change impacts on fisheries and aquaculture. The presentation reviews potential mitigation and adaptation options for fisheries and aquaculture at various scales. This is followed by an overview of selected adaptation activities at various scales to demonstrate the types of activities underway or completed around the world, primarily in developing countries. This is not a comprehensive review of adaptation actions – there are other resources that provide more in-depth reviews of adaptation. However, this circular aims to provide examples of the kinds of adaptation activities specifically addressing fisheries and/or aquaculture.
Blue carbon research: An Indian PerspectiveCIFOR-ICRAF
Presented by Dr Gurmeet Singh, Futuristic Research Division, National Centre for Sustainable Coastal Management Ministry of Environment Forest & Climate change at Mangrove Research in Indian sub-continent: Recent Advances, Knowledge Gaps and Future Perspectives on 8 - 10 December 2021
REDD+ (Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation)Janathakshan Gte Ltd
The presentation prepared by Janathakshan on REDD+ (Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation) initiative in Sri Lanka. SL became a UN-REDD partner country in 2009. Government fo Sri Lanka (GoSL) through the forest department (FD), department of wildlife conservation (DWC) and the CCS with many stakeholders and support of 3 UN organisations has jointly implemented a UN-REDD National Program (2013 to 2017).
Marine protected area Marine protected areas (MPA) are protected areas of seas, oceans, estuaries or in the US, the Great Lakes .[2] These marine areas can come in many forms ranging from wildlife refuges to research facilities.[3] MPAs restrict human activity for a conservation purpose, typically to protect natural or cultural resources.[4] Such marine resources are protected by local, state, territorial, native, regional, national, or international authorities and differ substantially among and between nations. This variation includes different limitations on development, fishing practices, fishing seasons and catch limits, moorings and bans on removing or disrupting marine life. In some situations (such as with the Phoenix Islands Protected Area), MPAs also provide revenue for countries, potentially equal to the income that they would have if they were to grant companies permissions to fish.[5]
On 28 October 2016 in Hobart, Australia, the Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources agreed to establish the first Antarctic and largest marine protected area in the world encompassing 1.55 million km2 (600,000 sq mi) in the Ross Sea.[6] Other large MPAs are in the Indian, Pacific, and Atlantic Oceans, in certain exclusive economic zones of Australia and overseas territories of France, the United Kingdom and the United States, with major (990,000 square kilometres (380,000 sq mi) or larger) new or expanded MPAs by these nations since 2012—such as Natural Park of the Coral Sea, Pacific Remote Islands Marine National Monument, Coral Sea Commonwealth Marine Reserve and South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands Marine Protected Area. When counted with MPAs of all sizes from many other countries, as of August 2016 there are more than 13,650 MPAs, encompassing 2.07% of the world's oceans, with half of that area – encompassing 1.03% of the world's oceans – receiving complete "no-take" designation.[7]
A presentation about aquatic ecosystem restoration in Massachusetts. Presented by Tim Purinton, director of the Massachusetts Division of Ecological Restoration, during the Buzzards Bay Coalition's 2012 Decision Makers Workshop series. Learn more at www.savebuzzardsbay.org/DecisionMakers
Blue carbon science for sustainable coastal developmentCIFOR-ICRAF
Presented by Daniel Murdiyarso, Principal Scientist,on World Wetlands Day, 2 February 2017, at the Italian Cultural Institute of Jakarta (Istituto Italiano di Cultura Jakarta), Indonesia.
