This paper demonstrated the power quality & voltage stability problems associated with the renewable based distribution generation systems and how the Flexible AC Transmission System (FACTS) device such as Static Synchronous Compensator (STATCOM) play an important role in Power Quality Improvement. First we simulated the wind farm system without STATCOM and after the system simulated with STATCOM. We use the MATLAB/Simulink software for Simulation.
Impact of Distributed Generation on Energy LossNadineCroes
The aim is to give more insight into the effect of distributed power generation on energy loss. In most cases these distributed generators (DGs) are based on renewable energy such as solar panels and wind turbines, but there are also new technologies to increase efficiency such as the micro combined heat and power systems. Distributed generation can increase efficiency in the grid by reducing the distance between generators and consumers of electricity. The objective is to find an optimal mix of distributed generators (DGs) in a district so that energy loss is minimized and overload is avoided. The effect of using future electronic devices, such as electric vehicles, is also studied. To find an optimal mix of DGs a mixed integer quadratic programming model is defined and a case study is presented. The results indicate that the optimal solutions give substantial reductions in loss without overloading the system.
Class-20: These slides present the related standards and specifications for the smart grid. Details about each standards can be accessed from the reference book specified.
Optimal Placement of Distributed Generation on Radial Distribution System for...IJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) covers all the fields of engineering and science: Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Civil Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Computer Engineering, Agricultural Engineering, Aerospace Engineering, Thermodynamics, Structural Engineering, Control Engineering, Robotics, Mechatronics, Fluid Mechanics, Nanotechnology, Simulators, Web-based Learning, Remote Laboratories, Engineering Design Methods, Education Research, Students' Satisfaction and Motivation, Global Projects, and Assessment…. And many more.
Impact of Distributed Generation on Energy LossNadineCroes
The aim is to give more insight into the effect of distributed power generation on energy loss. In most cases these distributed generators (DGs) are based on renewable energy such as solar panels and wind turbines, but there are also new technologies to increase efficiency such as the micro combined heat and power systems. Distributed generation can increase efficiency in the grid by reducing the distance between generators and consumers of electricity. The objective is to find an optimal mix of distributed generators (DGs) in a district so that energy loss is minimized and overload is avoided. The effect of using future electronic devices, such as electric vehicles, is also studied. To find an optimal mix of DGs a mixed integer quadratic programming model is defined and a case study is presented. The results indicate that the optimal solutions give substantial reductions in loss without overloading the system.
Class-20: These slides present the related standards and specifications for the smart grid. Details about each standards can be accessed from the reference book specified.
Optimal Placement of Distributed Generation on Radial Distribution System for...IJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) covers all the fields of engineering and science: Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Civil Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Computer Engineering, Agricultural Engineering, Aerospace Engineering, Thermodynamics, Structural Engineering, Control Engineering, Robotics, Mechatronics, Fluid Mechanics, Nanotechnology, Simulators, Web-based Learning, Remote Laboratories, Engineering Design Methods, Education Research, Students' Satisfaction and Motivation, Global Projects, and Assessment…. And many more.
Renewable Energy Sources are being used in Off-Grid mode. By integrating all these sources to a common point energy efficiency can be improved and frequent dynamic faults can be avoided. This approach needs to implement smart grid and technologies.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Renewable energy and grid integration energy transitionNarinporn Malasri
Energy Regulatory Commission Thailand : Energy-Related Policies and Activities
Renewable energy and grid integration and energy transition in Thailand. IMPACT of Renewable Connection such as FULL GRID CONNECTION CAPACITIES, REVERSE POWER FLOWS, VOLTAGE CONTROL IN DISTRIBUTION GRID
PROTECTION COORDINATION IN DISTRIBUTION GRID.
Grid Interconnection of Renewable Energy Sources at the Distribution Level Wi...Pradeep Avanigadda
Renewable energy resources (RES) are being increasingly
connected in distribution systems utilizing power electronic
converters. This paper presents a novel control strategy for
achieving maximum benefits from these grid-interfacing inverters
when installed in 3-phase 4-wire distribution systems. The inverter
is controlled to perform as a multi-function device by incorporating
active power filter functionality. The inverter can thus be
utilized as: 1) power converter to inject power generated from
RES to the grid, and 2) shunt APF to compensate current unbalance,
load current harmonics, load reactive power demand and
load neutral current. All of these functions may be accomplished
either individually or simultaneously. With such a control, the
combination of grid-interfacing inverter and the 3-phase 4-wire
linear/non-linear unbalanced load at point of common coupling
appears as balanced linear load to the grid. This new control
concept is demonstrated with extensive MATLAB/Simulink simulation
studies and validated through digital signal processor-based
laboratory experimental results.
Index Terms—Active power filter
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals,
yahoo journals, bing journals, International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, google journals, hard copy of journal
A NOVEL CONTROL STRATEGY FOR POWER QUALITY IMPROVEMENT USING ANN TECHNIQUE FO...IJERD Editor
The proposed system presents power-control strategies of a Micro grid-connected hybrid generation
system with versatile power transfer. This hybrid system allows maximum utilization of freely available
renewable energy sources like wind and photovoltaic energies. For this, an adaptive MPPT algorithm along with
standard perturbs and observes method will be used for the system.
The inverter converts the DC output from non-conventional energy into useful AC power for the
connected load. This hybrid system operates under normal conditions which include normal room temperature
in the case of solar energy and normal wind speed at plain area in the case of wind energy. However, designing
an optimal micro grid is not an easy task, due to the fact that primary energy carriers are changeable and
uncontrollable, as is the demand. Traditional design and optimization tools, developed for controlled power
sources, cannot be employed here. Simulation methods seem to be the best solution.
