This document provides information on mangrove forests, including their location, characteristics, threats, and restoration. Mangroves are found in tropical and subtropical coastal regions between 25°N and 25°S latitude. They have specialized adaptations like salt-tolerant leaves and breathing roots to survive in their saline, hypoxic environment. However, mangroves are highly threatened due to conversion to shrimp farming, agriculture, coastal development, and charcoal/timber harvesting. As a result, many countries have lost over half of their original mangrove cover. Efforts are being made to restore degraded mangrove ecosystems and regenerate their important coastal protection and carbon sequestration functions.
this is my 10th standard project wherein i have compiled information from various sources. it is a short project with useful content. hope it proves to be of good use.
Natural calamities and diseases of sundarbans mangrove forestihn FreeStyle Corp.
Bangladesh with an area of 147,570 square km is bordered by India to the northeast and west, Myanmar to the southeast, and the Bay of Bengal to the south. Bangladesh is one of the most densely populated countries in the world and its population is still growing by over 2 million people per year. The Sundarbans mangrove forest has a history of scientific management since 1879. The Sundarbans are the world's largest halophytic mangrove forests and one of the most biologically productive of all natural ecosystems. The forest is an essential buffer for inland areas against the ravages of frequent cyclones from the Bay of Bengal. For outstanding natural value, the World Heritage committee of UNESCO inscribed the Sundarban of Bangladesh in the 798th World Heritage list in 1997 and accordingly the Government of the People’s Republic of Bangladesh declared the Sundarban as World Heritage Site in 1999. The Sundarbans is the largest remaining habitat in the world for the Royal-Bengal Tiger. According to Ramsar convention, the wetland of Sundarban area in very complex and it is recognized as one of the most organic productive area in the world. The livelihood survival of the Sundarban community is linked with the forest resources of the Sundarbans, aquatic resources of the saline and fresh water wetlands.
Mangroves offer a diverse array of ecosystem services encompassing coastal safeguarding, provisioning of food, regulation of environmental parameters, cultural significance, and promotion of biodiversity. These services play a critical role in sustaining the livelihoods of coastal populations, as well as in mitigating the effects of climate change and environmental disturbances. The awareness of these ecosystem services within local households holds significance in their involvement in conservation endeavors and sustainable management approaches. However, the ecosystem services provided by mangroves are under threat from activities such as deforestation and coastal development, underscoring the necessity of comprehending and communicating the advantages of mangrove ecosystems for their preservation.
Sundarbans-an introduction by Dibash debDibash Deb
The Sundarbans mangrove forest, one of the largest such forests in the world (140,000 ha), lies on the delta of the Ganges, Brahmaputra and Meghna rivers on the Bay of Bengal. The area is known for its wide range of fauna, including 260 bird species, the Bengal tiger and other threatened species such as the estuarine crocodile and the Indian python.
this is my 10th standard project wherein i have compiled information from various sources. it is a short project with useful content. hope it proves to be of good use.
Natural calamities and diseases of sundarbans mangrove forestihn FreeStyle Corp.
Bangladesh with an area of 147,570 square km is bordered by India to the northeast and west, Myanmar to the southeast, and the Bay of Bengal to the south. Bangladesh is one of the most densely populated countries in the world and its population is still growing by over 2 million people per year. The Sundarbans mangrove forest has a history of scientific management since 1879. The Sundarbans are the world's largest halophytic mangrove forests and one of the most biologically productive of all natural ecosystems. The forest is an essential buffer for inland areas against the ravages of frequent cyclones from the Bay of Bengal. For outstanding natural value, the World Heritage committee of UNESCO inscribed the Sundarban of Bangladesh in the 798th World Heritage list in 1997 and accordingly the Government of the People’s Republic of Bangladesh declared the Sundarban as World Heritage Site in 1999. The Sundarbans is the largest remaining habitat in the world for the Royal-Bengal Tiger. According to Ramsar convention, the wetland of Sundarban area in very complex and it is recognized as one of the most organic productive area in the world. The livelihood survival of the Sundarban community is linked with the forest resources of the Sundarbans, aquatic resources of the saline and fresh water wetlands.
