The document discusses various types of resources that can be obtained from the oceans. It describes four major types: fresh water resources which can be obtained through desalination, marine mineral resources found dissolved in seawater or deposited on the seafloor such as gold and oil, marine energy resources including tidal, wave, and thermal energy, and marine food resources with oceans becoming a major food source. The oceans contain large quantities of resources that are increasingly being exploited to meet growing human needs.

2. BY
KAKALI ROY
DEPARTMENT OF M.SC.
GEOGRAPHY
ADAMAS UNNIVERSITY

3.  An ocean is a body of saline water that composes much of
a planet's hydrosphere.
 On Earth, an ocean is one of the major conventional divisions of
the World Ocean, which covers almost 71% of its surface. These
are, in descending order by area,
the Pacific, Atlantic, Indian, Southern, and Arctic Oceans.
 The oceans comprise about 1457,000,000 cubic k.m of water that
is about 97.2 % of the world’s total water resources .
 The oceans have always been a vast reservoir of resources but in
recent times the exponential growth of population and the
outstripping of resources of land have drawn more attention
towards the oceans.
OCEAN

4.  A resource is anything that is used to satisfy human needs.
Typically resources are materials, energy, services, staff,
knowledge, or other assets that are transformed to produce
benefit and in the process may be consumed or made unavailable.
 From a human perspective a natural resource is anything obtained
from the environment to satisfy human needs and wants.From a
broader biological or ecological perspective a resource satisfies the
needs of a living organism
 There are four major type of resource we can get from marine:
 Fresh Water Resources,
 Marine Mineral Resources,
 Marine Energy Resources,
 Marine Food Resources.
TYPES OF MARINE RESOURCES

5.  The water of ocean is neither fit for human use not for
the agricultural purpose but with the input of
technology the saline water can be converted into
fresh water. This coversioun can be done through
desalination.
 Desalination is a process of obtaining fresh wayer from
salt water. There are several possible desalinization
methods – Flash Desalinization , Electrodialysis,
Reverse Osmosis,freezing And Salt Absorbtion.
FRESH WATER RESOURCES

6.  Marine
resources
are found
either
dissolve in
the
seawater or
they can be
fond as
deposited –
either on the
surface or
below the
surface.
Marine Mineral Resources

8.  Each cubic mile of seawater contains about 165 million tons of
solids making the 350 million cubic miles of seawater the
world's largest continuous ore body.
 Sodium and chlorine are the most abundant accounting for 85 %
of the sea’s dissolved salt.
 Magnesium and Bromine are other important chemicals
elements of sea.
 Minerals of value are Gold , Silver ,Zinc , Uranium And Thorium.
It is also estimated that ocean as a whole contains about 6 mmt
of gold deposits.
 Throughout the world , a ton of seawater contains about 60mg
of gold.
MINERALS DISSOLVED IN SEAWATER

9.  The surface deposit consist of the deposits found on the
continental shelf and slope.
 1.Continental Shelf and Slope deposits-
 The deposits found on the continental shelf and slope region
are found mixed with sand containing CALCIUM CARBONATE,
IRON, URANIUM, GOLD, DIAMOND, PLATINUM, etc.
Surface Deposits

10. Source :http://subseaworldnews.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/NOC-
Receives-Grant-to-Explore-Deep-Ocean-Floor-for-Minerals.jpg

11.  Zircon, Monazite And Utile - are found along the west cost of India, coastal
Brazil, Australia , New Zealand , SriLanka And The USA. India possesses 90%
of the world’s monazite reserves in Kerala’s places deposit.
 Rutile a beach placer deposit is found along the eastern and western coast
of Australia which supplies 29%of these deposits.
 Magnetite- occurs in those areas where volcanic rock materials are
deposited. Such formations are found along the western coastal belts of N
America and east coast of Asia in Japan . The reserve of iron rich sediments
in Japan is estimated to be 36 million tons.
 Cassiterite- an important tin ore is a residual mineral of the weathering of
granites. A belts Stretches for 3000km from northern Thailand and western
Malaysia to Indonesia.
 Gold Placer- are found to occur along the coast of Alaska on shelf zone of
east pacific and in river delta sediments along Oregon, Chile, South Africa
And Australia.
 Diamonds- like gold is found in the sediments washed down the river in
some areas of Africa and Australia. It is found mixes with sand in a belt
running thousand's of k.m away from the southwest African coast.