The dynamic model of the proposed system is first elaborated in the stationary reference frame and
then transformed into the synchronous orthogonal reference frame. The transformed variables are used in
control of the voltage source converter as the heart of the interfacing system between DG resources and utility
grid. By setting an appropriate compensation current references from the sensed load currents in control circuit
loop of DG, the active, reactive, and harmonic load current components will be compensated with fast dynamic
response, thereby achieving sinusoidal grid currents in phase with load voltages, while required power of the
load is more than the maximum injected power of the DG to the grid. In addition, the proposed control method
of this paper does not need a phase-locked loop in control circuit and has fast dynamic response in providing
active and reactive power components of the grid-connected loads.
Assessment of Energy Efficiency of a Large Interconnected Distribution System...paperpublications3
Abstract: In a situation, where there is a shortage of power generation or the power stations are operating with a very low reserve margin, as is typically the current position in INDIA, there is a need to operate distribution network at the highest possible efficiency by utilizing network power loss reduction techniques. Such techniques are especially important when contingencies occur as they tend to increase loss, reduce efficiencies and cause power supplies to such networks to increase. This increase can cause the network or multiples of such networks to be load shed, as the power stations do not have the reserve margins to meet this increased demand. An efficiency schedule has been developed for a large ring network that reduces the loss so that its input power can be decreased. In this way, the available power existing due to the contingency can be more evenly spread, and the number of ring main networks to be load shed could be reduced. From the obtained results, the developed efficiency schedule for a large ring main network under contingency conditions was shown to be effective. The efficiency schedule is thus recommended for application in this important field as it will help to prevent load shedding, especially in the situation where power stations are operating with low reserve margins.
Analysis of power quality improvement in grid connected wind driven induction...eSAT Journals
Abstract As a promising renewable alternative, the wind power is one of the significant sources of generation. Reactive power compensation and harmonic reduction in a low voltage distribution networks for integration of wind power to the grid are the main issues addressed in this paper. This paper proposes a control scheme based on instaneous Pq theory for compensating the reactive power requirement of a three phase grid connected wind driven induction generator as well as the harmonics produced by the non linear load connected to the PCC using STATCOM. The proposed control scheme is simulated using MATLAB/SIMULINK. The Simulation results are presented in this paper. Keywords- wind power, distribution network, induction generator, STATCOM, reactive power.
Renewable Energy Sources are being used in Off-Grid mode. By integrating all these sources to a common point energy efficiency can be improved and frequent dynamic faults can be avoided. This approach needs to implement smart grid and technologies.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Renewable energy and grid integration energy transitionNarinporn Malasri
Energy Regulatory Commission Thailand : Energy-Related Policies and Activities
Renewable energy and grid integration and energy transition in Thailand. IMPACT of Renewable Connection such as FULL GRID CONNECTION CAPACITIES, REVERSE POWER FLOWS, VOLTAGE CONTROL IN DISTRIBUTION GRID
PROTECTION COORDINATION IN DISTRIBUTION GRID.
Grid Interconnection of Renewable Energy Sources at the Distribution Level Wi...Pradeep Avanigadda
Renewable energy resources (RES) are being increasingly
connected in distribution systems utilizing power electronic
converters. This paper presents a novel control strategy for
achieving maximum benefits from these grid-interfacing inverters
when installed in 3-phase 4-wire distribution systems. The inverter
is controlled to perform as a multi-function device by incorporating
active power filter functionality. The inverter can thus be
utilized as: 1) power converter to inject power generated from
RES to the grid, and 2) shunt APF to compensate current unbalance,
load current harmonics, load reactive power demand and
load neutral current. All of these functions may be accomplished
either individually or simultaneously. With such a control, the
combination of grid-interfacing inverter and the 3-phase 4-wire
linear/non-linear unbalanced load at point of common coupling
appears as balanced linear load to the grid. This new control
concept is demonstrated with extensive MATLAB/Simulink simulation
studies and validated through digital signal processor-based
laboratory experimental results.
Index Terms—Active power filter
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals,
yahoo journals, bing journals, International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, google journals, hard copy of journal
A NOVEL CONTROL STRATEGY FOR POWER QUALITY IMPROVEMENT USING ANN TECHNIQUE FO...IJERD Editor
The proposed system presents power-control strategies of a Micro grid-connected hybrid generation
system with versatile power transfer. This hybrid system allows maximum utilization of freely available
renewable energy sources like wind and photovoltaic energies. For this, an adaptive MPPT algorithm along with
standard perturbs and observes method will be used for the system.
The inverter converts the DC output from non-conventional energy into useful AC power for the
connected load. This hybrid system operates under normal conditions which include normal room temperature
in the case of solar energy and normal wind speed at plain area in the case of wind energy. However, designing
an optimal micro grid is not an easy task, due to the fact that primary energy carriers are changeable and
uncontrollable, as is the demand. Traditional design and optimization tools, developed for controlled power
sources, cannot be employed here. Simulation methods seem to be the best solution.
The dynamic model of the proposed system is first elaborated in the stationary reference frame and
then transformed into the synchronous orthogonal reference frame. The transformed variables are used in
control of the voltage source converter as the heart of the interfacing system between DG resources and utility
grid. By setting an appropriate compensation current references from the sensed load currents in control circuit
loop of DG, the active, reactive, and harmonic load current components will be compensated with fast dynamic
response, thereby achieving sinusoidal grid currents in phase with load voltages, while required power of the
load is more than the maximum injected power of the DG to the grid. In addition, the proposed control method
of this paper does not need a phase-locked loop in control circuit and has fast dynamic response in providing
active and reactive power components of the grid-connected loads.
Assessment of Energy Efficiency of a Large Interconnected Distribution System...paperpublications3
Abstract: In a situation, where there is a shortage of power generation or the power stations are operating with a very low reserve margin, as is typically the current position in INDIA, there is a need to operate distribution network at the highest possible efficiency by utilizing network power loss reduction techniques. Such techniques are especially important when contingencies occur as they tend to increase loss, reduce efficiencies and cause power supplies to such networks to increase. This increase can cause the network or multiples of such networks to be load shed, as the power stations do not have the reserve margins to meet this increased demand. An efficiency schedule has been developed for a large ring network that reduces the loss so that its input power can be decreased. In this way, the available power existing due to the contingency can be more evenly spread, and the number of ring main networks to be load shed could be reduced. From the obtained results, the developed efficiency schedule for a large ring main network under contingency conditions was shown to be effective. The efficiency schedule is thus recommended for application in this important field as it will help to prevent load shedding, especially in the situation where power stations are operating with low reserve margins.