Mangroves offer a diverse array of ecosystem services encompassing coastal safeguarding, provisioning of food, regulation of environmental parameters, cultural significance, and promotion of biodiversity. These services play a critical role in sustaining the livelihoods of coastal populations, as well as in mitigating the effects of climate change and environmental disturbances. The awareness of these ecosystem services within local households holds significance in their involvement in conservation endeavors and sustainable management approaches. However, the ecosystem services provided by mangroves are under threat from activities such as deforestation and coastal development, underscoring the necessity of comprehending and communicating the advantages of mangrove ecosystems for their preservation.
Sundarbans-an introduction by Dibash debDibash Deb
The Sundarbans mangrove forest, one of the largest such forests in the world (140,000 ha), lies on the delta of the Ganges, Brahmaputra and Meghna rivers on the Bay of Bengal. The area is known for its wide range of fauna, including 260 bird species, the Bengal tiger and other threatened species such as the estuarine crocodile and the Indian python.
The Sundarbans, located in the delta region of the Ganges, Brahmaputra, and Meghna rivers in Bangladesh and India, is the largest mangrove forest in the world and a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Its unique ecology is shaped by the interaction of land and water, resulting in a dynamic ecosystem that supports a rich diversity of flora and fauna.
The Sundarbans is renowned for its dense mangrove forests, which act as a buffer against cyclones and tidal surges, protecting the inland areas from natural disasters. The mangrove trees, particularly the sundari (Heritiera fomes) and gewa (Excoecaria agallocha), have adapted to the saline conditions of the region, forming intricate root systems that stabilize the soil and provide habitat for numerous species.
The Sundarbans is home to various endangered species, including the Bengal tiger, estuarine crocodile, and Irrawaddy dolphin. It also hosts a plethora of bird species, such as kingfishers, herons, and egrets, making it a paradise for birdwatchers.
The ecosystem of the Sundarbans is highly sensitive to climate change, with rising sea levels and changing rainfall patterns threatening its stability. Human activities, such as deforestation, overfishing, and pollution, further exacerbate these challenges, putting the delicate balance of the ecosystem at risk.
Efforts are underway to conserve and sustainably manage the Sundarbans, including community-based conservation initiatives, research on climate resilience, and eco-tourism development. However, addressing the complex issues facing the Sundarbans requires coordinated efforts at local, national, and international levels to ensure the long-term health and integrity of this vital ecosystem.
A mangrove is a shrub or small tree that grows in coastal saline or brackish water. The term is also used for tropical coastal vegetation consisting of such species. Mangroves occur worldwide in the tropics and subtropics, mainly between latitudes 25° N and 25° S. The total mangrove forest area of the world in 2000 was 137,800 square kilometres (53,200 sq mi), spanning 118 countries and territories.
Pritam Bhattacharjee, Dr. Pralay Ganguly
Sundarban is world famous for its mangrove vegetation and is approximately of 10,000 sq km in area in the northern Bay of Bengal, which is also designated as world heritage site by UNESCO in the year 1987. It is the home of several animals and plant species, specially the mangrove trees (Sundari) and Royal Bengal tiger of this forest is world famous. Mangroves functions as a buffer against frequently occurring cyclones and helps to protect South Bengal specially Kolkata and southern part of Bangladesh. But now a day due to the climate change and repetitive cyclone occurring every year, Sundarban faces lots of challenges, with rising sea level- island are disappearing, salinity of water increasing day by day in addition of that there have been a major disturbances to hydrological parameters, changing fishing patterns are resulting disastrous consequences for the fisher man. Frequent cyclones and erratic monsoon damaging ecology, humidity, livelihood as well as ecotourism. The objective of this research is to focus the area of Sundarban and its potentials, challenges and probable solution to overcome the situation as well as the impact of mangrove degradation on local people and tourism. Here we use some data and statistics to understand the situation better. In this process researcher collected data from 130 respondents in the study area and further analysis has been taken through percentage method, statistical tools like t test with the help of software like SPSS, MS excel etc to conclude. Study findings suggest that significance difference exists on profile base of residents due to environmental degradation and minimize the negative impacts on same could bring a prosperous livelihood for residents
Human impacts on pristine environment in the knuckles mountain fore...Nimashi Herath
The Knuckles Mountain Range lies in central Sri Lanka, in the Districts of Matale and Kandy. The range takes its name from a series of recumbent folds and peaks in the west of the massif which resemble the knuckles of clenched fist when viewed from certain locations in the Kandy District.
