The document discusses the growing global fresh water shortage crisis and proposes solutions to reduce fresh water consumption. It notes that 40% of the world's population already faces water shortages. It then provides examples of how toilets, agriculture, industry, and cities can significantly cut fresh water usage through dual water piping, storm water filtration, drip irrigation, and other techniques. The objective is to avert a worsening water crisis by optimizing current water usage.

1. Disaster: Global Fresh Water Shortage
Objective: Disaster prevention
Kristijan Bevc
Faculty of Arts, University of Ljubljana, Department of
Geography, Slovenia

2. Reasons for selection
 I have chosen this type of disaster since, in my opinion, it represents
the biggest threat to humanity
 The first signs are already here  40 % of the world population
already have water shortages (1)
 Water is essential for life; we cannot exist without it
 The more water we use and as of result pollute, the less of it will be
available for us and future generations
 This presentation presents some simple but concrete data on how
fresh water is (mis)used and gives possible solutions how to reduce
fresh water usage or completely remove it where it is not needed.
(1) http://www.lenntech.com/specific-questions-water-quantities.htm

3. How, why, when?
 Human population is growing rapidly
 Earth’s resources are limited, water is no exception Source: (1)
 If the trend continues there will not be enough water to
sustain the entire human population
 The question is not IF, but WHEN will it happen if we
continue with wasteful and unsustainable use
 By 2025, 1,8 billion people will be living in regions with
absolute water scarcity and 2/3 of world population could be
under stress conditions (1)
 More populationmore foodmore irrigation=less water
(1) http://www.unwater.org/statistics_use.html

4. Problems already exist
 6 billion people already used 54 % of accessible fresh water (1)
 2,5 billion people suffer at least moderate shortage and 1-2 billion
high level of water scarcity (2)
 Today over a billion people do not have access to clean drinking
water (4)
 During the last century water consumption rose twice as fast as the
population did (1, 3)
 Toilet flushing uses at least 25 % of all the water used in a day by
a person
 If 4 billion people out of 6,5 (2,6 estimated to be without even the
basic sanitation facility (4)) use 40 liters a day (4 to 5 flushes) = 58
km3 of water in 1 year, which is about 15 % of all fresh water
distributed for domestic use
(1) http://www.unwater.org/statistics_use.html
(2) Charles J. Vo ro smarty, Christian Le veˆque and others: Fresh water, URL: www.maweb.org/documents/document.276.aspx.pdf
(3) Deborah Zabarenko , Oct 25, 2011: Water use rising faster than world population, URL: http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/10/25/us-
population-water-idUSTRE79O3WO20111025
(4) WHO/unicef: Water for life (2005)

5. A simple model of what
can be done at home.
Ideas for
conservation
 Without decreasing the world population growth this solution would
only postpone the inevitable.
 The idea is focused on preventing the disaster by changing the ways we use
water now, finding new solutions and potential ways of averting the disaster
 Conserving fresh water, dual water supply, drip irrigation are just a few of
the ideas how to optimize and reduce fresh water usage
 Potable/fresh water should only be used for
cooking, drinking, showering, washing clothes and dishes as depicted in the
above picture
 Toilet flushing, car cleaning, watering the garden, fire-fighting, irrigation
etc., is a WASTE of fresh/potable water or uses too much of it.

6.  Dual water supply is essential if we want to conserve potable water.
Toilets, car washes, watering the garden and other household
chores, industrial companies that don’t need clean fresh water for
production, fire-fighters should use recycled water or filtrated storm water.
 Dual water piping needs to be built; one supplying clean potable/fresh
water and the other filtrated storm water or recycled waste water; toilets can
even use sea water if the region is located near a salt water source
 Construction of the dual water piping would cost the same as the regular
one, but costs can be reduced if both systems are installed at the same time.
 Since this can only be done when constructing a new building, existing
buildings and structures would be hard to modify for the dual piping
system, thus, at least all future buildings yet to be constructed would have
to have this system implemented.
 Agriculture is the biggest user of fresh water, water conservation should be
applied there first; with new techniques like drip irrigation to minimize
evaporation and maximize water delivery efficiency
 FAO estimates this system can reduce water usage by 30-60 % (1)
(1) http://www.fao.org/ag/magazine/0303sp3.htm