Analysis of power quality improvement in grid connected wind driven induction...eSAT Journals
Abstract As a promising renewable alternative, the wind power is one of the significant sources of generation. Reactive power compensation and harmonic reduction in a low voltage distribution networks for integration of wind power to the grid are the main issues addressed in this paper. This paper proposes a control scheme based on instaneous Pq theory for compensating the reactive power requirement of a three phase grid connected wind driven induction generator as well as the harmonics produced by the non linear load connected to the PCC using STATCOM. The proposed control scheme is simulated using MATLAB/SIMULINK. The Simulation results are presented in this paper. Keywords- wind power, distribution network, induction generator, STATCOM, reactive power.
Power Quality is a combination of Voltage profile, Frequency profile, Harmonics contain and reliability of power supply.
The Power Quality is defined as the degree to which the power supply approaches the ideal case of stable, uninterrupted, zero distortion and disturbance free supply.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is a team of researchers not publication services or private publications running the journals for monetary benefits, we are association of scientists and academia who focus only on supporting authors who want to publish their work. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online, all the articles will be archived for real time access.
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journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, i...IJERD Editor
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals,
yahoo journals, bing journals, International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, google journals, hard copy of journal
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
4.power quality improvement in dg system using shunt active filterEditorJST
Injection of power generated by the wind turbine system into an electric grid mainly effects the power quality. The performance of this wind turbine and its power quality is determined on the basis of its measurement of power ratings as per IEEE standards. The influence of the wind turbine in the grid system concerning the power quality measurements are the active power, reactive power, variation of voltage, flicker, harmonics, and electrical behavior of switching operation. To mitigate the power quality problems this paper proposes the shunt compensator techniques. Here, the proposed system is verified experimentally using both STATCOM and TSC compensators. This control schemes for grid connected wind energy system is simulated using Matlab/Simulink.
A stable operation of wind turbines connected to the grid is an essential requirement to ensure the reliability and stability of the power system. To achieve such operational objective, installing static synchronous compensator static synchronous compensator (STATCOM) as a main compensation device guarantees the voltage stability enhancement of the wind farm connected to distribution network at different operating scenarios. STATCOM either supplies or absorbs reactive power in order to ensure the voltage profile within the standard-margins and to avoid turbine tripping, accordingly. This paper present new study that investigates the most suitable-location to install STATCOM in a distribution system connected wind farm to maintain the voltage-levels within the stability margins. For a large-scale squirrel cage induction generator squirrel-cage induction generator (SCIG-based) wind turbine system, the impact of STATCOM installation was tested in different places and voltage-levels in the distribution system. The proposed method effectiveness in enhancing the voltage profile and balancing the reactive power is validated, the results were repeated for different scenarios of expected contingencies. The voltage profile, power flow, and reactive power balance of the distribution system are observed using MATLAB/Simulink software.
STATCOM Based Wind Energy System by using Hybrid Fuzzy Logic ControllerIJMTST Journal
The influence of the hybrid system in the grid system concerning the power quality measurements are the active power, reactive power, voltage deviation, flicker, harmonics, and electrical behavior of switching operation and these are measured according to International Electro-Technical Commission (IEC). The STATCOM provides reactive power support to hybrid system and load. These voltage fluctuations can be eliminated with the help of advanced reactive power compensator device such as SVC and STATCOM. This work focus on design, modeling and analysis of FACTS device in wind farm interconnected with grid during fault. These devices can be controlled by Synchronous Reference Frame theory. The performance is analyzed with the help of PI controller and Fuzzy logic technique. by using Matlab/Simulink Model.
Improved Power Quality by using STATCOM Under Various Loading ConditionsIJMTST Journal
A Power quality problem is an occurrence manifested as a nonstandard voltage, current or frequency that
results in a failure or a mis-operation of end user equipment’s. Utility distribution networks, sensitive
industrial loads and critical commercial operations suffer from various types of outages and service
interruptions which can cost significant financial losses. With the restructuring of power systems and with
shifting trend towards distributed and dispersed generation, the issue of power quality is going to take
newer dimensions. Injection of the wind power into an electric grid affects the power quality. The
performance of the wind turbine and thereby power quality are determined on the basis of measurements
and the norms followed according to the guideline specified in International Electro-technical Commission
standard, IEC-61400. The influence of the wind turbine in the grid system concerning the power quality
measurements are-the active power, reactive power, variation of voltage, flicker, harmonics, and electrical
behavior of switching operation and these are measured according to national/international guidelines.
Static Compensator (STATCOM) is connected at a point of common coupling with a battery energy storage
system (BESS) to mitigate the power quality issues. The battery energy storage is integrated to sustain the
real power source under fluctuating wind power. Here two control schemes for STATCOM are Fuzzy logic
controller and hybrid Fuzzy logic controller. We can better response for hybrid fuzzy compare to fuzzy logic
controller. The STATCOM control scheme for the grid connected wind energy generation system for power
quality improvement is simulated using MATLAB/SIMULINK in power system block set. Finally the proposed
scheme is applied for both balanced and unbalanced linear nonlinear loads.
APPLICATION OF STATCOM to IMPROVED DYNAMIC PERFORMANCE OF POWER SYSTEMijsrd.com
Application of FACTS controller called Static Synchronous Compensator STATCOM to improve the performance of power grid with Wind Farms is investigated .The essential feature of the STATCOM is that it has the ability to absorb or inject fastly the reactive power with power grid . Therefore the voltage regulation of the power grid with STATCOM FACTS device is achieved. Moreover restoring the stability of the power system having wind farm after occurring severe disturbance such as faults or wind farm mechanical power variation is obtained with STATCOM controller . The dynamic model of the power system having wind farm controlled by proposed STATCOM is developed . To validate the powerful of the STATCOM FACTS controller, the studied power system is simulated and subjected to different severe disturbances. The results prove the effectiveness of the proposed STATCOM controller in terms of fast damping the power system oscillations and restoring the power system stability.