Presented by Franky Zamzani (Deputy Director for Monitoring of Mitigation Action, Directorate Mitigation, Directorate General of Climate Change, Ministry of the Environment and Forestry) at "Global Comparative Study on REDD+ Workshop: REDD+ social safeguards in Indonesia: Opportunities and challenges", on 16 May 2023
In sustainable Development Goals (SDG)’s, water is as the 6th goal, namely “Ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all. It show that clean water is one if human basic needs, and it is processed from raw water to clean water by using any treatment. Beyond drinking water, sanitation and hygiene to also address the quality and sustainability of water resources, which critical to the survival of people and the planet.Anthropogenic means of, relating to, or resulting from the influence of human beings on nature. Prior to the Industrial Revolution, humanity's influence on nature had been comparatively mild (although humans have been influencing the environment for tens of thousands of years, before humans started farming). However with the introduction of motive power, the use of oil and gasoline to achieve energy needs, and the reliance on electricity, anthropogenic impacts on the environment have increased exponentially.Anthropogenic means of, relating to, or resulting from the influence of human beings on nature. Prior to the Industrial Revolution, humanity's influence on nature had been comparatively mild (although humans have been influencing the environment for tens of thousands of years, before humans started farming). However with the introduction of motive power, the use of oil and gasoline to achieve energy needs, and the reliance on electricity, anthropogenic impacts on the environment have increased exponentially.Anthropogenic means of, relating to, or resulting from the influence of human beings on nature. Prior to the Industrial Revolution, humanity's influence on nature had been comparatively mild (although humans have been influencing the environment for tens of thousands of years, before humans started farming). However with the introduction of motive power, the use of oil and gasoline to achieve energy needs, and the reliance on electricity, anthropogenic impacts on the environment have increased exponentially.Groundwater is the world's largest source of freshwater and it is of vital importance for food production. Increasing extraction of groundwater in recent decades has resulted in sinking water tables worldwide. A study by hydrologist Dr. Inge de Graaf from the Institute of Earth and Environmental Sciences at the University of Freiburg shows that almost 20 percent of the catchments areas where groundwater is pumped suffer from a flow of streams and rivers that is too low to sustain their freshwater ecosystems. This number is expected to increase to 50 percent by 2050. “The effects can be seen already in the Midwest of the United States and in the Indus Valley project between Afghanistan and Pakistan,” de Graaf explains. The results of her study have been published in the current edition of Nature. Groundwater is the world's largest source of freshwater and it is of vital importance for food production. Increasing extraction of groundwater in recent decades results sinking water table.
Climate change is one of the major concern which affects the coastal ecosystem heavily. This presentation deals with the effect of Climate change on Indian mangroves.
this is my 10th standard project wherein i have compiled information from various sources. it is a short project with useful content. hope it proves to be of good use.
Mangroves are vital for healthy coastal ecosystems in many regions of the world and research and studies are revealing the unique importance of these habitats to the planet. The Mangrove Action Project is dedicated to reversing the degradation and loss of mangrove forest wetlands and their associated coastal ecosystems worldwide. www.mangroveactionproject.org
South 24 Parganas district administration is implementing a unique scheme under MGNREGS. Christened as "Green Sunderbans", the project aims at regenerating the mangrove forest in Sunderbans after the devastating effect of Cyclone Aila in 2009. The scheme is unique in extending support to the livelihood of he people and protecting the ecology of this heritage biodiversity.
RCE Greater Pwani - Introduction and OverviewESD UNU-IAS
This presentation was part of the 7th African RCE Meeting, 2-4 August 2017 in Lusaka, Zambia “RCE Initiatives: Milestones for Achieving the Sustainable Development Goals”.
These slides describe a methodology of linking research during NRM engagement to community development, the slides were presented in a workshop in Kampla in 2006
MCRB and FFI co-hosted a two-day multistakeholder workshop on sustainable and responsible tourism in Tanintharyi, over two days in Dawei on 19 and 20 December.
Read more: http://www.myanmar-responsiblebusiness.org/news/sustainable-tourism-workshop-tanintharyi.html
The Learning Route on Natural Resource Management and Climate Change Adaptation best practices, the experience in Kenya; took place between the 6-13 July 2014 in several counties in Kenya.
The objective of this learning route is to scale up through peer to peer learning the Kenyan best multi stakeholders' strategies, tools and practices to fight environmental degradation and to adapt to climate change with the aim of improving the livelihoods of people living in affected communities.