12.  Plutinum – along with sand is found in parts of the united
states, Australia and south Africa.
 Phosphorite- which can be to produce phosphates needed for
fertilizers is found in shallow waters as phosphorites mud's
and sands. It can be also found in the forms of nodules on the
continental shelf and slopes.
 30 % phosphate and largest deposit are known to exist off
Florida. California, Mexico, Peru, Australia, and north western
ands southern Africa. The worlds ocean resave of phosphrite is
estimated at about 50 million tons.
 Sulphur- needed for industrial use , is known to exist in The
Gulf Of Mexico and the Mediterian sea where the reserves are
to the tune of million tons.

13.  Sands- are mined as a source of calcium carbonate throughout
the Bahamas Island , which has an estimated reserve of 100
billion metric tons.
 Many countries have in fact been extracting sand and gravel for
decades. This loose rock is used to make concrete, as backfill on
building sites and in harbours, and also as beach nourishment to
protect coastlines.
 According to estimates published by the International Council
for the Exploration of the Sea ( ICES), the organization
responsible for the North Atlantic marine habitat, 93.5 million
cubic meters of sand were removed from European water s in
2012.
 USA uses only about 57 million cubic metres of marine sand
each year.
 Europe’s second largest consumer of marine sand after the
Netherlands is Great Britain. That nation used almost 12 million
cubic metres in 2011, plus nearly 7 million cubic metres of gravel

14. A suction dredger extracts sand from the North Sea floor
off the Dutch island of Ameland to widen the beach.
The sand-water combination is pumped from the ship
onto the beach using the “rainbow method”.
Palm
Jumeirah

15.  Deep Sea Deposits – In the deep sea areas two main types of mineral deposits
are important .these are the manganese nodules and metalliferous sediments.
 Manganese Nodules - Manganese Nodules are the most abundant in the
deepest part of the oceans other than the trench region.
 Manganese nodules are hydrogenous pelagic deposits found scattered across
the world’s deep ocean floors with particular concentration in the red clay
regions of northeast Pacific .
 The nodules were discovered by the Challenger Expedition (1873- 1867) and in
the last 25 years have been the focus of intense research and development of
mining and extraction techniques by large mining corporations and
multinational consortia.
 Polymetallic nodules, also called manganese nodules. These are Most valuable
deep sea mineral resources at present . This is because They occur as
unconsolidated deposits at the sediment surface and they contain
concentrations of valuable metals such as nickel , copper ,lead and zinc, all
precipitated from seawater.
 Those of greatest economic interest contain manganese (27-30%), nickel (1.25-
1.5 %), copper (1-1.4 %) and cobalt (0.2-0.25 %). Other constituents
include iron (6%), silicon (5%) and aluminium (3%), with lesser amounts
of calcium, sodium, magnesium, potassium, titaniumand barium, along
with hydrogen and oxygen.

16.  Nodule growth is one of the slowest
of all known geological phenomena,
on the order of a centimeter over
several million years.
 Several processes are hypothesized to
be involved in the formation of
nodules, including the precipitation of
metals from seawater (hydrogenous),
the remobilization of manganese in
the water column (diagenetic),
the derivation of metals from hot
springs associated with volcanic
activity(hydrothermal), the
decomposition of basaltic debris by
seawater (halmyrolitic) and the
precipitation of metal hydroxides
through the activity
of microorganisms (biogenic).

18. Source:http://worldoceanreview.com/en/files/2014/05/wor3_c2
c_fig_2-19.jpg

20.  The most important of the subsurface deposits are oil and
natural gas.
 These two deposits represent 90% of the mineral value
presently taken from the sea.
 The sub surface deposits are mostly found on the continental
shelves where the conditions for the availability of petroleum
are conductive.
 Salt dome’s where petroleum and natural gas is trapped in the
uplifted and fractured rocks around the dome.
 The major offshore oilfields are found in the Gulf Of Mexico,
The Persian Gulf, the North Sea And Off The Northern Coast
Of Austrelia,the Southern Coast Of California And The Coasts
Of Arctic Ocean .