Performance Improvement of a Grid Connected Wind Farm SystemIOSRJEEE
Renewable energy sources are becoming more promising means of green energy production. But the increasingly penetration level of wind energy into existing power system presents many technical challenges. Power quality is a measure of the system performance. It requires consideration of problems like voltage regulation, stability, harmonics etc. This paper presents an overview of grid connected system and analysis of its stability. The system is assumed with fixed speed Induction generator integrated to a weak grid. Change and improvement in performance is observed with various FACT devices. The simulation model has been developed in MATLAB/SIMULINK R2016a.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Similar to Voltage Stability & Power Quality Assessment of Distributed Generation Based Wind Farm System (20)
Due to availability of internet and evolution of embedded devices, Internet of things can be useful to contribute in energy domain. The Internet of Things (IoT) will deliver a smarter grid to enable more information and connectivity throughout the infrastructure and to homes. Through the IoT, consumers, manufacturers and utility providers will come across new ways to manage devices and ultimately conserve resources and save money by using smart meters, home gateways, smart plugs and connected appliances. The future smart home, various devices will be able to measure and share their energy consumption, and actively participate in house-wide or building wide energy management systems. This paper discusses the different approaches being taken worldwide to connect the smart grid. Full system solutions can be developed by combining hardware and software to address some of the challenges in building a smarter and more connected smart grid.
A Survey Report on : Security & Challenges in Internet of Thingsijsrd.com
In the era of computing technology, Internet of Things (IoT) devices are now popular in each and every domains like e-governance, e-Health, e-Home, e-Commerce, and e-Trafficking etc. Iot is spreading from small to large applications in all fields like Smart Cities, Smart Grids, Smart Transportation. As on one side IoT provide facilities and services for the society. On the other hand, IoT security is also a crucial issues.IoT security is an area which totally concerned for giving security to connected devices and networks in the IoT .As, IoT is vast area with usability, performance, security, and reliability as a major challenges in it. The growth of the IoT is exponentially increases as driven by market pressures, which proportionally increases the security threats involved in IoT The relationship between the security and billions of devices connecting to the Internet cannot be described with existing mathematical methods. In this paper, we explore the opportunities possible in the IoT with security threats and challenges associated with it.
In today’s emerging world of Internet, each and every thing is supposed to be in connected mode with the help of billions of smart devices. By connecting all the devises used in our day to day life, make our life trouble less and easy. We are incorporated in a world where we are used to have smart phones, smart cars, smart gadgets, smart homes and smart cities. Different institutes and researchers are working for creating a smart world for us but real question which we need to emphasis on is how to make dumb devises talk with uncommon hardware and communication technology. For the same what kind of mechanism to use with various protocols and less human interaction. The purpose is to provide the key area for application of IoT and a platform on which various devices having different mechanism and protocols can communicate with an integrated architecture.
Study on Issues in Managing and Protecting Data of IOTijsrd.com
This paper discusses variety of issues for preserving and managing data produced by IoT. Every second large amount of data are added or updated in the IoT databases across the heterogeneous environment. While managing the data each phase of data processing for IoT data is exigent like storing data, querying, indexing, transaction management and failure handling. We also refer to the problem of data integration and protection as data requires to be fit in single layout and travel securely as they arrive in the pool from diversified sources in different structure. Finally, we confer a standardized pathway to manage and to defend data in consistent manner.
Interactive Technologies for Improving Quality of Education to Build Collabor...ijsrd.com
Today with advancement in Information Communication Technology (ICT) the way the education is being delivered is seeing a paradigm shift from boring classroom lectures to interactive applications such as 2-D and 3-D learning content, animations, live videos, response systems, interactive panels, education games, virtual laboratories and collaborative research (data gathering and analysis) etc. Engineering is emerging with more innovative solutions in the field of education and bringing out their innovative products to improve education delivery. The academic institutes which were once hesitant to use such technology are now looking forward to such innovations. They are adopting the new ways as they are realizing the vast benefits of using such methods and technology. The benefits are better comprehensibility, improved learning efficiency of students, and access to vast knowledge resources, geographical reach, quick feedback, accountability and quality research. This paper focuses on how engineering can leverage the latest technology and build a collaborative learning environment which can then be integrated with the national e-learning grid.
Internet of Things - Paradigm Shift of Future Internet Application for Specia...ijsrd.com
In the world more than 15% people are living with disability that also include children below age of 10 years. Due to lack of independent support services specially abled (handicap) people overly rely on other people for their basic needs, that excludes them from being financially and socially active. The Internet of Things (IoT) can give support system and a better quality of life as well as participation in routine and day to day life. For this purpose, the future solutions for current problems has been introduced in this paper. Daunting challenges have been considered as future research and glimpse of the IoT for specially abled person is given in the paper.
A Study of the Adverse Effects of IoT on Student's Lifeijsrd.com
Internet of things (IoT) is the most powerful invention and if used in the positive direction, internet can prove to be very productive. But, now a days, due to the social networking sites such as Face book, WhatsApp, twitter, hike etc. internet is producing adverse effects on the student life, especially those students studying at college Level. As it is rightly said, something which has some positive effects also has some of the negative effects on the other hand. In this article, we are discussing some adverse effects of IoT on student’s life.
Pedagogy for Effective use of ICT in English Language Learningijsrd.com
The use of information and communications technology (ICT) in education is a relatively new phenomenon and it has been the educational researchers' focus of attention for more than two decades. Educators and researchers examine the challenges of using ICT and think of new ways to integrate ICT into the curriculum. However, there are some barriers for the teachers that prevent them to use ICT in the classroom and develop supporting materials through ICT. The purpose of this study is to examine the high school English teachers’ perceptions of the factors discouraging teachers to use ICT in the classroom.