The learning Route has been developed by International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD) CARE (relief agency) in Kenya and the Cgiar Research Program on Climate Change & Food Security, in partnership with Procasur Africa.
Here we have an overview of the presentation shared with us from our first of the three host case studies that were visited:
Case 1: Mount Kenya East Pilot Project (MKEPP), the Upper Tana Natural Resource Manangement Project (UTANRMP)
Building a Raspberry Pi Robot with Dot NET 8, Blazor and SignalR - Slides Onl...Peter Gallagher
In this session delivered at Leeds IoT, I talk about how you can control a 3D printed Robot Arm with a Raspberry Pi, .NET 8, Blazor and SignalR.
I also show how you can use a Unity app on an Meta Quest 3 to control the arm VR too.
You can find the GitHub repo and workshop instructions here;
https://bit.ly/dotnetrobotgithub
Google Calendar is a versatile tool that allows users to manage their schedules and events effectively. With Google Calendar, you can create and organize calendars, set reminders for important events, and share your calendars with others. It also provides features like creating events, inviting attendees, and accessing your calendar from mobile devices. Additionally, Google Calendar allows you to embed calendars in websites or platforms like SlideShare, making it easier for others to view and interact with your schedules.
Mangroves Management in Thailand: Presentation for jica workshop nov. 4 10, 2012-final
1. Mangroves Management
in Thailand
1st Regional Shared-Learning Workshop:
Mangrove Conservation as a part of Coastal Management in Southeast Asia
Surabaya, Indonesia
November 4-10, 2012
Prepared by:
RECOFTC-Thailand, DMCR and Community leader
2. Outline:
• Overview of Mangroves in Thailand
– Location of Thailand
– Distribution of Mangroves in Thailand
– Mangroves flora in Thailand
– Situation of Mangroves in Thailand
– Conclusion and the way forward
• Mangroves Management
Practice in Thailand; a case study of Pred Nai
community, Trat Province
4. Location of Thailand:
• Thailand, centrally
located in the
Indochina Peninsula
• The total area of
Thailand is 513,115
Sq.km.
• 77 provinces
5. Distribution of Mangroves in Thailand:
•Thai coast = 2,670 km. (Gulf of Thailand
=1,870 km, Andaman Sea = 800 km)
•Mangroves covers 24 provinces along
the coast
•More mangroves in South: Andaman
Region
Mangroves
Area* (Sq.km.)
Central 258.48
East 121.09
South (Gulf of Thailand) 292.69
South (Andaman) 1767.83
Total 2440.10
* DMCR, 2009
Mangroves Area
Gulf of Thailand
Andaman Sea
6. • Recorded 168 species of 118 genus, 54 fam. (tree
and shrub 102 species of 69 genus, 37 fam.)
• Only 41 species of 22 genus, 14 fam. are true
mangroves species. (tree and shrub 36 species of
19 genus,12 fam.)
• The dominant true mangroves species;
– 10 species of Fam. Rhizophoraceae; Rhizophora,
Bruguiera, Ceripos, Kandelia
– 6 species of Fam. Acanthaceae
– 4 species of Fam. Lythraceae
Mangroves flora in Thailand:
8. Situation of Mangroves in Thailand:(2)
• Mangroves area: decreased about 1239 Sq.km. (from
1961-2009)
• Caused by human activities as
– 1961- 1979: logging concession for charcoal and timbers,
mining, port and dam
– Since 1986: encroachment for aquaculture especially shrimp
farm, expanding of settlement and industry.
9. Situation of Mangroves in Thailand:(3)
• Mangroves area: increased about 764 Sq.km. (from
1996-2009) by policy on mangroves restoration, Community-
based Natural Resources Management (CBNRM)
10. Situation:(4)
Changed of mangroves areas to shrimp farm,
oil palm plantation, settlement
Sludge discharged from shrimp farm and
waste & solid water discharged from
communities and industries
Tourism development in mangroves area
11. Situation:(5)
Authority and responsibility for mangroves
management in the past has rested with the
government and limited public and local
participation between mangrove management
agencies (DMCR, DOF, LDD, RFD, DEQP, PCD)
Lack of systematic and coordinated monitoring,
dissemination of information and publicity
material are limited and do not reach its target
12. Conclusion and the way forward:
• Mangroves of Thailand have been heavily
exploited for shrimp farming since 1975.
