The document discusses various aspects of preparing data for machine learning, emphasizing the concept of making data 'ml-ready' through transformations such as cleansing, denormalizing, and feature engineering. It details the importance of selecting relevant features and the challenges associated with handling missing data and time-series information. Additionally, it introduces the use of tools and workflows for automating machine learning processes, including the use of REST APIs and the WhizzML scripting language for advanced data manipulation.

1. Class summary

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Day 2 – Morning sessions

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Basic transformations
Expectations
Poul Petersen
Reality
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ML­ready data needs work!!!
Any data is always ML­ready
What does ML­ready mean?
● Machine Learning algorithms consume instances of the question that you want to
model. Each row must describe one of the instances and each column a property
of the instance
● Fields can be:
– already present in your data
– derived from your data
– generated using other fields

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Basic transformations
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Select the right model for the problem you want to solve:
Classification, regression, cluster analysis, anomaly detection,
association discovery
●
Perform cleansing, denormalizing, aggregating, pivoting, and
other data wrangling tasks to generate a collection of instances
relevant to the problem at hand. Finally use a very common format as
output format: CSV
●
Choose the right format to store each type of feature into a field
●
Feature engineering: Using domain knowledge and Machine
Learning expertise, generate explicit features that help to better
represent the instances (Flatline)
ML-ready steps

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Basic transformations
Cleansing: Homogenize missing values and different types in the
same feature, fix input errors, correct semantic issues, etc.
Denormalizing: Data is usually normalized in relational databases,
ML­Ready datasets need the information de­normalized in a single
file/dataset.
Aggregation: When data is stored as individual transactions, as in
log files, an aggregation to get the entity might be needed
Pivoting: Different values of a feature are pivoted to new columns in
the result dataset
Regular time windows: Create new features using values over
different periods of time
Preprocessing data

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Basic transformations
For numeric features:
– Discretization: percentiles, within percentiles, groups
– Replacement
– Normalization
– Exponentiation
– Shocks (speed of change compared to stdev)
For text features:
– Mispellings
– Length
– Number of subordinate sentences
– Language
– Levenshtein distance
Stacking
Compute a field using non­linear combinations of other fields
Feature engineering

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Basic transformations
●
Define a clear idea of the goal.
●
Understand what ML tasks will achieve the goal.
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Understand the data structure to perform those ML tasks.
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Find out what kind of data you have and make it ML­Ready
– where is it, how is it stored?
– what are the features?
– can you access it programmatically?
●
Feature Engineering: transform the data you have into the
data you actually need.
●
Evaluate: Try it on a small scale
●
Accept that you might have to start over….
●
But when it works, automate it!!!
Holistic approach

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Basic transformations
Command line tools:
join, jq, awk, sed, sort, uniq
Automation:
Shell, Python, etc.
Talend
BigML: flatline, bindings, bigmler, API, whizzml
Relational Db:
MySQL
Non­Relational Db:
MongoDB
Tools that help

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Feature Engineering
Data + ML Algorithm, is that enough?
The ML Algorithm only knows about the features in the dataset.
Features can be useless to the algorithm if:
●
They are not correlated to the objective to be predicted
●
Their values change their meaning when combined with other
features
For ML Algorithms to work there must be some kind of statistical
relation between some of the features and the objective.
Sometimes, you must transform the available features to find such
relations
Feature engineering: the process of transforming raw data into
machine learning ready­data
Charles Parker

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Feature Engineering
When do you need Feature Engineering?
●
When the relationship between the feature and the
objective is mathematically unsatisfying
●
When the relationship of a function of two or more
features with the objective is far more relevant than the
one of the original features
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When there is missing data
●
When the data is time­series, especially when the
previous time period’s objective is known
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When the data can’t be used for machine learning in the
obvious way (e.g., timestamps, text data)

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Feature Engineering
Mathematical transformations
●
Statistical aggregations (group by, all and all­but)
●
Better categories
– too many detailed categories should be avoided
– ordered categories can be translated to numeric values. The model will be able to
extract more information by partinioning the ordered number range
●
Binning or discretization: consider whether your number is more informative in
ranges (quartiles, deciles, percentiles) even for the objective field
●
Linearization: non­important for decision trees but can be for logistic regression
(watch out for exponential distributions)
Missing data
●
Missing value induction (replace missings with common values: mean, median,
mode, even with a Machine Learning model)
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Missing values presence can be informative, so this can be added as a new feature

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Feature Engineering
Time­series transformations
●
Better objective (percent change instead of absolute
values)
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Deltas from previous reference time points
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Deltas from moving average (time windows)
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Recent Volatility...
Problem: Exponential explosion of possible transformations
Caveats:
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The regularity in time of the points has to match your training data
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You have to keep track of past points to compute your windows
●
Really easy to get information leakage by including your objective in a
window computation (and can be very hard to detect)!