In recent years usage of private vehicles create urban traffic more and more crowded. As result traffic becomes one of the important problems in big cities in all over the world. Some of the traffic concerns are traffic jam and accidents which have caused a huge waste of time, more fuel consumption and more pollution. Time is very important parameter in routine life. The main problem faced by the people is real time routing. Our solution Virtual Eye will provide the current updates as in the real time scenario of the specific route. This research paper presents smart traffic navigation system, based on Internet of Things, which is featured by low cost, high compatibility, easy to upgrade, to replace traditional traffic management system and the proposed system can improve road traffic tremendously.
Ontological Model of Educational Programs in Computer Science (Bachelor and M...ijsrd.com
In this work there is illustrated an ontological model of educational programs in computer science for bachelor and master degrees in Computer science and for master educational program “Computer science as second competence†by Tempus project PROMIS.
Understanding IoT Management for Smart Refrigeratorijsrd.com
Lately the concept of Internet of Things (IoT) is being more elaborated and devices and databases are proposed thereby to meet the need of an Internet of Things scenario. IoT is being considered to be an integral part of smart house where devices will be connected to each other and also react upon certain environmental input. This will eventually include the home refrigerator, air conditioner, lights, heater and such other home appliances. Therefore, we focus our research on the database part for such an IoT’ fridge which we called as smart Fridge. We describe the potentials achievable through a database for an IoT refrigerator to manage the refrigerator food and also aid the creation of a monthly budget of the house for a family. The paper aims at the data management issue based on a proposed design for an intelligent refrigerator leveraging the sensor technology and the wireless communication technology. The refrigerator which identifies products by reading the barcodes or RFID tags is proposed to order the required products by connecting to the Internet. Thus the goal of this paper is to minimize human interaction to maintain the daily life events.
DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF DOUBLE WISHBONE SUSPENSION SYSTEM USING FINITE ELEMENT...ijsrd.com
Double wishbone designs allow the engineer to carefully control the motion of the wheel throughout suspension travel. 3-D model of the Lower Wishbone Arm is prepared by using CAD software for modal and stress analysis. The forces and moments are used as the boundary conditions for finite element model of the wishbone arm. By using these boundary conditions static analysis is carried out. Then making the load as a function of time; quasi-static analysis of the wishbone arm is carried out. A finite element based optimization is used to optimize the design of lower wishbone arm. Topology optimization and material optimization techniques are used to optimize lower wishbone arm design.
A Review: Microwave Energy for materials processingijsrd.com
Microwave energy is a latest largest growing technique for material processing. This paper presents a review of microwave technologies used for material processing and its use for industrial applications. Advantages in using microwave energy for processing material include rapid heating, high heating efficiency, heating uniformity and clean energy. The microwave heating has various characteristics and due to which it has been become popular for heating low temperature applications to high temperature applications. In recent years this novel technique has been successfully utilized for the processing of metallic materials. Many researchers have reported microwave energy for sintering, joining and cladding of metallic materials. The aim of this paper is to show the use of microwave energy not only for non-metallic materials but also the metallic materials. The ability to process metals with microwave could assist in the manufacturing of high performance metal parts desired in many industries, for example in automotive and aeronautical industries.
Web Usage Mining: A Survey on User's Navigation Pattern from Web Logsijsrd.com
With an expontial growth of World Wide Web, there are so many information overloaded and it became hard to find out data according to need. Web usage mining is a part of web mining, which deal with automatic discovery of user navigation pattern from web log. This paper presents an overview of web mining and also provide navigation pattern from classification and clustering algorithm for web usage mining. Web usage mining contain three important task namely data preprocessing, pattern discovery and pattern analysis based on discovered pattern. And also contain the comparative study of web mining techniques.
Making model of dual axis solar tracking with Maximum Power Point Trackingijsrd.com
Now a days solar harvesting is more popular. As the popularity become higher the material quality and solar tracking methods are more improved. There are several factors affecting the solar system. Major influence on solar cell, intensity of source radiation and storage techniques The materials used in solar cell manufacturing limit the efficiency of solar cell. This makes it particularly difficult to make considerable improvements in the performance of the cell, and hence restricts the efficiency of the overall collection process. Therefore, the most attainable maximum power point tracking method of improving the performance of solar power collection is to increase the mean intensity of radiation received from the source used. The purposed of tracking system controls elevation and orientation angles of solar panels such that the panels always maintain perpendicular to the sunlight. The measured variables of our automatic system were compared with those of a fixed angle PV system. As a result of the experiment, the voltage generated by the proposed tracking system has an overall of about 28.11% more than the fixed angle PV system. There are three major approaches for maximizing power extraction in medium and large scale systems. They are sun tracking, maximum power point (MPP) tracking or both.
A REVIEW PAPER ON PERFORMANCE AND EMISSION TEST OF 4 STROKE DIESEL ENGINE USI...ijsrd.com
In day today's relevance, it is mandatory to device the usage of diesel in an economic way. In present scenario, the very low combustion efficiency of CI engine leads to poor performance of engine and produces emission due to incomplete combustion. Study of research papers is focused on the improvement in efficiency of the engine and reduction in emissions by adding ethanol in a diesel with different blends like 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25% and 30% by volume. The performance and emission characteristics of the engine are tested observed using blended fuels and comparative assessment is done with the performance and emission characteristics of engine using pure diesel.
Study and Review on Various Current Comparatorsijsrd.com
This paper presents study and review on various current comparators. It also describes low voltage current comparator using flipped voltage follower (FVF) to obtain the single supply voltage. This circuit has short propagation delay and occupies a small chip area as compare to other current comparators. The results of this circuit has obtained using PSpice simulator for 0.18 μm CMOS technology and a comparison has been performed with its non FVF counterpart to contrast its effectiveness, simplicity, compactness and low power consumption.
