Jade is the gem name for mineral aggregates composed of either or both of two different minerals, Jadeite and Nephrite. Jadeite is a sodium-rich aluminous pyroxene; nephrite is a fine-grained, calcium-rich, magnesium, iron, aluminous amphibole. All jade is composed of fine-grained, highly intergrown, interlocking crystals of one or both of these minerals. Though neither mineral is very hard (6-7), jade is one of the toughest gem minerals known because of the intergrown nature of the individual crystals.
Why red coral gemstone is called gemstone of planet marsRed Coral Gemstone
Red coral gemstone is an organic gemstone. Red coral is made from polyps, which are found under deep sea water. Coral gemstone is also found in pink, white color and triangular shape. Red coral gemstone is leads to planet Mars.
Why red coral gemstone is called gemstone of planet marsRed Coral Gemstone
Red coral gemstone is an organic gemstone. Red coral is made from polyps, which are found under deep sea water. Coral gemstone is also found in pink, white color and triangular shape. Red coral gemstone is leads to planet Mars.
Earth Resources
Reserves and resources
Nonrenewable Mineral Resources
What are industrial minerals?
Why are industrial minerals so important?
Geology of Industrial Minerals Deposits
Classification of industrial minerals
General characteristics of Non-metallic Deposits
Factors important in evaluating an industrial minerals deposit
Selected industrial rocks and minerals
ABRASIVES MINERALS
OLIVINE
GYPSUM
CLAY MINERALS
FLUORITE
PERLITE
BUILDING STONES and Rip-rap
CALCIUM CARBONATE DEPOSITS
SULFUR ORE DEPOSITS
CHERT DEPOSITS
PHOSPHATE ORE DEPOSITS
EVAPORITE DEPOSITS
SELECTED SOME NON-METALLIC METAMORPHIC DEPOSITS
Asbestos Deposits
Graphite Deposits
Talc, Soapstone, and Pyrophyllite
Selected Some Ornamental Metamorphic Stones
Marble
Quartzite
Serpentinite
Stories of climate change in southern Shan StateLIFT Fund
Watch this presentation to learn more about how LIFT is helping farmers in southern Shan State deal with the effects of climate change.
Visit www.lift-fund.org for more on LIFT.
Myanmar known until recently as Burma, is slowly but steadily starting to attract foreign investment, driven mainly by international resource firms eager to tap into the mineral-rich South East Asia's country. After more than half a century of military ruling, Burma has started benefitting from the recent suspension of sanctions by Canada, the United States and the European Union. Myanmar's gold production is increasing and could prove a key factor for the country's economic growth, but many gold miners are suffering from lung diseases due to inadequate equipment and antiquated practices. In mineral-rich areas of Kachin State, taxes from Burmese and Chinese gold mining provides an important income stream to the Kachin Independence Organization. However, these mining companies use mercury in an environmentally hazardous extraction process, which can lead to long-lasting damage for the area's forests and river ways.
MAP & ILLUSTRATION TELLING THE STORY OF MYANMAR MINERALS DEPOSITMYO AUNG Myanmar
Mineral Deposits of Myanmar
(1) Tin-Tungsten Deposits
Although more than 122 mineral occurrences have been recorded (Goossens, 1978), only about ten can be economically worked as large and medium sized mines. The larger tin-tungsten mines in Myanmar are: - Mawchi, Heinda, Heinze, Hermyingyi, Kanbauk, Yadanabon, Kyaukmetaung and Nanthila mines, whereas Mawchi, Hermyingyi, Yadanabon and Nanthila mines work on vein deposits and the other work on placer deposits.
(2) Lead-Zinc-Sliver Deposits
39 mineral occurrences are listed by Gossens in 1978. Out of these, only three are of economic important to be developed as mines. They are, in order of importance: Bawdwin, Yadanatheingi and Bawsaing mines.
Lead mineralization occurred as massive type, disseminated type and stock work and irregular stringers in the host rock of epidotized rhyodacite porphyry of acidic volcanic rock.
The strike length of the Vein No.1 is 172.ft long and it's average width is 4.4 ft wide. The ore reserve is 5,000 tons and average grade is 25% Pb.
(3) Copper Deposits
Out of 45 mineral occurrences of copper ore, only three are of some economic importance. These are: Monywa deposit (now producing by Ivanhoe Myanmar Holding Ltd. ), Shangalon deposit ( about 16 miles SW of Kawlin ), and Sabe-Taung deposit ( about 12 miles ESE of Kyaukse ).
