This document provides information about environmental change and water scarcity. It discusses how only 3% of the world's water is freshwater, and this freshwater is distributed unevenly. It then covers several causes of water scarcity like climate change, population growth, and pollution. Various impacts of water scarcity are explained such as lack of access to drinking water, hunger, disease spread, and conflict over water resources. Solutions to water scarcity discussed include recycling water, improving farming practices, and supporting clean water initiatives. The document also contains country-specific information about water scarcity in India.

1. ENVIRONMENTAL
CHANGE
WE CANMAKE A
DIFFERENCE
Date -06.01.2016
Power Point Presentation Contest
Adamas University
BY
KAKALI ROY
RASHMI CHHETRI

2. DEPARTMENT OF
GEOGRAPHY, M.SC SEM -II
ADAMAS
UNIVERSITY

4. Out of all the
water available
on the Earth,
97 % of water
is saline and is
in oceans,
3% of water is
freshwater
available in
rivers, streams
and glaciers.
There is
enough
freshwater
available on
the planet
for current
population of
the world but
it is distributed
unevenly.
Source;http://12.000.scripts.mit.edu/mission2
017/wp-ploads/2013/11/why_water_3.jpg

5. Climate change causes change in
frequencies of droughts and floods.
Depletion of aquifers caused by
over-consumption as a result of
population growth.
Pollution and contamination by
sewage, agricultural and industrial
runoff.

7. Competing Water Uses for Main Income Groupes of Countries

8.  Simply put, water scarcity is either
the lack of enough water (quantity) or
lack of access to safe water (quality).
• Currently affects around 2.8 billion people
around the world, on all continents, at least
one month out of every year and more than
1.2 billion people lack the access to clean
drinking water.
 There are two types of water scarcity
 PHYSICAL SCARCITY
o Physical access to water is limited. It is when
the demand outstrips the lands ability to
provide the needed water. For the most part,
dry parts of the world or arid regions are most
often associated with physical scarcity.
 ECONOMIC SCARCITY
o When a population does not have the
necessary monetary means to utilize an
adequate source of water. It is about a
unequal distribution of resources for many
reasons, including political and ethnic
conflict.

9.  Water stress
 “Water stress” refers to the ability, or
lack thereof, to meet human and
ecological demand for water.
Compared to scarcity, “water stress”
is a more inclusive and broader
concept. It considers several physical
aspects related to water resources,
including water scarcity, but also
water quality, environmental flows,
and the accessibility of water
 water stress" is when annual water
supplies drop below 1,700 cubic
meters per person per year, according
to the Falkenmark Water Stress
Indicator

10.  Overuse of Water: Water overuse is a huge issue that a lot of people are dealing with.
 Pollution of Water: Water pollution is a huge problem, especially when you’re looking at areas
that don’t necessarily have a good sewage system.
 Conflict: If there is conflict over an area of land, it may be difficult to access the water that is
located there.
 Distance: There are a number of areas throughout the entire world that deal with water scarcity
because they just aren’t close to anywhere that has water.
 Other :
o Population growth
o Food production
o Climatic change and variability
o Land use
o Water quality
o Water demand
o Sectoral resources and institutional capacity
o Poverty and economic policy
o Legislation and water resource management
o International waters
o Sectoral professional capacity
o Political realities
o Sociological issues

11.  Lack of Access to Drinking Water: The biggest problem that happens
when you have water scarcity is that people are not able to get fresh, clean
drinking water.
 Hunger: If there is no water that can be used in order to help water the
crops, then you are going to have people that are going hungry. Animals
will also die, which will result in a lack of meat as well.
 Lack of Education: Water scarcity makes it difficult for people to get the
education that they need or that they deserve.
 Diseases: If you don’t have clean water access, then you will be more likely
to get diseases from the water that you do have.
 Sanitation Issues: Without access to clean water, there is no way to clean
food, dishes, or people. It also causes mental health issues, including
depression and anxiety.
 Poverty: All in all, people who are dealing with water scarcity are often
stuck in poverty as well. These people are not able to get the resources that
they need in order to be able to thrive, and instead are just barely surviving
through these difficult times.

12. Health |Life |disease| Agricultural
1 out of every 4 deaths under the age of 5
worldwide is due to a water-related disease.

14.  Another popular opinion is that the amount of
available freshwater is decreasing because
of climate change. Climate change has caused
receding glaciers, reduced stream and river flow,
and shrinking lakes and ponds. Many aquifers
have been over-pumped and are not recharging
quickly. Although the total fresh water supply is
not used up, much has become polluted, salted,
unsuitable or otherwise unavailable for drinking,
industry and agriculture.

15.  1 billion - nearly 1/6th of the world’s population - are already facing
water shortages on a daily basis.
 The United Nations' FAO states that by 2025, 1.9 billion people will
be living in countries or regions with absolute water scarcity, and
two-thirds of the world population could be under stress conditions.
 780 million people lack access to clean water.
 Inadequate access to safe drinking water for about 884 million
people.
 In the 20th Century, Population grew 3 fold but Water demand grew
to 6 folds!
 According to WWF, some 1.1 billion people worldwide lack access to
water, and a total of 2.7 billion find water scarce for at least one
month of the year.
 Target 7C: Halve, by 2015, the proportion of the population
without sustainable access to safe drinking water and basic
sanitation Proportion of population with sustainable access to an
improved water source, urban and rural.