Reducing Silicon Real Estate and Switching Activity Using Low Power Test Patt...ijsrd.com
Power dissipation is a challenging problem for today's system-on-chip design and test. This paper presents a novel architecture which generates the test patterns with reduced switching activities; it has the advantage of low test power and low hardware overhead. The proposed LP-TPG (test pattern generator) structure consists of modified low power linear feedback shift register (LP-LFSR), m-bit counter, gray counter, NOR-gate structure and XOR-array. The seed generated from LP-LFSR is EXCLUSIVE-OR ed with the data generated from gray code generator. The XOR result of the sequence is single input changing (SIC) sequence, in turn reduces the switching activity and so power dissipation will be very less. The proposed architecture is simulated using Modelsim and synthesized using Xilinx ISE9.2.The Xilinx chip scope tool will be used to test the logic running on FPGA.
Defending Reactive Jammers in WSN using a Trigger Identification Service.ijsrd.com
In the last decade, the greatest threat to the wireless sensor network has been Reactive Jamming Attack because it is difficult to be disclosed and defend as well as due to its mass destruction to legitimate sensor communications. As discussed above about the Reactive Jammers Nodes, a new scheme to deactivate them efficiently is by identifying all trigger nodes, where transmissions invoke the jammer nodes, which has been proposed and developed. Due to this identification mechanism, many existing reactive jamming defending schemes can be benefited. This Trigger Identification can also work as an application layer .In this paper, on one side we provide the several optimization problems to provide complete trigger identification service framework for unreliable wireless sensor networks and on the other side we also provide an improved algorithm with regard to two sophisticated jamming models, in order to enhance its robustness for various network scenarios.
DESIGN OF FIXTURE OF CONNECTING ROD FOR BORING OPERATIONijsrd.com
Connecting rod is very important part of engine. It should be accurately machined with the acceptable tolerance. Also the fluctuations of dimensions in work-piece to work piece should be minimum so that it will be easier to assemble in engine. But it has been observed that the required dimensions for the bolt diameter and smaller end diameter for the connecting rod are not continuously achievable by using the existing fixture. The diameters required of the bolts and the smaller end of the said connecting rod are 10±0.05 mm and 24±0.01 mm respectively The aim of this project is to design and development of a new fixture for machining (Boring) operation using designing software's i.e. Pro E and analysis using ANSYS ,which can eliminate the said problems. And the production rate will also increase up to 15% which is quite objective. So for that, a new hydraulic fixture is designed and observed that dimensional accuracy, increased production rate up to 15% and more output per day with boring operation. Which defines process is satisfactory enough and validates the project.
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
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Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
Courier management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
It is now-a-days very important for the people to send or receive articles like imported furniture, electronic items, gifts, business goods and the like. People depend vastly on different transport systems which mostly use the manual way of receiving and delivering the articles. There is no way to track the articles till they are received and there is no way to let the customer know what happened in transit, once he booked some articles. In such a situation, we need a system which completely computerizes the cargo activities including time to time tracking of the articles sent. This need is fulfilled by Courier Management System software which is online software for the cargo management people that enables them to receive the goods from a source and send them to a required destination and track their status from time to time.
Democratizing Fuzzing at Scale by Abhishek Aryaabh.arya
Presented at NUS: Fuzzing and Software Security Summer School 2024
This keynote talks about the democratization of fuzzing at scale, highlighting the collaboration between open source communities, academia, and industry to advance the field of fuzzing. It delves into the history of fuzzing, the development of scalable fuzzing platforms, and the empowerment of community-driven research. The talk will further discuss recent advancements leveraging AI/ML and offer insights into the future evolution of the fuzzing landscape.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Vaccine management system project report documentation..pdfKamal Acharya
The Division of Vaccine and Immunization is facing increasing difficulty monitoring vaccines and other commodities distribution once they have been distributed from the national stores. With the introduction of new vaccines, more challenges have been anticipated with this additions posing serious threat to the already over strained vaccine supply chain system in Kenya.
Automobile Management System Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
The proposed project is developed to manage the automobile in the automobile dealer company. The main module in this project is login, automobile management, customer management, sales, complaints and reports. The first module is the login. The automobile showroom owner should login to the project for usage. The username and password are verified and if it is correct, next form opens. If the username and password are not correct, it shows the error message.
When a customer search for a automobile, if the automobile is available, they will be taken to a page that shows the details of the automobile including automobile name, automobile ID, quantity, price etc. “Automobile Management System” is useful for maintaining automobiles, customers effectively and hence helps for establishing good relation between customer and automobile organization. It contains various customized modules for effectively maintaining automobiles and stock information accurately and safely.
When the automobile is sold to the customer, stock will be reduced automatically. When a new purchase is made, stock will be increased automatically. While selecting automobiles for sale, the proposed software will automatically check for total number of available stock of that particular item, if the total stock of that particular item is less than 5, software will notify the user to purchase the particular item.
Also when the user tries to sale items which are not in stock, the system will prompt the user that the stock is not enough. Customers of this system can search for a automobile; can purchase a automobile easily by selecting fast. On the other hand the stock of automobiles can be maintained perfectly by the automobile shop manager overcoming the drawbacks of existing system.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Voltage Stability & Power Quality Assessment of Distributed Generation Based Wind Farm System
1. IJSRD - International Journal for Scientific Research & Development| Vol. 1, Issue 5, 2013 | ISSN (online): 2321-0613
All rights reserved by www.ijsrd.com 1073
Abstract-- This paper demonstrated the power quality &
voltage stability problems associated with the renewable
based distribution generation systems and how the Flexible
AC Transmission System (FACTS) device such as Static
Synchronous Compensator (STATCOM) play an important
role in Power Quality Improvement. First we simulated the
wind farm system without STATCOM and after the system
simulated with STATCOM. We use the MATLAB/Simulink
software for Simulation.
I. INTRODUCTION
In the recent years the electrical power utilities are
undergoing rapid restructuring process worldwide. Indeed,
with deregulation, advancement in technologies and concern
about the environmental impacts, competition is particularly
fostered in the generation side thus allowing increased
interconnection of generating units to the utility networks.