(4) Nickel and Chromide Deposits
The Nickel deposits occur in close association with the Cretaceous-Eocene serpentinite bodies emplaced in northern Chin Hills ( Mwetaung ) and in northern Myanmar ( Innet-taung ). The chromide deposits are also associated with the serpentinized ultrabasic bodies. At least 13 chromide occurrences are known at Mwetaung and Tagaung Taung.
(5) Manganese
Maganese Boulder Floats
Maganese Ore ( 48% Mn )
Residual Manganese deposit originated in muscovite schist (Mergui Group of Silurian to Permian age) will carry out production in the very near future.The ore reserve is 2.3 million ton with the grade of 15-30% Mn for low-grade ore and 40-48% Mn for high grade ore.
Residual Manganese deposit originated in muscovite schist (Mergui Group of Silurian to Permian age) will carry out production in the very near future.The ore reserve is 2.3 million ton with the grade of 15-30% Mn for low-grade ore and 40-48% Mn for high grade ore.
(5 ) Antimony Deposits
Tin-bearing QV
Small scale Antinomy mining in slate host
Out of 30 mineral occurrences of stibnite listed by Goossens in 1978, only four have been developed as small mines. These are Thabyu, Lebyin, Natsan and Painchit mines.
Mining of antimony ore in the slate host of Taungnyo Group of Permocarboni ferous age is carried out at Kadaik Area of Mon State.
(6) Iron Deposits
Out of 48 iron oxide occurrences listed by Goossens in 1978,
Jade is the gem name for mineral aggregates composed of either or both of two different minerals, Jadeite and Nephrite. Jadeite is a sodium-rich aluminous pyroxene; nephrite is a fine-grained, calcium-rich, magnesium, iron, aluminous amphibole. All jade is composed of fine-grained, highly intergrown, interlocking crystals of one or both of these minerals. Though neither mineral is very hard (6-7), jade is one of the toughest gem minerals known because of the intergrown nature of the individual crystals.
Earth Resources
Reserves and resources
Nonrenewable Mineral Resources
What are industrial minerals?
Why are industrial minerals so important?
Geology of Industrial Minerals Deposits
Classification of industrial minerals
General characteristics of Non-metallic Deposits
Factors important in evaluating an industrial minerals deposit
Selected industrial rocks and minerals
ABRASIVES MINERALS
OLIVINE
GYPSUM
CLAY MINERALS
FLUORITE
PERLITE
BUILDING STONES and Rip-rap
CALCIUM CARBONATE DEPOSITS
SULFUR ORE DEPOSITS
CHERT DEPOSITS
PHOSPHATE ORE DEPOSITS
EVAPORITE DEPOSITS
SELECTED SOME NON-METALLIC METAMORPHIC DEPOSITS
Asbestos Deposits
Graphite Deposits
Talc, Soapstone, and Pyrophyllite
Selected Some Ornamental Metamorphic Stones
Marble
Quartzite
Serpentinite
Stories of climate change in southern Shan StateLIFT Fund
Watch this presentation to learn more about how LIFT is helping farmers in southern Shan State deal with the effects of climate change.
Visit www.lift-fund.org for more on LIFT.
Myanmar known until recently as Burma, is slowly but steadily starting to attract foreign investment, driven mainly by international resource firms eager to tap into the mineral-rich South East Asia's country. After more than half a century of military ruling, Burma has started benefitting from the recent suspension of sanctions by Canada, the United States and the European Union. Myanmar's gold production is increasing and could prove a key factor for the country's economic growth, but many gold miners are suffering from lung diseases due to inadequate equipment and antiquated practices. In mineral-rich areas of Kachin State, taxes from Burmese and Chinese gold mining provides an important income stream to the Kachin Independence Organization. However, these mining companies use mercury in an environmentally hazardous extraction process, which can lead to long-lasting damage for the area's forests and river ways.
MAP & ILLUSTRATION TELLING THE STORY OF MYANMAR MINERALS DEPOSITMYO AUNG Myanmar
Mineral Deposits of Myanmar
(1) Tin-Tungsten Deposits
Although more than 122 mineral occurrences have been recorded (Goossens, 1978), only about ten can be economically worked as large and medium sized mines. The larger tin-tungsten mines in Myanmar are: - Mawchi, Heinda, Heinze, Hermyingyi, Kanbauk, Yadanabon, Kyaukmetaung and Nanthila mines, whereas Mawchi, Hermyingyi, Yadanabon and Nanthila mines work on vein deposits and the other work on placer deposits.
(2) Lead-Zinc-Sliver Deposits
39 mineral occurrences are listed by Gossens in 1978. Out of these, only three are of economic important to be developed as mines. They are, in order of importance: Bawdwin, Yadanatheingi and Bawsaing mines.