GEOGRAPHY IGCSE: MANGROVE SWAMPS HABITAT. It contains: what are the mangroves, water salinity, mangrove swamps locations, environment benefits, why mangroves are good for us, social benefits of the mangroves, mangroves at risk, strategies to protect mangroves, mangroves in New Zealand.
brackish water and mangrove environment in BangladeshMD. ZANE ALAM
Brackish water or briny water is water that has more salinity than fresh water, but not as much as seawater. It may result from mixing of seawater with fresh water, as in estuaries, or it may occur in brackish fossil aquifers. The word comes from the Middle Dutch root "brak". Certain human activities can produce brackish water, in particular civil engineering projects such as dikes and the flooding of coastal marshland to produce brackish water pools for freshwater prawn farming. Brackish water is also the primary waste product of the salinity gradient power process. Because brackish water is hostile to the growth of most terrestrial plant species, without appropriate management it is damaging to the environment.
The State of the Philippine Environment Mights Rasing
State of the Philippine Environment presented by Rev. Pepz Cunanan at the Young Leaders Summit 2014, organized by Young People's Ministries
http://pinoyyouth.org
The Sundarbans, located in the delta region of the Ganges, Brahmaputra, and Meghna rivers in Bangladesh and India, is the largest mangrove forest in the world and a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Its unique ecology is shaped by the interaction of land and water, resulting in a dynamic ecosystem that supports a rich diversity of flora and fauna.
The Sundarbans is renowned for its dense mangrove forests, which act as a buffer against cyclones and tidal surges, protecting the inland areas from natural disasters. The mangrove trees, particularly the sundari (Heritiera fomes) and gewa (Excoecaria agallocha), have adapted to the saline conditions of the region, forming intricate root systems that stabilize the soil and provide habitat for numerous species.
The Sundarbans is home to various endangered species, including the Bengal tiger, estuarine crocodile, and Irrawaddy dolphin. It also hosts a plethora of bird species, such as kingfishers, herons, and egrets, making it a paradise for birdwatchers.
The ecosystem of the Sundarbans is highly sensitive to climate change, with rising sea levels and changing rainfall patterns threatening its stability. Human activities, such as deforestation, overfishing, and pollution, further exacerbate these challenges, putting the delicate balance of the ecosystem at risk.
Efforts are underway to conserve and sustainably manage the Sundarbans, including community-based conservation initiatives, research on climate resilience, and eco-tourism development. However, addressing the complex issues facing the Sundarbans requires coordinated efforts at local, national, and international levels to ensure the long-term health and integrity of this vital ecosystem.
A mangrove is a shrub or small tree that grows in coastal saline or brackish water. The term is also used for tropical coastal vegetation consisting of such species. Mangroves occur worldwide in the tropics and subtropics, mainly between latitudes 25° N and 25° S. The total mangrove forest area of the world in 2000 was 137,800 square kilometres (53,200 sq mi), spanning 118 countries and territories.