These generating sources are called as distributed generators
(DG) and defined as the plant which is directly connected to
distribution network and is not centrally planned and
dispatched. These are also called as embedded or dispersed
generation units. The rating of the DG systems can vary
between few kW to as high as 100 MW. Various new types
of distributed generator systems, such as micro turbines and
fuel cells in addition to the more traditional solar and wind
power are creating significant new opportunities for the
integration of diverse DG systems to the utility. Inter
connection of these generators will offer a number of
benefits such as improved reliability, power quality,
efficiency, alleviation of system constraints along with the
environmental benefits. With these benefits and due to the
growing momentum towards sustainable energy
developments, it is expected that a large number of DG
systems will be interconnected to the power system in the
coming years.
The power quality issues can be viewed with
respect to the wind generation, transmission and distribution
network, such as voltage sag, swells, flickers, harmonics etc.
However the wind generator introduces disturbances into the
distribution network. One of the simple methods of running
a wind generating system is to use the induction generator
connected directly to the grid system. The induction
generator has inherent advantages of cost effectiveness and
robustness. However; induction generators require reactive
power for magnetization. When the generated active power
of an induction generator is varied due to wind, absorbed
reactive power and terminal voltage of an induction
generator can be significantly affected. A proper control
scheme in wind energy generation system is required under
normal operating condition to allow the proper control over
the active power production. A STATCOM based control
technology has been proposed for improving the power
quality which can technically manages the power level
associates with the commercial wind turbines.
II. POWER QUALITY IMPROVEMENT
A. POWER QUALITY STANDARDS, ISSUES AND ITS
CONSEQUENCES
1) INTERNATIONAL ELECTRO TECHNICAL
COMMISSION GUIDELINES
The guidelines are provided for measurement of power
quality of wind turbine.
1 The International standards are developed by the
working group of Technical Committee-88 of the
International Electro-technical Commission (IEC), IEC
standard 61400-21, describes the procedure for
determining the power quality characteristics of the
wind turbine [4].
2 The standard norms are specified.
3 IEC 61400-21: Wind turbine generating system, part-
21. Measurement and Assessment of power quality
characteristic of grid connected wind turbine.
4 IEC 61400-13: Wind Turbine—measuring procedure in
determining the power behaviour.
5 IEC 61400-3-7: Assessment of emission limits for
fluctuating load IEC 61400-12: Wind Turbine
performance. The data sheet with electrical
characteristic of wind turbine provides the base for the
utility assessment regarding a grid connection.
B. VOLTAGE VARIATION
The voltage variation issue results from the wind velocity
and generator torque. The voltage variation is directly
related to real and reactive power variations. The voltage
variation is commonly classified as under:
1 Voltage Sag/Voltage Dips.
2 Voltage Swells.
3 Short Interruptions
4 Long duration voltage variation
The voltage flicker issue describes dynamic variations in the
network caused by wind turbine or by varying loads. Thus
the power fluctuation from wind turbine occurs during
continuous operation. The amplitude of voltage fluctuation
depends on grid strength, network impedance, and phase-
angle and power factor of the wind turbines. It is defined as
a fluctuation of voltage in a frequency 10–35 Hz. The IEC
61400-4-15 specifies a flicker meter that can be used to
measure flicker directly.
C. HARMONICS
The harmonic results due to the operation of power
electronic converters. The harmonic voltage and current
Voltage Stability & Power Quality Assessment of Distributed
Generation Based Wind Farm System
Mr. Dattesh Y. Joshi1
Dr. Dipesh M. Patel2
1
Research Scholar 2
Professor & HOD
1
Pacific Academy of Higher Education Research, Udaipur, (Rajasthan)
2
Electrical Engineering Department, BITs edu Campus, Varnama, India
S.P.B.Patel Engineering College, Mehsana, Gujarat
2. Voltage Stability & Power Quality Assessment of Distributed Generation Based Wind Farm System
(IJSRD/Vol. 1/Issue 5/2013/0009)
All rights reserved by www.ijsrd.com 1074
should be limited to the acceptable level at the point of wind
turbine connection to the network. To ensure the harmonic
voltage within limit, each source of harmonic current can
allow only a limited contribution, as per the IEC-61400-36
guideline. The rapid switching gives a large reduction in
lower order harmonic current compared to the line
commutated converter, but the output current will have high
frequency current and can be easily filter-out.
D. WIND TURBINE LOCATION IN POWER SYSTEM
The way of connecting the wind generating system into the
power system highly influences the power quality. Thus the
operation and its influence on power system depend on the
structure of the adjoining power network.
E. SELF EXCITATION OF WIND TURBINE
GENERATING SYSTEM
The self-excitation of wind turbine generating system
(WTGS) with an asynchronous generator takes place after
disconnection of wind turbine generating system (WTGS)
with local load. The risk of self-excitation arises especially
when WTGS is equipped with compensating capacitor. The
capacitor connected to induction generator provides reactive
power compensation. However the voltage and frequency
are determined by the balancing of the system. The
disadvantages of self-excitation are the safety aspect and
balance between real and reactive power. [5]
F. CONSEQUENCES OF THE ISSUES
The voltage variation, flicker, harmonics causes the
malfunction of equipment’s namely microprocessor based
control system, programmable logic controller; adjustable
speed drives, flickering of light and screen. It may leads to
tripping of contractors, tripping of protection devices,
stoppage of sensitive equipment’s like personal computer,
programmable logic control system and may stop the
process and even can damage of sensitive equipment’s. Thus
it degrades the power quality in the grid.
G. GRID COORDINATION RULE
The American Wind Energy Association (AWEA) led the
effort in the United States for adoption of the grid code for
the interconnection of the wind plants to the utility system.