Lead mineralization occurred as massive type, disseminated type and stock work and irregular stringers in the host rock of epidotized rhyodacite porphyry of acidic volcanic rock.
The strike length of the Vein No.1 is 172.ft long and it's average width is 4.4 ft wide. The ore reserve is 5,000 tons and average grade is 25% Pb.
(3) Copper Deposits
Out of 45 mineral occurrences of copper ore, only three are of some economic importance. These are: Monywa deposit (now producing by Ivanhoe Myanmar Holding Ltd. ), Shangalon deposit ( about 16 miles SW of Kawlin ), and Sabe-Taung deposit ( about 12 miles ESE of Kyaukse ).
(4) Nickel and Chromide Deposits
The Nickel deposits occur in close association with the Cretaceous-Eocene serpentinite bodies emplaced in northern Chin Hills ( Mwetaung ) and in northern Myanmar ( Innet-taung ). The chromide deposits are also associated with the serpentinized ultrabasic bodies. At least 13 chromide occurrences are known at Mwetaung and Tagaung Taung.
(5) Manganese
Maganese Boulder Floats
Maganese Ore ( 48% Mn )
Residual Manganese deposit originated in muscovite schist (Mergui Group of Silurian to Permian age) will carry out production in the very near future.The ore reserve is 2.3 million ton with the grade of 15-30% Mn for low-grade ore and 40-48% Mn for high grade ore.
Residual Manganese deposit originated in muscovite schist (Mergui Group of Silurian to Permian age) will carry out production in the very near future.The ore reserve is 2.3 million ton with the grade of 15-30% Mn for low-grade ore and 40-48% Mn for high grade ore.
(5 ) Antimony Deposits
Tin-bearing QV
Small scale Antinomy mining in slate host
Out of 30 mineral occurrences of stibnite listed by Goossens in 1978, only four have been developed as small mines. These are Thabyu, Lebyin, Natsan and Painchit mines.
Mining of antimony ore in the slate host of Taungnyo Group of Permocarboni ferous age is carried out at Kadaik Area of Mon State.
(6) Iron Deposits
Out of 48 iron oxide occurrences listed by Goossens in 1978,
Jade is the gem name for mineral aggregates composed of either or both of two different minerals, Jadeite and Nephrite. Jadeite is a sodium-rich aluminous pyroxene; nephrite is a fine-grained, calcium-rich, magnesium, iron, aluminous amphibole. All jade is composed of fine-grained, highly intergrown, interlocking crystals of one or both of these minerals. Though neither mineral is very hard (6-7), jade is one of the toughest gem minerals known because of the intergrown nature of the individual crystals.
Birth stones have been used since ancient times. They believed that birthstone protects its user. This belief still exists among people today. There are many myths and myths surrounding the birthstone. Separate birth stones are also used for twelve months.
What are the most valuable gems in the world according to both rarity and price? As we all are aware about diamonds, rubies, sapphires and emeralds that fall on the list. Let’s have a look at some particularly unique species of these stones as well as others you may not be as familiar with.
Opal gemstone build a number of the foremost stunning items of jewellery accessible. the majority area unit acquainted with diamonds, rubies, and pearls. but there area unit several others that attract the attention because of their exquisite beauty, however they're less standard. Keep reading for a quick description of a number of the foremost eye-appealing gems within the world.
Unveiling Earth's Hidden Treasures Rare Gemstones and Their StoriesTanzanite Experience
Rare gemstones are a geological marvel. They are formed under extreme conditions of pressure and temperature, and often require a unique combination of minerals and elements.
Minerals resources including toumaline, sapphire and peridot.
sapphire is a precious gemstone used in jwellery. paridot and tourmaline are semi-precious gemstones. they are less expensive than sapphire.
Pearl, the birth stone for month of June, is among the foremost dateless, classic and precious of all opal stone. Through out history, these noble gems are related to knowledge, wealth, purity, romance and mystery. the traditional Egyptian were buried with them. In Rome, Pearls were thought-about the final word image of wealth and standing. The Greeks prized them for his or her beauty and association amorously and wedding. Medieval Knights wore them in battle as a amulet against injury. And, throughout the renaissance, some European countries prohibited near nobility from the correct to wear opal bracelet.
Amethyst is the purple variety of the quartz mineral species. It's the gem that's most commonly associated with the color purple, even though there are other purple gems such as sapphire and tanzanite<a href="https://www.chordiajewels.com/categories/amethyst"amethyst</a>
Fields survey of freshwater fishes in upper moei riverYMCA Mandalay
Salween River System originates at the Himalaya mountain range and flows from the Tibetan Plateau into the Andaman Sea. It drains a narrow and mountainous watershed of 324,000 square kilometres that extends into the countries of China, Burma and Thailand.