Pritam Bhattacharjee, Dr. Pralay Ganguly
Sundarban is world famous for its mangrove vegetation and is approximately of 10,000 sq km in area in the northern Bay of Bengal, which is also designated as world heritage site by UNESCO in the year 1987. It is the home of several animals and plant species, specially the mangrove trees (Sundari) and Royal Bengal tiger of this forest is world famous. Mangroves functions as a buffer against frequently occurring cyclones and helps to protect South Bengal specially Kolkata and southern part of Bangladesh. But now a day due to the climate change and repetitive cyclone occurring every year, Sundarban faces lots of challenges, with rising sea level- island are disappearing, salinity of water increasing day by day in addition of that there have been a major disturbances to hydrological parameters, changing fishing patterns are resulting disastrous consequences for the fisher man. Frequent cyclones and erratic monsoon damaging ecology, humidity, livelihood as well as ecotourism. The objective of this research is to focus the area of Sundarban and its potentials, challenges and probable solution to overcome the situation as well as the impact of mangrove degradation on local people and tourism. Here we use some data and statistics to understand the situation better. In this process researcher collected data from 130 respondents in the study area and further analysis has been taken through percentage method, statistical tools like t test with the help of software like SPSS, MS excel etc to conclude. Study findings suggest that significance difference exists on profile base of residents due to environmental degradation and minimize the negative impacts on same could bring a prosperous livelihood for residents
Human impacts on pristine environment in the knuckles mountain fore...Nimashi Herath
The Knuckles Mountain Range lies in central Sri Lanka, in the Districts of Matale and Kandy. The range takes its name from a series of recumbent folds and peaks in the west of the massif which resemble the knuckles of clenched fist when viewed from certain locations in the Kandy District.
GEOGRAPHY IGCSE: MANGROVE SWAMPS HABITAT. It contains: what are the mangroves, water salinity, mangrove swamps locations, environment benefits, why mangroves are good for us, social benefits of the mangroves, mangroves at risk, strategies to protect mangroves, mangroves in New Zealand.
brackish water and mangrove environment in BangladeshMD. ZANE ALAM
Brackish water or briny water is water that has more salinity than fresh water, but not as much as seawater. It may result from mixing of seawater with fresh water, as in estuaries, or it may occur in brackish fossil aquifers. The word comes from the Middle Dutch root "brak". Certain human activities can produce brackish water, in particular civil engineering projects such as dikes and the flooding of coastal marshland to produce brackish water pools for freshwater prawn farming. Brackish water is also the primary waste product of the salinity gradient power process. Because brackish water is hostile to the growth of most terrestrial plant species, without appropriate management it is damaging to the environment.
The State of the Philippine Environment Mights Rasing
State of the Philippine Environment presented by Rev. Pepz Cunanan at the Young Leaders Summit 2014, organized by Young People's Ministries
http://pinoyyouth.org
UNDERSTANDING WHAT GREEN WASHING IS!.pdfJulietMogola
Many companies today use green washing to lure the public into thinking they are conserving the environment but in real sense they are doing more harm. There have been such several cases from very big companies here in Kenya and also globally. This ranges from various sectors from manufacturing and goes to consumer products. Educating people on greenwashing will enable people to make better choices based on their analysis and not on what they see on marketing sites.
Willie Nelson Net Worth: A Journey Through Music, Movies, and Business Venturesgreendigital
Willie Nelson is a name that resonates within the world of music and entertainment. Known for his unique voice, and masterful guitar skills. and an extraordinary career spanning several decades. Nelson has become a legend in the country music scene. But, his influence extends far beyond the realm of music. with ventures in acting, writing, activism, and business. This comprehensive article delves into Willie Nelson net worth. exploring the various facets of his career that have contributed to his large fortune.
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Introduction
Willie Nelson net worth is a testament to his enduring influence and success in many fields. Born on April 29, 1933, in Abbott, Texas. Nelson's journey from a humble beginning to becoming one of the most iconic figures in American music is nothing short of inspirational. His net worth, which estimated to be around $25 million as of 2024. reflects a career that is as diverse as it is prolific.
Early Life and Musical Beginnings
Humble Origins
Willie Hugh Nelson was born during the Great Depression. a time of significant economic hardship in the United States. Raised by his grandparents. Nelson found solace and inspiration in music from an early age. His grandmother taught him to play the guitar. setting the stage for what would become an illustrious career.