7.  Another simple way of conserving water, where dual water
supply cannot be implemented, is the dual-flush toilet; an
option to either flush using the entire water tank or just flush
with half the amount, depending on the “situation”.
 A dual-flush toilet can use up to 40 % less fresh water
 Simple calculation: using 10l and 8l tank; 4 times liquid waste and one
solid waste (1 to 2 full flushes) per day
 Full flush: 4x10l+10 to 20=50/60l ; 4x8l+8 to 16=40 to 48l
 Half flush for liquid waste: 4x5l+10 to 20= 40 to 48l ; 4x4l+8 to 16 =
24 to 32l  40 to 30 % less fresh water
 All industrial companies should have a closed water loop  the
same amount of water in the system all the time, no use for
additional fresh water or should use recycled/filtered water instead
of fresh where the loop in not possible.
 Since city population is increasing, storm water should be filtered
and reused for purposes already mentioned above, getting cities one
step closer so self-sustainability

8.  The proposed solutions are pretty straight forward, making
fundamental changes at the heart of the problem. Toilets are a
big problem but at the same time the easiest to solve.
 Large scale projects like dual water supply, storm water
filtration and drip irrigation require a lot more planning and
even more funding.
 Instead of governments giving subsidies for water to farmers,
giving subsidies for drip irrigation implementation would be a
lot more beneficial (where applicable).
 Fresh water usage needs to be cut by all sectors by providing
new technology solutions that can greatly optimize and reduce
use of fresh water, especially in agriculture.

9. Goals and targets
 The proposed solution is aimed to reduce the quantity of used fresh water in all
sectors (agriculture, industrial and domestic sector), to optimize its usage or to
completely remove it from operations that do not need fresh/potable water.
 By eliminating fresh water usage by toilets, fire-fighters and all other
mentioned proposals, we can save a huge amount of fresh water that can be
distributed to households, hospitals and other locations that need it.
Estimation: 100 % less fresh water usage by substituting fresh water with
recycled/filtered for toilets or 30 % by only implementing dual-flush
toilets.
 With dual water supply and storm water filtration cities can become more self-
sustainable, since world trends show a continuous increase in urban
population, most of the solutions must be focused on urban areas.
 By implementing drip irrigation in agriculture, huge amounts of fresh water can
be saved and allocated elsewhere. Estimation: 30-60 % less fresh water
usage
 To prevent world population from using 75 % or more of all accessible fresh
water sources in 2025 and more than 90 % in 2050
 To prevent an even greater fresh water scarcity in regions where the problem
already occurs or is starting to manifest, thus preventing desertification

10. Impact and arguments
 Fresh water usage should drop significantly and be diverted where it is
needed the most. Regions under water stress could receive more fresh water.
 Cities would pump less water, because of storm water filtration which would
be used for toilets and fire-fighters, thus being more self-sustainable.
 By reducing fresh water usage future generations are given a chance for
better living conditions. More recycled and filtered water means less
depletion=larger bodies of water=higher regeneration ability=less
polluted=less water-related diseases
 The questions whether the solution will work will undoubtedly arise. The
presented arguments about that are clear, with the right technology and
implementation, good results are inevitable, global examples of good practice
confirm that.
 Since the solution is aimed at the biggest fresh water users it should have the
maximum effect.
 Israel, using water treatment and recycling, recycles more than 80 % of
household water and half the water for irrigation is from recycled water (1).
(1) http://www.reuters.com/article/2010/11/14/us-climate-israel-idUSTRE6AD1CG20101114