Chapter 3 the status and distribution of freshwater fishes of indo burmaYMCA Mandalay
1,178 fish species in the Indo-Burma region. 151 species from the Salween drainage, 328 from the Mae hlong–Chao Phraya drainages, 500 from the Mekong drainage, 253 from the Red River drainage, 160 from the streams draining the eastern slope of the Annamite range, and 221 from the Malay Peninsula (south of the isthmus of Kra). The Malay Peninsula south of Thailand is excluded, as are those parts of the Salween, Mekong and Red River drainages in China.
Chin State has been characterized among all states and regions of Myanmar as the highest poverty gap ratio, highest occurrence of food deficits, poor road connectivity on steep mountain ridge and narrow valleys, low population density but lowest percent availability of cultivable lands and high percentage of waste and scrub lands, adherence to the shifting cultivation system, lack of rural based industries, and higher rate of out migration.
Chin State has been characterized among all states and regions of Myanmar as the highest poverty gap ratio, highest occurrence of food deficits, poor road connectivity on steep mountain ridge and narrow valleys, low population density but lowest percent availability of cultivable lands and high percentage of waste and scrub lands, adherence to the shifting cultivation system, lack of rural based industries, and higher rate of out migration.
Rethinking swidden cultivation in myanmar pyoe pyin 2014YMCA Mandalay
Swidden cultivation, also know as shifting cultivation or Shwe Pyaung Taung-ya, describes a spectrum of rotational agro-forestry practices at varying levels of intensity prevalent in Myanmar’s uplands. Swidden cultivation contributes to the livelihoods of millions of citizens, for whom it is a solution to upland food security.
Kachin State is known as a hotspot for biological diversity. The conservation of its natural resources, which cannot be valued in monetary terms, is of internationally importance. The logging and gold mining has already caused incalculable loss of biodiversity in the riverine and forest ecosystem.
Zo people tend to speculate as to where came from. Some suggest that they are the descendents od the Chinese of the Chin dynasty because they are called Chin by the Burman. Some devoted Christians dreamed of being one of the lost tribes of Israle. The history of the Zo people is very complex because they have many versions of legends and traditions. Their clothing, houses and diet differ from one area to another because of climatic differences within a short distance. The language, through basically similar, has developed into muti-dialects.
At both the Shwedagon and Kyaikhtiyoe, there are new inscriptions. For instance, an inscription is mounted on the new Shwedagon Htidaw, and on parts of the Kyailhtiyoe Shwehtidaw canonical texts have been inscribed.
In 1478, King Dhammazedi from the Mon kingdom of Ramannadesa, erected ten stone inscriptions written with Mon and Pali language. The stone inscription is known among scholars as the "Kalyani Sima" or "Kalyani Inscription". The inscription deal mainly with the the reform undertaken by the king to purify Theravada Buddhism in his kingdom.
The Myanmar elephant is internationally endangered and is regarded as a worldwide flagship species. Throughout their range states, the wild elephant is severely threatened by habitat destruction, poaching, and fragmentation into small isolated groups. Many population biologists believe that nowhere in Asia is there a single wild population large enough to avoid inbreeding over the long term.
The spiders were obtained in that part of Burma which, before the annexation of the whole country, was termed British Burma, and is now called lower Burma. The collections were chiefly made at Tharrawaddy, a station about 70 miles north of Rangoon, during the year 1884- 87. As to the general character of the Burmese spider- fauna, it can not, in spite of the numerous new genera which at present seem to be confined to Burma, be said to differ essentially from that of the neighboring regions of Southern Asia- Indo- China, India, and Indo- Malaysia. A great many of the Burmese species have a very wide geographical distribution, and some are almost cosmopolitan.
Myanmar is rich in mineral wealth. But it still left much of the virgin lands which are remote, mountainous and rugged. Much will be find. Mineral database is not well established and complete yet.
Grossular bearing jadeite omphacite rock in the myanmar jadeite areaYMCA Mandalay
The Myanmar jadeitite deposits near Hpakant have attracted remarkable attention of geologists and gemologists not only for being the largest jadeite jade deposit in the world, producing high quality jade with the glassy imperial green for more then 300 years.
The jade mines of Hpakant in Burma’s northern Kachin State Have long been notorious for high rates of drug addiction and HIV infection. There are so many drug dealers, sellers and addicts in the village. It is all done quite openly and it has led to so much stealing and other social problems.