First Steps in Music
Nelson's initial foray into the music industry was fraught with challenges. He moved to Nashville, Tennessee, to pursue his dreams, but success did not come . Working as a songwriter, Nelson penned hits for other artists. which helped him gain a foothold in the competitive music scene. His songwriting skills contributed to his early earnings. laying the foundation for his net worth.
Rise to Stardom
Breakthrough Albums
The 1970s marked a turning point in Willie Nelson's career. His albums "Shotgun Willie" (1973), "Red Headed Stranger" (1975). and "Stardust" (1978) received critical acclaim and commercial success. These albums not only solidified his position in the country music genre. but also introduced his music to a broader audience. The success of these albums played a crucial role in boosting Willie Nelson net worth.
Iconic Songs
Willie Nelson net worth is also attributed to his extensive catalog of hit songs. Tracks like "Blue Eyes Crying in the Rain," "On the Road Again," and "Always on My Mind" have become timeless classics. These songs have not only earned Nelson large royalties but have also ensured his continued relevance in the music industry.
Acting and Film Career
Hollywood Ventures
In addition to his music career, Willie Nelson has also made a mark in Hollywood. His distinctive personality and on-screen presence have landed him roles in several films and television shows. Notable appearances include roles in "The Electric Horseman" (1979), "Honeysuckle Rose" (1980), and "Barbarosa" (1982). These acting gigs have added a significant amount to Willie Nelson net worth.
Television Appearances
Nelson's char
Characterization and the Kinetics of drying at the drying oven and with micro...Open Access Research Paper
The objective of this work is to contribute to valorization de Nephelium lappaceum by the characterization of kinetics of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum. The seeds were dehydrated until a constant mass respectively in a drying oven and a microwawe oven. The temperatures and the powers of drying are respectively: 50, 60 and 70°C and 140, 280 and 420 W. The results show that the curves of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum do not present a phase of constant kinetics. The coefficients of diffusion vary between 2.09.10-8 to 2.98. 10-8m-2/s in the interval of 50°C at 70°C and between 4.83×10-07 at 9.04×10-07 m-8/s for the powers going of 140 W with 420 W the relation between Arrhenius and a value of energy of activation of 16.49 kJ. mol-1 expressed the effect of the temperature on effective diffusivity.
Natural farming @ Dr. Siddhartha S. Jena.pptxsidjena70
A brief about organic farming/ Natural farming/ Zero budget natural farming/ Subash Palekar Natural farming which keeps us and environment safe and healthy. Next gen Agricultural practices of chemical free farming.
"Understanding the Carbon Cycle: Processes, Human Impacts, and Strategies for...MMariSelvam4
The carbon cycle is a critical component of Earth's environmental system, governing the movement and transformation of carbon through various reservoirs, including the atmosphere, oceans, soil, and living organisms. This complex cycle involves several key processes such as photosynthesis, respiration, decomposition, and carbon sequestration, each contributing to the regulation of carbon levels on the planet.
Human activities, particularly fossil fuel combustion and deforestation, have significantly altered the natural carbon cycle, leading to increased atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations and driving climate change. Understanding the intricacies of the carbon cycle is essential for assessing the impacts of these changes and developing effective mitigation strategies.
By studying the carbon cycle, scientists can identify carbon sources and sinks, measure carbon fluxes, and predict future trends. This knowledge is crucial for crafting policies aimed at reducing carbon emissions, enhancing carbon storage, and promoting sustainable practices. The carbon cycle's interplay with climate systems, ecosystems, and human activities underscores its importance in maintaining a stable and healthy planet.
In-depth exploration of the carbon cycle reveals the delicate balance required to sustain life and the urgent need to address anthropogenic influences. Through research, education, and policy, we can work towards restoring equilibrium in the carbon cycle and ensuring a sustainable future for generations to come.