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Feature Engineering
Date­time features
●
Cannot be used “as is” in a model. It's a collection of features. BigML is able to
decompose them automatically when they are provided in the most usual
formats. With Flatline, you can decompose them all.
●
Date­time predicates that the computer does not know (some of them, domain
dependent): Working hours? Daylight? Is rush hour?...
Text features
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Bag of words: a new feature is associated to each word in the document
●
Tokenization: how do we select tokens? Do we want n­grams? What about
numbers?
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Stemming: grouping forms of the same word in a unique term
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Length
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Text predicates: Dollar amounts? Dates? Salutations? Please and Thank you?

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Feature Engineering
Machine Learning for Feature engineering
Latent Dirichlet Allocation
• Learn word distributions for topics
• Infer topic scores for each document
• Use the topic scores as features to a model (dimensional
reduction)
Distance to cluster Centroids
Stacked Generalization: Classifiers provide new features

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Day 2 – Evening sessions

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REST API, bindings and basic workflows
jao (José Antonio Ortega)
Academics Real world
How do Machine Learning Workflows look like?
We need high­level tools to face the real world workflows by growing in:
● Automation
● Abstraction

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REST API, bindings and basic workflows
The foundations
●
REST API first applications: Standards in software development.
First level of abstraction
Client side tools
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Web UI: Sitting on top of the REST API. Human­friendly access and
visualizations for all the Machine Learning resources. Workflows must
be defined and executed step by step. Second level of abstraction.
●
Bindings: Sitting on top of the REST API. Fine­grained accessors for
the REST API calls. Workflows must be defined and executed step by
step. Second level of abstraction.
●
BigMLer: Relying on the bindings. High­level syntax. Entire workflows
can be created in only one command line. Third level of abstraction.

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REST API, bindings and basic workflows
.
BigMLer automation
●
Basic 1­click workflows in one command line
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Rich parameterized workflows: feature selection, cross­validation, etc.
●
Models are downloaded to your laptop, tablet, cell phone, etc. once
and can be used offline to create predictions
Still..
Great for local predictions

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REST API, bindings and basic workflows
.
Problems of client­side solutions
●
Complexity Lots of details outside the problem
domain
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Reuse No inter­language compatibility
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Scalability Client­side workflows hard to optimize
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Extensibility BigMLer hides complexity at the cost of
flexibility
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Not enough abstraction

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REST API, bindings and basic workflows
.Solution: bringing automation and abstraction to the server­side
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DSL for ML workflow automation
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Framework for scalable, remote execution of ML workflows
Sophisticated server­side optimization
Out­of­the­box scalability
Client­server brittleness removed
Infrastructure for creating and sharing ML scripts and libraries
WhizzML

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REST API, bindings and basic workflows
.
WhizzML's new REST API resources:
Scripts: Executable code that describes an actual
workflow, taking a list of typed inputs and producing
a list of outputs.
Executions: Given a script and a complete set of
inputs, the workflow can be executed and its outputs
generated.
Libraries: A collection of WhizzML definitions that
can be imported by other libraries or scripts.

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REST API, bindings and basic workflows
Scripts
Creating scripts
●
Usable by any binding (from any language)
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Built­in parallelization
●
BigML resources management as primitives of the language
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Complete programming language for workflow definition
Using scripts
Web UI
Bindings
BigMLer
WhizzML

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Advanced WhizzML workflows
Charles Parker
WhizzML offers:
● Primitives for all ML resources: (datasets, models, clusters, etc.)
● A complete programming language to compose at will these ML resources.
● Parallelization and Scalability built­in.
This empowers the user to benefit from:
● Automated feature engineering: Best­first feature selection.
● Automated configuration choice: Randomized parameter optimization,
SMACdown.
● Complex algorithms as 1­click: Stacked generalization, Boosting.
All of them can be shared, reproduced and reused as one more
BigML resource in a language­agnostic way.

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Advanced WhizzML workflows
f5 fn
... ...
......
... ...
f5 f7 f5 fn
... ...
......
... ...
f5 f1
Selected
fields
()
(f5)
The best score
is obtained for
the model with (f5)
The best score
is obtained for
the model with (f5 f7)
Following iterations don't improve the score for the model
with (f5 f7), so the process stops
Step 1
Step 2
f1
Best­first feature selection

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Advanced WhizzML workflows
A new dataset is generated
with the predictions for the
hold out data
A new metamodel is created
from this dataset
50%
Hold out
Stacked generalization

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Advanced WhizzML workflows
Configuration
random
generator
... ...
Best
score
Process stops when you reach the expected performance
or the user­given iterations limit
+
Randomized parameter optimization

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Advanced WhizzML workflows
Configuration
random
generator
... ...
+ New configurations are filtered
according to the predictions
of the model of performances
Only promising
configurations are analyzed
SMACdown

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Advanced WhizzML workflows
… …
The final model is an ensemble of models
T0
F0
T1
F1
T2
F2
F8
T8
Boosting

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Advanced WhizzML workflows
Script it once, for everybody anywhere
Publish scripts
in the gallery
Add scripts to
your menus