17. WATER SCARCITY
IN INDIA

18.  At the time of Independence in 1947, the per capita availability of
water in India was 6,008 cubic metres a year. It became 1,820 cubic
metres a year in 2001. According to midterm appraisal (MTA) of the
10th Plan, per capita availability of water is likely to fall down to
1,340 cubic metres in 2025 and 1,140 cubic metres in 2050.

20. Source:
Standing Sub-committee of
Ministry of Water Resource,
Development Alternatives, KPMG
Analysis &Pan IIT Conclave, 2010

23. Solutions for Water Scarcity
Recycle Water
Advance Technology Related to
Water Conservation
Improve Practices Related to
Farming
Improve Sewage Systems
Support Clean Water Initiatives

24.  Desalination of sea water can be done
either via distillation or membrane
process.
 Both process requires large amount of
energy and thus costly, which means
desalination remains an expensive
option for providing reliable fresh
water supply, restricted to only
economically well-off countries.

25.  Let your parents know about leaks in your house
o Leaks are easily fixable and
o save you water and money
 Tell your parents about high-efficiency washers,
faucets, and toilets
 Run your dishwasher or washing machine only
with full loads
 Turn off the faucet when brushing or shaving
 Take shorter showers

27. WHAT IS GREY WATER?
Grey water or sullage is defined as waste water generated
from wash hand basins, showers and baths (but not from
a kitchen sinks or toilets) which can be recycled on-site
for uses such as Water Closest (WC) flushing, landscape
irrigation and constructed wetlands.
WHAT IS BLACK WATER?
Grey water is distinguished from Black water which is
wastewater from WC flushing, kitchen sinks. Black water
should not be reused in the home because of high risk of
contamination by bacteria, viruses and pathogens.

28.  Combats Water Scarcity-
 Grey water makes up the largest portion of
wastewater from you home up to 40 gallons per
person each day. Grey water reuse cuts overall
consumption.
 Replenishes Groundwater-
 Grey water irrigation helps the natural
hydrologic cycle to keep functioning.
 Reduces the strain on your septic system or
treatment plant

29. Should be used for... Should not be used for ...
Subsurface Irrigation
Root zone irrigation of plant beds,
shrubbery and trees.
Do not irrigate root crops, or edible
parts of food crops that touch the
soil without adequate treatment
and disinfection
Toilet and Urinal Flushing Do not apply untreated Grey water
onto lawns, or fruits and
vegetables that are eaten raw.
Irrigation of firebreaks in arid
climates
Do not recycle untreated Grey
water with sprinklers
Do not use to wash patios
walkways or driveways

30. The Bio cell Grey Water Treatment System provides a low
cost passive filter which requires no power or chemicals to
drive the treatment process and turns grey water into safe
reusable water that can be utilized for the following uses:
 Watering Your Lawns and Gardens
 Washing Your Car, Boat, Bike or Truck
 Cleaning Your Windows
 Hosing Your Pathways
 Toilet Flushing
 Water Fountains
 Cooling Towers
 Hard Stand Washing
 Boiler Water

32. Filtration-
 Filtration Prevents solid materials like hair, lint, food
particles from entering into the Grey water. It can be
accomplished by the sand filtration method or other
commercial methods
o Sand Filtration-
A slow sand filter which includes bottom to top,
shallow layers of stone, medium gravel, and then pea
gravel covered by a deep layer of sand.

33. o Commercial Water Filtering-
 Commercially available water filters are also used
for Grey water.
 These includes activated:
 charcoal
 cellulose
 ceramic cartridges

 These are generally designed for higher quality
water and may require excessive maintenance if
used with Grey water.
 For kitchen sink water collection a grease trap is
need to remove fats and grease, which is necessary
to prevent filter clogging.

35.  Settlement and Flotation
o Disinfection-
One of the most common methods of
disinfection is to add chlorine, often (in the
case of on-site systems) through the use of
chlorine tablets.
There are other types of disinfection being
tested currently for treatment of Grey water,
Ultraviolet (UV) disinfection and Ozonation
disinfection.

36.  Grey water pipe separation is a relatively easy low cost when planned
into a new smaller-scale residential construction. Cost and space
savings can even be gained by reducing the wastewater treatment
system, especially for septic systems.
Other potential benefits includes:
 Reduces the amount of potable, fresh water used by households.
 Reduces the flow of wastewater entering sewer or septic systems.
 Minimizes the amount of harmful chemicals used by homeowners.
 Supports plant growth without using expensive potable water.
 Helps recharge groundwater when applied outdoors.
 Raises public awareness of natural water cycles.
 Saves money on water bills.

37. ADAMAS
KNOWLEDGE CITY