3. WhatareMangroves??
Mangroves represent littoral forest ecosystem . Low lying
areas of tropical and subtropical regions are home to
Mangroves. They grow below the high water level of
spring tides and are highly productive.
4.
5. Since mangroves grow between the
land and sea, they represent the
best example of ecotone..(a region
of transition between two
biological communities.)
The trees vary in height from 8
to 20 m. They protect the
shoreline from the adverse
effect of cyclones and
tsunamis.
Mangrovesoccurinthetropics
andsubtropicsbetween
latitudes25°Nand25°S.
Breedinggroundfor
manycommercially
importantfishes.
Featuresofmangroveforests
6. Mangroves show Viviparity mode of
reproduction which means that seeds
germinate in the tree itself before falling to
the ground. This is an important adaptive
mechanism to overcome the problem of
germination in saline water.
7. They require high solar radiation that helps
to filter saline water through their roots.
This explains why mangroves are confined
to only tropical and subtropical coastal
waters.
They are salt-tolerant so they are
also called halophytes. Leaves are
thick and also contain salt-secreting
glands.
. However, mangroves have various salt tolerance mechanisms that vary with
species: they can exclude salt, accumulate salt, and/or excrete salt.
Plants that exclude salt prevent it from entering the membranes of their roots.
In other plants that do end up containing excess salt, some accumulate it into
older leaves so it can be shed with the leaves.
Others excrete salt, in much higher concentration than seawater,
through glands on their leaves.
8. Underground tissue of any plant requires oxygen for
respiration and in mangrove environment, oxygen in soil is
very limited or nil. This necessitates mangrove root system to
take up oxygen from the atmosphere. For this purpose,
mangrove species have many special roots coming out of the
groung and grow vertically upwards to get oxygen for
respiration called breathing roots or pneumatophores.
There are some supporting
roots coming out of the lower
nodes of the stem of mangrove
and these are called stilt roots.
Types of roots
14. KERALA
For a state that has 44 rivers and a
wide network of estuaries and
backwaters with tidal action, Kerala
has a relatively small area under
mangroves – just 25 sq km at present,
down from 700 sq km in 1957. The
mangrove patches that still survive are
distributed across many coastal
districts.
Mangroves have an important role in
dealing with climate change. These
evergreen close-canopy shrubs
produce biomass and green leaves
copiously all through their lives. In the
process, they absorb atmospheric
carbon in large quantities and help
with sequestration. They also shed
their leaves copiously, strengthening
the nutrient cycle.
15. WEST BENGAL
SUNDERBANS FOREST
Sundarbans is a mangrove area in the
delta formed by the confluence of
the ganges, brahamputra and meghna
rivers in the bay of bengal. It spans from
the hooghly river in india’s state of west
bengal to the baleswar
river in bangladesh’s division of khulna. It
comprises closed and open mangrove
forests, land used for agricultural
purpose, mudflats and barren land, and is
intersected by multiple tidal streams and
channels
16. CORINGA FOREST, ANDHRA
PRADESH
Godavari Mangroves at the Coringa
Wildlife Sanctuary (CWLS) are touted to
be the second largest mangroves in
India.
The mangrove forests in Andhra
Pradesh are located in the estuaries of
the Godavari and the Krishna
rivers. The Godavari mangroves are
located in Godavari estuary of East
Godavari district.
Located in Andhra Pradesh, the
CWLS is home to
numerous endangered
species including the fishing cat, otter,
jackal, sea turtles, sea gull, pelican,
stork, heron, snipes, flamingos among
others.
17. BHITARKANIKA MANGROVES,
ODISHA
In the delta region of Brahmani-
Baitarani rivers, lies Odisha’s
Bhitarkanika Mangroves. It is spread
over an area of 251 sq km.
Bhitarkanika is one of the pristine
mangrove forests in India. It harbours
the largest population of estuarine
crocodiles in the Indian sub-continent.
There are around 1,757 saltwater
crocodiles in this area, according to
the reptile census conducted by
Odisha forest officials in 2020.