Geology of an amber locality in the hukawng valley northern myanmarYMCA Mandalay
Amber (Burmite) from the Hukawng Valley of Myanmar has been known since at least the 1st century AD. It is currently being produced from a hill known as Noije Bum, which was first documented as a source of amber in 1836. This site occurs within the Hukawng Basin, which is comprised of fold sedimentary rocks of Cretaceous and Cenozoic age.
As Burmese troops and their allies have progressively seized control of KIA areas, drug production has been increasing. The main opium growing areas in Kachin State are now in Chipwi and Waingmaw townships, under the control of the Burma Army and its local Border Guard Forces led by Zakhung Ting Ying, a National Assembly MP. In northern Shan State, opium is booming in areas under the Burma Army and thirteen government militia forces, four of whose leaders are MPs in the Shan State Assembly. Opium, heroin and methamphetamines are flooding from these government-controlled areas into Kachin communities, worsening existing problems of drug abuse, particularly among youth. It is estimated that about one third of students in Myitkyina and Bhamo universities are injecting drug users.
Proospects for governance and peace in ethnic statesYMCA Mandalay
Two months after a new government took over the reins of power in Burma, it is too early to make any definitive assessment of the prospects for improved governance and peace in ethnic areas. Initial signs give some reason for optimism, but the difficulty of overcoming sixty years of conflict and strongly-felt grievances and deep suspicions should not be underestimated. The economic and geostrategic realities are changing fast, and they will have a fundamental impact – positive and negative – on Burma’s borderlands. But unless ethnic communities are able to have much greater say in the governance of their affairs, and begin to see tangible benefits from the massive development projects in their areas, peace and broadbased development will remain elusive. The new decentralized governance structures have the potential to make a positive contribution in this regard, but it is unclear if they can evolve into sufficiently powerful and genuinely representative bodies quickly enough to satisfy ethnic. There has been renewed fighting in Shan State, and there are warning signs that more ethnic ceasefires could break down. Negotiations with armed groups and an improved future for long-marginalized ethnic populations is the only way that peace can be achieved.
The remote and environmentally rich Hugawng valley in Burma's northern Kachin State has been internationally recognized as one of the world's hotspots of biodiversity. Indeed, the military junta ruling Burma, together with the US-based Wildlife Conservation Society, is establishing the world's largest tiger reserve in the valley. However, the conditions of the people living there have not received attention. In Hugawng valley concessions were sold to 8 selected companies and the number of main gold mining sites increased from 14 in 1994 to 31 sites in 2006. The regime's Ministry of Mines collects signing fees for the concessions as well as 35% - 50% tax on annual profits. Additional payments are rendered to the military's top commander for the region, various township and local authorities as well as the Minister of Mines personally. The junta has announced occasional bans on gold mining in Kachin State but as this report shows, these bans are temporary and selective, in effect used to maintain the junta's grip on mining revenues. While the regime, called the State Peace and Development Council or SPDC, has consolidated political and financial control of the valley, it has not enforced its own existing (and very limited) environmental and health regulations on gold mining operations. This lack of regulation has resulted in deforestation, the destruction of river banks, and altering of river flows. Miners have been severely injured or killed by unsafe working practices and the lack of adequate health services. The most dramatic effects of this gold mining boom, however, have been on the social conditions of the local people. The influx of transient populations, together with harsh working conditions, a lack of education opportunities and poverty have led to the expansion of the drug, sex, and gambling industries in Hugawng valley.
Capitalizing on conflict how logging and mining contribute to environmental d...YMCA Mandalay
Capitalizing on Conflict' presents information illustrating how trade in timber, gems, and gold is financing violent conflict, including widespread and gross human rights abuses, in Burma. The information provides insights into the conditions that compel local communities to participate in the unsustainable exploitation of their own local resources, even though they know they are destroying the very ecosystems they depend upon to maintain their way of life.
Implicitly or explicitly all competing businesses employ a strategy to select a mix
of marketing resources. Formulating such competitive strategies fundamentally
involves recognizing relationships between elements of the marketing mix (e.g.,
price and product quality), as well as assessing competitive and market conditions
(i.e., industry structure in the language of economics).
At Techbox Square, in Singapore, we're not just creative web designers and developers, we're the driving force behind your brand identity. Contact us today.
Top mailing list providers in the USA.pptxJeremyPeirce1
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Company Valuation webinar series - Tuesday, 4 June 2024FelixPerez547899
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Personal Brand Statement:
As an Army veteran dedicated to lifelong learning, I bring a disciplined, strategic mindset to my pursuits. I am constantly expanding my knowledge to innovate and lead effectively. My journey is driven by a commitment to excellence, and to make a meaningful impact in the world.