• Various management programs have been done
to conserve and maintenance mangroves.
• To manage & conserve mangroves,
– People participation is needed
– People capacity building should be conducted
– Need the co-operation between mangroves
management agencies
– Monitoring programs should be set in systematic way
– Information distribution is also needed
16. Development of Pred Nai Mangroves
Management: (1)
• Mangroves destruction period (1983-1987):
– logging concession for charcoal industry,
expanding of shrimp pond.
– villagers joined forces to fight against it.
17. Development of Pred Nai Mangroves
Management:(2)
• Mangroves restoration period (1987-2000):
– tree planting activities
– formed conservation and development group
– created rubber cubes for habitat for fish and
protect coastal erosion
18. Development of Pred Nai Mangroves
Management:(3)
• Networking, expansion, research and
development period (2000 onwards):
– Supported from many agencies on academic
information, studies and research, fund and
training
– Created cooperation network at provincial level
– Lessons from protection and restoration became
widely known
19. Pred Nai Mangroves Management
Plan:(1)
• Restoration / Preservation / Prevention /
Utilization Plan:
– Create agreement on grapsiod crab collecting
through a slogan, “Stop Catching Hundred to
Catch Million”
– Reforestation activity adjusted to have those who
come for study visit do planting
– Crab Bank of which female crabs are kept in cages
for reproduction
20. Pred Nai Mangroves Management
Plan:(2)
• Research and Studies Plan:
– Create rubber cube for mitigation of coastal
erosion
• Organization and Network Management Plan:
– Rules and regulations review
– Six Sub-District Network meetings
• Public Relations Plan:
– support and build capacity of young people
21. Pred Nai Mangroves Management
Plan:(3)
• Mangroves Management Fund Plan:
– A tool to take care of the mangrove
• Monitoring and Evaluation Plan:
– Emphasis is placed on participation of marine
products collectors in forest protection and
providing information.
22. Key Finding:
• Self-Ecosystem Monitoring: learning process for
mangrove monitoring through Grapsoil crab
• Crab Bank and Grabsoil crab harvesters group:
social space for the poor user group to
participate in mangrove management
• A channel for increasing equity of the poor to
improve local livelihood both economic and
politic
• CBNRM: A means to strengthen community
institutions for their sustainable development
(organization, institutional and network.
23. Conclusion:(1)
• Participatory process in nature resource
management is appropriate and effectively
integrate marginalized groups in natural
resource management
• RECOFTC has a role as facilitator and be
sensitive in diversity in community
• The process of participation is channel for
opening a social space for the poor to position
themselves
24. Conclusion:(2)
• Mangrove Forest Conservation Group and the
Saving Group have provided opportunities for
marginalized to increasing their equity through
participatory natural resource management for
their better livelihoods.
• Mangrove Forest Conservation Group is in the
self-mobilization, while in the group still has
some differential stage of participation (incentive,
functional, interactive).
• Activities also have built up a network of villages
who use the mangroves area.
25. Conclusion:(3)
• Diverse of actors both internal and external in
Pred Nai
• The local efforts will hopefully be sustained as
long as there are economic, environmental and
cultural incentives
• How practitioners can use the successful case of
Pred Nai to create a framework of participatory
community based natural resource management
to create equitable access rights to natural
resources for the poor.
26. Future Challenges:
• Participation of the poor: Challenges of increase
their equity for better livelihoods
– Who are poor?
– Heterogeneous and differential in community?
– How participatory process effective? Facilitator
learning process
– What type of Pred Nai in typology of participation?
• Integrating and mainstreaming second generation
into ongoing conservation