21. Source:http://www.bbc.co.uk/nol/shared/spl/hi/world/10/oil_day/feature_include_
total_oil_fields/img/world_oil_786.gif

22.  There are still many
areas of the world
that are relatively
unexplored in terms
of oil and gas those
are The Continental
Shelves Of East
Asia, South Asia
Around Sumatra
And Borneo In
Indoneshia, East
Africa, North West
Africa, Parts Of
South America And
Antartica .
 New discoveries
have been made
near the Philippines
and off the mouth
of the Amazon river.

24.  Sulpher- In addition to petroleum , salt domes are rich
sources of Sulpher.
 Sulpher accumulates around the salt plug because an
insoluble sulpher containing a compound anhydrite
(CaSO4),is generally present in original salt deposits.
 Sulpher is found off the coast of Thailand at 25m deep under
ocean.
 Coal- Coal is the byproduct of decomposition of thick lush
tropical vegetation and is therefore found on the land
surface . But changes in the sea level and land geography
over geologic time have caused some coal deposits to
become submerged.
 These submerged coal deposits are found in Japan, the UK,
Africa and off Mumbai in India.
 In Japan undersea coal deposits are reached by shafts that
stretch under the sea from the land or descends from
artificial islands.

25.  Various renewable energy resources have their source in the marine waters.
The sea is , thus, an inexhaustible source of energy .
 DEUTORIUM- Deutorium is an isotope of hydrogen. It is the most important
raw material for the fusion process. The oceans contain 25 trillion tones of it
. If ever the mankind was to generate energy from fusion of deutorium and
titanium the seawater would be provide an inexhaustible source of
deutorium.
 OTEC- OTEC stands for Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion. OTEC system are
also called sspps or solar sea power plants . OTEC relies on the natural
temperature difference between the warm surface and the cold surface
and the cold deep waters of the sea. Surface waters heated by the sun ,
easily reaches more than 25˚C in Tropical ares , wheres deeper waters
,cooled by polar currents have a tepmerature of barely afew degrees .this
difference of about 20˚C is enough to produce electricity.

26. OTEC

27.  Osmotic Pressure- Energy can be produced by exploiting the difference in
salt content between two bodies of water, for example where fresh
water of the rivers and streams flows into estuaries .
 Under such circumstances when fresh water is separated from the salt
water by a semi permeable membrane then the water molecules will be
drawn through this membrane to the saltier side will rise until the
pressure on the salt water side.
 Consequently the water level on the salty side will rise until the pressure
on the salt water is equivalent to a column of water 240 m in height and
increased pressure stops flow of molecules through membrane.
 This difference could be used to produce electricity by passing the water
under pressure through a turbine . The rate at which energy could be
extracted from this source is quite large.
 Tidal Energy- The rise and fall of tides can be used to generate electricity .
Favorable conditions for the generation of tidal energy are found in
coastal areas with a large tidal range or in narrow channels with swift
tidal currents.
 There are thus, certain places in the world where conditions conductive
for generations of electricity by tide exist. The largest tidal ranges in the
ocean are around 15 m, for example in the bay of Fundy, Nova Scotia.

28.  There are two ways by which energy can be generated by the rise and fall
of tides . Both require buildings a dam across a bay or an estuary, So that
seawater can be held in the bay at high tide .
 As the tidal water comes in, the dam closed until a substantial hydraulic
lead is established between the ocean and the lower water in the estuary.
 At the point the gates are opened and water flows through the turbines
into the estuary thus, Producing electricity.
 As the tide goes out , it again produces a hydraulic lead. At this time the
gates are closed. The estuary by this this time has filled and dammed water
in the estuary is released through gates which runs turbines producing
electricity.
 This system requires very specialized turbines system that must be able to
generate energy on both the flood and edd tide.
 actual electricity generating facilities exist at the RANCE river installation
in France and a small pilot plant at the Kislaya Guba In Murmansk In The
Commonwealth Of Interdependent States.
 India has also build a pilot power plant at Kandala. It is the first such
facility in Asia.

30.  Current Energy – The massive ocean surface currents of the
world are untapped reservoirs of energy. Their total energy
flux has been estimated at 2.8 x 10₁₄ ( 280 trillion) watt hours.
Even though the currents have low energy densities the
kinetic energy in major currents is quite impressive.
 The Gulf Stream, for example , Channels 30x 106 m3 of water
per second at a surface speed of more than 4 km/h. This flow
can give 10,000 MW or 87.6 billion annual kilowatt hours
theoretically.
 These systems have in common in that they would be difficult
to build and maintain.
 Moreover most of the wind driven oceanic current generally
move slowly and are found too far from where the power is
needed.
 Cost is also very high.