FIA officials brutally tortured innocent and snatched 200 Bitcoins of worth 4...jamalseoexpert1978
Farman Ayaz Khattak and Ehtesham Matloob are government officials in CTW Counter terrorism wing Islamabad, in Federal Investigation Agency FIA Headquarters. CTW and FIA kidnapped crypto currency owner from Islamabad and snatched 200 Bitcoins those worth of 4 billion rupees in Pakistan currency. There is not Cryptocurrency Regulations in Pakistan & CTW is official dacoit and stealing digital assets from the innocent crypto holders and making fake cases of terrorism to keep them silent.
An introduction to the cryptocurrency investment platform Binance Savings.Any kyc Account
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A personal brand exploration presentation summarizes an individual's unique qualities and goals, covering strengths, values, passions, and target audience. It helps individuals understand what makes them stand out, their desired image, and how they aim to achieve it.
3.0 Project 2_ Developing My Brand Identity Kit.pptx
Jade
1. JADE (JADEITE, NEPHRITE) DEPOSITS
Jade is the gem name for mineral aggregates composed of
either or both of two different minerals, Jadeite and Nephrite.
Jadeite is a sodium-rich aluminous pyroxene; nephrite is a
fine-grained, calcium-rich, magnesium, iron, aluminous
amphibole. All jade is composed of fine-grained, highly
intergrown, interlocking crystals of one or both of these
minerals. Though neither mineral is very hard (6-7), jade is
one of the toughest gem minerals known because of the
i n t e r g r own n a t u r e o f t h e i n d i v i d u a l c r y s t a l s.
2. Most jade on the market is composed of nephrite; jadeite jade is quite
rare and in its emerald-green, translucent form is referred to as
Imperial Jade or "gem jade". A small amount of Cr in jadeite
accounts for the color of imperial jade. Other color-based names for
jadeite jade are Yunan Jade, for a uniquely appearing dark green,
semitranslucent jade, Apple Jade for apple (yellowish green) green
jade, and Moss-in-Snow for white jade with vivid green spots and
s t r e a k s.
Nephrite and jadeite jade ranges in color from a somewhat greasy-appearing,
white ("mutton fat jade") to dark and light shades of
green, gray, blue-green, lavender, yellow, orange, brown, reddish-brown,
and black. An important dark green variety of nephrite is
sometimes known as "spinach jade". The chromophore in all nephrite
jades is usually Fe. Nephrite jade is usually opaque to translucent in
t h i n n e r p i e c e s.
3. The name jade has been, and continues to be, applied to a
variety of materials that superficially or closely resemble jade but
are not composed of either jadeite or nephrite. Some of the
problem can undoubtedly be traced to cultural and historical
differences in word usage. In China, for example, the word jade
has traditionally been applied not only to nephrite and jadeite
jade, but to green serpentine and soapstone (talc) whose
appearance closely resemble true jade. Common misnomers
and the materials they represent are: "Korean" Jade for
serpentine or gem serpentine (bowenite), "Indian" Jade for
aventurine, "Mexican Jade" for green-dyed calcite, "Transvaal
Jade" for green hydrogrossular garnet, "Amazon or Colorado
Jade" for amazonite (blue-green or green) feldspar and "Oregon
o r S w i s s J a d e " f o r g r e e n c h a l c e d o n y.
4. Jadeite is a mineral that is restricted in occurrence to certain
metamorphic rocks that have undergone metamorphism at high
pressures but relatively low temperatures. Jadeite jade is found
exclusively as nodular or lens-shaped masses in serpentinite.
Nephrite jade, which is also a product of metamorphism (and
fluid infiltration), does not apparently require the very special P-T
conditions of jadeite and is much more widespread. It is also
found in association with serpentinite in all known localities.
Because of its extreme toughness in contrast to the weaker
material it forms in (serpentine), jade is nearly always found as
weathered boulders and cobbles in stream deposits or glacial
s e d i m e n t.
5. Historically and presently important jade producing localities are:
Burma, near Tawmaw and Hpakon
Turkestan (central Asia between Iran and Siberia)
Canada, British Columbia Southern Frazier River drainage,
USA.,Wyoming, near Lander; since 1936 , Alaska, in Kobuk
River Watershed at Jade Mountain
New Zealand, South Island
Others: Poland (white nephrite); Taiwan; Monterey Co.,
California (poor quality jadeite); Guatemala (green
jadeite); Japan; U.S.S.R. (near Lake Baikal, green
nephrite).
6. While jadeite is mined today primarily in Myanmar, small
quantities can be found in Guatemala. Although neolithic jadeite
axes were found in Europe, it is not known where this
prehistoric jadeite was mined, although it is possible that the
ma t e r i a l c am e f r om a d e p o s i t i n t h e A l p s.