18. GULF OF KUTCH MANGROVES,
GUJARAT
The mangrove forest cover in Gujarat
(1,177 sq km) is second highest after
West Bengal (2,112 sq km).
With more than 70% mangrove cover of
Gujarat state, the Kutch region is at the
top followed by the Gulf of Kutch (16%).
Avicennia marina, commonly known as
grey mangrove, is the most dominant
mangrove species in Gujarat.
19. MANGROVES OF THANE CREEK,
MAHARASHTRA
In Maharashtra, the mangrove forests are
distributed across six districts of the
Konkan region – Mumbai City, Mumbai
Suburban, Thane, Raigarh, Ratnagiri and
Sindhudurg.
According to ebird.org, 165 bird species
have been recorded in this sanctuary.
The most commonly seen birds include
lesser flamingo, black-tailed godwit, little
stint and lesser sand-plover. You can go
boating to observe the birds up-close.
20. PICHAVARAM MANGROVES, TAMIL
NADU
Pichavaram mangrove forest is located
between the Vellar estuary and Coleroon
estuary in Cuddalore district of Tamil
Nadu.
Owing to the abundance of mangrove
vegetation, it draws umpteen native and
migratory birds.
Little egrets, pond herons, cormorants
and openbill storks are some of the
frequently spotted birds in the forest. It is
one of the most enchanting mangrove
forests in India that nature lovers must
explore.
21. Climatic conditions
• Mangroves are almost exclusively
tropical, but also occur in the
subtropics.
• They do not tolerate frost, but can
cope with air temperatures down to 5
°C.
• Their occurrence is most closely
related to seawater temperature.
23. ● Straddling land and sea and teeming with life, mangrove
forests are key to healthy coastal ecosystems, but it is only
in the last few decades that people have begun to realize
their importance. Ironically, during this same period,
mangroves have disappeared with alarming speed. By some
estimates, less than 50 percent of the world's mangrove
forests were intact at the end of the 20th century, and half
of those that remain are in poor condition. Mangrove forests
are among the most threatened habitats in the world, and
mangrove loss is rampant across the globe.
24. ● Thailand has lost 84 percent of its mangroves,
the highest rate of mangrove loss of any
nation, while the Ivory Coast, Guinea-Bissau,
Tanzania, Mexico, Panama, Malaysia,
Myanmar, Pakistan, and the Philippines
have each lost more than 60 percent of their
mangrove forests. Most mangroves grow on
public land, only about 1 percent of which receives
25. Even where some legal designation or
protection is in place, preserving
mangroves is difficult because of
development in the form of:
● Shrimp Farming
The major issues of shrimp farming include
the loss of important ecological and socio-
economic functions of mangrove ecosystems,
changes in hydrology, salinization,
introduction of non-native species and
diseases, pollution from effluents, chemicals
and medicines, use of wild fish for feed,
capture of wild shrimp seed and loss of
livelihoods and social conflicts.
26. ● Tourism
Unfortunately, irresponsible tourism can destroy the very resources people are
coming to see. As tourists hike, drive, or paddle into once-remote areas, they bring
with them garbage, sewage, noise, fumes, lights, and other disturbances that can
damage mangroves and the surrounding ecosystems. Walking off paths, lighting fires,
feeding wildlife, anchoring on reefs, and collecting shells and plants are also
destructive.
● Agriculture
many thousands of acres of mangrove forest have been destroyed to make way for rice
paddies, rubber trees, palm oil plantations, and other forms of agriculture. Despite their
resilience, mangroves can tolerate only a limited amount of industrial and agricultural
pollution without dying. In addition, waterways are often diverted for irrigation or paved
over for roadways, which alter the natural flow of water. Because mangrove forests are
adapted to tidal fluctuations, they can be destroyed .
27. ● Coastal Development
It takes many forms, from ports and docks to hotels, golf courses, marinas, and
convention halls. Everyone loves being near the sea, but as streams and wetlands
are filled by roads and concrete, they can no longer process natural chemicals.