33.  Wave Energy- A
tremendous
amount of energy
exist in waves.
The power
present in waves
is estimated at
2.7x 1012 watts.
This energy is
however, quite
dispersed and is
not constant at
any given location
or time.
Therefore, it is
very difficult to
tap this energy.

35.  Biomass Conversion- The biomass conversion method is
based on extraction of energy from the sea, by converting
photo synthetically produced organic matter or biomass into
fuel.
 The oceans fix some 10 10 or more tone of carbon per year into
organic material and some of it rather efficiently in large
marine plants such as KELP.
 The biomass conversion method relies on the growing of such
plants for anaerobic decomposition with the ultimate
production of gas. The gases produced , usually a mixture of
carbon dioxide and methane, have heating values of 500-800
btus per standard cubic feet and can be readily upgraded to
pipeline quality gas by established producers.

36. MARINE
FOOD
RESOURCES

37.  Oceans have become major source of food and their
importance is likely to increase in the near future.
 Because of the sheer size , the oceans in general will have a
larger food potential. Since the population is also increasing,
very little options are lest for the expansion of agricultural
land on the surface.
 So oceans have assumed added significance. In addition, the
ocean food resources are nutritionally of a very high quality .
 They have amino acids in the correct ratio for human use.
 They are a better source of Vitamin B-12.
 They are low in cholestrol and saturated fats.
 They are high in polyunsaturated fats and the essential fatty
acids.

38.  In the USA alone, fishing supports an industry worth nearly $50 billion
annually.
 The importance of seafood in the human diet varies greatly around the
world. In the United States, consumption is roughly 7 kilograms (about 15
pounds) per person per year.
 That amount is small compared with various other nations. The Japanese,
for example, rely heavily on seafood for their animal protein. Seafood
consumption, per individual, is at least five times higher in Japan than in
the United States.
 Terrestrial animals, such as beef and pork, are more expensive than
seafood in Japan; consequently, that country has a fishing fleet that travels
far and wide. The Japanese also purchase seafood from other nations and
have a highly developed aquaculture industry.

39. source :http://cdn2.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/664154/0315-fishingyields-
EN.0.jpg

40.  The term "seafood" commonly is used to describe aquatic plants and
animals consumed by humans, regardless of source.
 Fisheries and aquaculture produce roughly 140 million tons of plants and
animals annually.
 Included are finfish, mollusks (including octopus and squid), crustaceans ,
seaweeds, reptiles, and marine mammals: the first four categories make
up the bulk of the human food that comes from the waters of the world.
 The seaweed plantation in Bali, Indonesia illustrates the role
of mariculture (marine aquaculture) in meeting human food demands.
Global seaweed production exceeds 10 million metric tons annually.
 Clam and oysters dominate the mollusk category, followed by scallops,
mussels, and abalone. Total mollusk production exceeds 15 million metric
tons annually.

41.  Kelp- Kelps are large seaweeds (algae) belonging to the brown
algae (Phaeophyceae) in the order Laminariales. There are about 30
different genera.
 The organisms require nutrient-rich water with temperatures between 6
and 14 °C (43 and 57 °F). They are known for their high growth rate — the
genera Macrocystis and Nereocystis can grow as fast as half a metre a day,
ultimately reaching 30 to 80 metres.
 Bongo kelp ash is rich in iodine and alkali. In great amount, kelp ash can be
used in soap and glass production.
 Alginate, a kelp-derived carbohydrate, is used to thicken products such
as ice cream, jelly, salad dressing, and toothpaste, as well as an ingredient in
exotic dog food and in manufactured goods.
 Biomedical products- Many benthic organisms contain biologically active
compounds that have potential practical use.
 Extracts of certain sponges yield anti –inflammatory and antibiotic
substance an anticoagulant has been extracted from red algae, and the
antibiotic substance , acrylic acid, has been extracted from other sea weeds.
 Some corals produce antimicrobial compounds , and the sea anemone. An
thopleura, which provides cardiac stimulant.
 A muscle relaxant has been isolated from the snail Murex.

42. VIDEO