Nephrite is mined in Canada, Australia, the United States, and
T a i http:/w/www.highestoffaer.com/jade.htmnl.
7. The Emerald Buddha, the sacred image that is enshrined at Wat
Phra Kaeo in Bangkok, Thailand, was carved from a solid block of
b e a u t i f u l hgttp:r//wwew.eescanti.com/emj eraald_dbudedhai.htmt e.
8. The ancient jade carved in China was what we today call
nephrite jade: an amphibolite mineral. (Interestingly enough, the
word nephrite comes from the Greek word for kidney, nephros, a
bit more scholarly version of the same thing.) In the 19th Century
, it was discovered that the material from the new world was not
the same mineral as the jade from China. The mineral from
Central America, a pyroxene, was called jadeite to distinguish it
from the The Chinese knew about jadeite, travelers had brought
back some jadeite from Burma as early as the thirteenth century.
But China was turning inward at that time and this foreign
Kingfisher Stone, as they called it, referring to the brightly colored
feathers of the bird, was not considered to be real jade. It only
became popular in the eighteenth and nineteenth century when
t r a d e w i t h B u r m a httop:/p/wwewn.higehedstoffeur.cpom/jaadeg.hatmil n.
9. Although nephrite jade is
China’s original “Stone of
Heaven,” fine jadeite, as in
this matched pair of semi-transparent
bangles (53.4
mm in interior diameter,
9.8 mm thick), is the most
sought-after of jades in the
Chinese community today.
http://www.palagems.com/
burma_jade.htm
10. JADE AND MAW-SIT-SIT OF
MYANMAR
Map of Upper Burma showing
the jade mines in the far north.
Maw-sit-sit is mined in the
v i c i n i t y o f H p a k a n.
(Courtesy of Richard Hughes)
11. JADEITE
variety Imperial Jade
Na(Al,Fe)Si2O6
Tawmaw, Myanmar
http://www.nhm.org/research/minsci/
Translucent bright green jadeite, called imperial jade, is
among the most highly prized of all jades. Jade is an
excellent material for carving because of its extreme
t o u g h n e s s.
Size / Weight: 42x22x3 mm / 25.11 carats
12. Portions of this article originally appeared in Gems &
Gemology, Vol. 36, No. 1, pp. 2–26.
http://www.palagems.com/burma_jade.htm
13. An uncut jade cobble of Burma.
A “cousin” to jade, maw-sit-sit is
an attractive ornamental stone that
is an intergrowth mainly of albite,
clinochlore, kosmochlor, chromian
jadeite, and eckermannitic
amphibole. These two maw-sit-sit
cabochons weigh 9.87 ct (oval)
a n d 8.48 c t.
14. G e m o l o g y
Maw-sit-sit may be distinguished
from jadeite and nephrite by its
appearance as well as its physical
and optical properties. It has a
refractive index that ranges from
1.52 (most common) to 1.74 (least
common) depen ding on the
aggregate mineral composition. The
density is therefore also somewhat
variable, falling between 2.5–
3.5g/cm3. Most cutters agree that
the hardness falls between 6 and 7
on the Moh s ’ hardness scale.
Rough and cut maw-sit-sit
15. Dr. Vince Manson, of the GIA, first suggested in 1979
(based on unpublished data) that maw-sit-sit might contain
ureyi te, which is a sodium chromium pyroxene
(NaCrSi206) where chromium (Cr) replaces aluminum (Al)
in the chemical composition. Ureyite, which was named in
honor of Professor H.C. Urey, is today properly termed
kosmochlore. The name kosmochlore (green from outer
space) is derived from the fact that it was originally found
only in meteorites. Dr. Henri Hanni, of the SSEF, in Basel
Switzerland, noted in 1986 (based on unpublished data)
that maw-sit-sit is composed of six main components.
They are as follows: chromite, ureyite, chrome-jadeite,
symplektite, chrome amphibole, and a matrix of lighter
m i n e r a l s.
16. M AW - S I T - S I T : G e o l o g y & m i n i n g
Maw-sit-sit is an aggregate of numerous minerals found in
the famous jade mining region of Tawmaw in the
Himalayan foothills of northwestern Burma. This small
mining area lies approximately half a mile northwest of
the village of Namshamaw. The maw-sit-sit mining area
is found in part of what is known as the Namshamaw
dike. Maw-sit-sit, like the jadeite found in this region was
formed due to high pressure regional metamorphism. This
region lies on a plateau at an elevation of approximately
3000 feet wi thin the Uru river drainage basin.