Worse still, pollutants that accompany development can damage individual trees or
whole tracts of mangroves. With buildings come people, traffic, garbage, and noise,
each of which takes its toll on the plants and animals that inhabit rich coastal
ecosystems.
● Charcoal and Lumber Industries
Chopping down mangroves for charcoal and timber is an important cottage industry
for many coastal communities. Mangrove wood is used for building material, fencing,
and fuel. It also yields valuable, high-quality charcoal. In places where fishing has
declined below subsistence levels, many people have turned to charcoal production
for their livelihood, which furthers the cycle of habitat loss and fishery decline.
30. What is mangrove
restoration & why it is
important?
Mangrove restoration to regenerate the ecotone of
mangrove by the action of returning the habitat for flora and
fauna.
Mangroves are important to us because
● they help stabilize coastline ecosystem and prevent erosion.
● Not only this, they are providing natural infrastructure and
protection to nearby populated areas by preventing erosion and
absorbing storm surge impacts during extreme weather events
such as hurricanes
It also acts a shorekeeper for coastline by protecting natural bounty
and health. .
31. Advantages of mangrove
restoration
They perform functions like:
1)Nutrient cycling 5) reduce high tides
2) coastal protection 6) prevent soil erosion
3) fish & fauna production 7) provide opportunities
4) act as shock absorber 8) enrich coastal water
32. Which places has been
doing restoration?
● Kenya (indulged since last two decades )
o Thailand and Indonesia also recovered mangrove
after the loss that happened due to the tsunami ,
they have been conducting many mangrove
restoration projects
o
33. How to restore Mangroves?
1. They grow mangrove seedlings in greenhouses and then
transplant them into mudflats along the ocean's edge.
2. The majority of planting efforts are however failing. A more effective
approach is to create the right conditions for mangroves to grow back
naturally. Mangroves restored in this way generally survive and function
better.
34. 3Look for sustainable alternatives to eating farmed shrimp from mangrove areas. Find
local conservation and government organizations in your area that are working to
conserve mangrove forests, and support them.
4. Herbicides, oil spills, and other types of pollutants may kill mangroves. Causing
tremendous damage to mangroves, herbicides, oil spills, and other types of water pollution
may result in the death of these plants.
This Photo by Unknown author is licensed under CC
BY.
35. How can you grow mangroves ?
Now the question is how can common people or you if
you live new the sea or river shores can grow mangrove if
possible factors are present there ?
There are some several factors that
we need to grow mangrove,
mangrove can be grown in your house
as a house plants if u have all the
possible material that we need
36. REQUIREMENT FOR
DEVELOPMENT GROWTH
1]Average temperature of the coldest month higher than 20°C; the seasonal
temperature range should not exceed 5°C. They are not resistant to freezing
2] Shores must be free of strong wave action and strong tidal currents.
3] Saline water; they are facultative halophytes.
37. How much mangrove had
been wiped out from INDIA
?
● According to the Government of India
report [25], India lost 40% of its
mangrove area during the last century
[26]. Of this, east coast has lost about
26%; west coast area about 44%; and
Andaman and Nicobar Islands about
32% [32,33].
38. Mangrove
restoration in INDIA
● Mangrove restoration project was launched in
Andhra Pradesh .
This project was launched in Andhra Pradesh with
the aim of inducing concerted action towards
conservation and sustainable management of the
mangrove wetlands on the east coast of India.
The restoration employed canal techniques, instead
of simple plantation of seedlings, and a fish bone
pattern of canals was utilized.
39. INDIAN STATES WHICH HAVE
LOWEST MANGROVE
DESTRUCTION
Rank
States/UTs with highest mangrove
cover in 2017
Total mangrove cover in km2 in 2015
1 West Bengal 2,106
2 Gujarat 1,107
3 Andaman And Nicobar Islands 617
4 Andhra Pradesh 367
The word (forest) often calls to mind a dense landscape of towering trees. However, some of the most carbon rich and productive forests are clustered along coastlines in the tropics and subtropics.