17. Maw-sit-sit is a byproduct of jadeite mining and is
quite rare in comparison to jade. The mining
techniques used today are similar to those
employed three decades ago when Dr. Gubelin
first stumbled upon the unique gem material, with
the exception of modern machinery used to
excavate and tunnel through the thick overburden.
Production has increased recently with demand,
however, fine quality maw-sit-sit remains difficult
t o a c q u i r e.
18. There are actually two types of maw-sit-sit being
found:
• Maw-sit-sit – the rich green hue with a
medium tone containing contrasting black streaks
or spots.
• Kyet Tayoe – the lighter apple green hue with a
fainter tone containing little or no black streaks or
spots.
Of the two, maw-sit-sit is certainly more
attractive. Until demand increases, it will be
difficult to determine the potential supply but thus
far it seems to still be quite a rare occurrence.
19. Sketch map
of Upper
Burma,
showing the
route to the
jade mines
at Hpakan.
22. At the Ka Htan West mine,
located between Lonkin and
Tawmaw, large peridotite
boulders can be seen at the
base of this 15-m-high wall of
Uru Boulder Conglomerate.
23. In some areas at Tawmaw,
miners must dig deep shafts
through the overburden to
reach the jadeite dikes. Dirt
and gravel are removed by
a rudimentary winch-and-b
u c k e t s y s t e m.
24. Once a dike is exposed at Tawmaw, jackhammers are needed
to break the jadeite apart.
25. Mining of the Uru conglomerate is done in step-like claims approximately 5 m wide
that were originally separated by thin “walls.”
26. At Mamon and Maw-sisa in
particular, miners take
advantage of the seasons
when the river is high to
dive for jade. While a man
on land or a raft works the
crude air pump (which
resembles four bicycle
pumps strapped together),
this diver at Maw-sisa
searches the river bottom
for jade with the hose
between his teeth (inset).
27. At Nansibon, backhoes are
used to work the serpentinite
boulder conglomerate in
which jadeite boulders occur
i n n a r r o w h o r i z o n t a l
c o n c e n t r a t i o n s.
28. Thousands of workers remove
the dirt and gravel at Hpakangyi
to reach the Uru Conglomerate
and its promise of fine jadeite.
Using the most rudimentary of
carrying devices – two crudely
fashioned bamboo buckets –
this young miner leads a trail of
laborers up the steep path from
the bottom of the pit to a truck
that will carry the waste to the
r i v e r.
29. The color of luck
Miner with jade at the Uru
River tailings dump in the
center of Hpakan.
30. Top centre: This jadeite boulder shows the relatively thin skin and
potentially good color that is usually associated with “river jade.” Although
from the outside this appears to be a normal jadeite boulder, oxidants that
entered through cracks on the surface have produced a large area of
discoloration. Bottom left: Note the thick yellow “mist” around the jadeite
in this boulder of “mountain jade.” Right: A key advantage to jadeite
taken from in situ deposits is that the quality of the material is readily
a p p a r e n t.
31. The color of money
Examining jadeite in
Hpakan.
Leaving Las Vegas
32. A room with a view
U Tin Ngwe, who went
from taxi driver to jade
kingpin almost overnight,
s t ands a top a sma l l
fortune of jade at his
H p a k a n h o m e.
33. In Mandalay, cutters still
use a board coated with a
mixture of carborundum
(of various grits) and hard
wax to shape cabochons.
They then polish jadeite
on bamboo lathes, often
wi thout any abras ive
34. The Golden Hand
To get a better idea
of the qual i ty of
color in this boulder,
the dealer places a
metal plate at the far
side of a small area
with potential and
then uses a penlight
to i l lumina t e i t..
35. “Windows” cut into
t h i s o t h e r w i s e
u n d i s t i n g u i s h e d
b o u l d e r f r om t h e
Burma Jade Tract
reveal the presence of
a rich green in the
jadeite beneath the
skin. Boulders such as
this are the source of
the fine green, orange-r
ed, and l avende r
cabochons that are
much sought-after in
China and elsewhere.
36. In sawing jadeite boulders, center saw cuts (left) run the risk of cutting through a
valuable area. A better method (right) involves making shallow saw cuts from one
end (perhaps the thickness of a bangle, so that each slice can be used for
bangles/cabs) until one hits good color. Then the process is repeated from the
opposite end, again until good color is encountered. This defines the region of top-grade
material. The process is repeated until the area of best color is isolated. These
cross-sections also illustrate a show point and an oxidation stain penetrating the
j a d e i t e t h r o u g h a c r a c k.
38. Foreign buyers examine rough jadeite at the 1992 gem emporium at
Rangoon’s Inya Lake Hotel. Such emporiums were once the only legal way
to do business in Burma, but today trading is possible via licensed private
g e m d e a l e r s.