The first grid code was focused on the distribution level,
after the blackout in the United State in August 2003. The
United State wind energy industry took a stand in
developing its own grid code for contributing to a stable grid
operation. The rules for realization of grid operation of wind
generating system at the distribution network are defined as-
per IEC- 61400-21. The grid quality characteristics and
limits are given for references that the customer and the
utility grid may expect. According to Energy Economic
Law, the operator of transmission grid is responsible for the
organization and operation of interconnected system. [6]
1) VOLTAGE RISE (u)
The voltage rise at the point of common coupling can be
approximated as a function of maximum apparent power
Smax of the turbine, the grid impedances R and X at the
point of common coupling and the phase angle, given in Eq.
1. [7]
2
max * *
.......(2.1)
R COS X SIN
U
u
s
The Limiting voltage rise value is ±2 %
2) VOLTAGE DIPS (d)
The voltage dips is due to startup of wind turbine
and it causes a sudden reduction of voltage. It is the relative
% voltage change due to switching operation of wind
turbine. The decrease of nominal voltage change is given in
Eq. 2.
* .......(2.2)n
u
k
S
d k
S
The acceptable voltage dips limiting value is ± 3%.
3) FLICKER
The measurements are made for maximum number of
specified switching operation of wind turbine with 10-min
period and 2-h period are specified, as given in Eq. 3.
* .......(2.3)n
it k
k
s
P C
s
The Limiting Value for flicker coefficient is about ≤ 0.4, for
average time of 2 h. [8]
4) HARMONICS
The harmonic distortion is assessed for variable speed
turbine with a electronic power converter at the point of
common connection. The total harmonic voltage distortion
of voltage is given as in Eq. 4.
240
2 1
*100.........(2.4)n
THD
n
V
V
V
The THD limit for 132 KV is ± 3%.
40
2 1
*100.........(2.5)n
THD
n
I
I
I
The THD of current and limit for 132 KV is ± 2.5%.
5) GRID FREQUENCY
The grid frequency in India is specified in the range of 47.5–
51.5 Hz, for wind farm connection. The wind farm shall able
to withstand change in frequency up to 0.5 Hz/s. [9]
III. STATIC COMPENSATOR (STATCOM)
The STATCOM is a shunt-connected reactive power
compensation device that is capable of generating and/or
absorbing reactive power and in which the output can be
varied to control the specific parameters of an electric power
system. It is in general a solid-state switching converter
capable of generating or absorbing independently
controllable real and reactive power at its output terminals
when it is fed from an energy source or energy-storage
device at its input terminals. A STATCOM is a controlled
reactive power source. It provides the desired reactive power
generation and absorption entirely by means of electronic
processing of the voltage and current waveforms in a
voltage source converter (VSC). A single line STATCOM
power circuit is shown in Fig.1, where, a VSC is connected
to a utility bus through a magnetic coupling. In Fig. 2, the
STATCOM is seen as an adjustable voltage source behind
reactance. This means that capacitor banks and shunt
reactors are not needed for reactive power generation and
3. Voltage Stability & Power Quality Assessment of Distributed Generation Based Wind Farm System
(IJSRD/Vol. 1/Issue 5/2013/0009)
All rights reserved by www.ijsrd.com 1075
absorption, thereby giving STATCOM a compact design
[7].
A STATCOM can improve power system performance as
follows: The dynamic voltage control in transmission and
distribution systems, the power oscillation damping in
power transmission systems.
The transient stability, the voltage flicker control, and The
control of not only reactive power but also (if needed) active
power in the connected line, requiring a dc energy source.
A. Principle of Operation
The exchange of reactive power is done by regulating the
output voltage of the inverter VSTATCOM, which is in
phase with the mains voltage Vk. The operation can be
described as follows.
1 If the voltage VSTATCOM is below Vk, the
current through the inductor is phase shifted in
relation to the voltage Vk which provides an
Inductive current, then QS becomes positive and
the STATCOM absorbs reactive power.
2 If the voltage VSTATCOM exceeds Vk, the
current through the inductor is phase shifted in
relation to the voltage Vk which provides a
capacitive current, then QS becomes negative and
the STATCOM generates reactive power.
3 If the voltage VSTATCOM is equal to Vk, the
current through the inductor is zero and therefore
there is no exchange of energy.
Fig. 1: Single line STATCOM Power Circuit
III. SIMULATION RESULTS
The case study in this paper consists of a wind farm having
six 1.5-MW wind turbines connected to a 25-kV distribution
system as shown Fig. 2. The distribution system further
delivers power to a 120-kV grid through a 25-km 25-kV
feeder. All wind turbines use squirrel-cage induction
generators (IG). The stator winding is connected directly to
the 60 Hz grid and the rotor is driven by a variable-pitch
wind turbine. The pitch angle is controlled in order to limit
the generator output power at its nominal value for winds
exceeding the nominal speed. Each wind turbine has a
protection system monitoring voltage, current and machine
speed. Reactive power absorbed by the IGs is partly
compensated by capacitor banks connected at each wind
turbine low voltage bus. The rest of reactive power required
to maintain the 25-kV voltage at bus B25 close to 1 pu is
provided by a 3-Mvar STATCOM with a 3% droop setting.
The MATLAB/Simulink block diagram is shown in Fig. 3.
As shown in Fig. 4, at t=9.2 s, the voltage bus 25 drops to
0.91 pu, due to insufficient reactive power and consequently
the protection circuit of wind turbine 1 disconnects it due to
under voltage. After turbine 1 has tripped, turbines 2 and 3
continue to generate 3 MW each as shown in Fig. 5.
Fig.2: Single line diagram of system
When the STATCOM is connected at bus 25, the voltage at
bus 25 drops to 0.98 pu, due to reactive power support from
STATCOM which is shown in fig. 4 and consequently all
wind turbines continue to generate power throughout the
range of operation without tripping as shown in Fig.
Fig. 3: Simulink diagram of grid connected wind farm
Fig. 4: Simulation result of Vabc_B25 V/s Time without
STATCOM
Fig. 5: Simulation result of P_B25 V/s Time without
STATCOM
4. Voltage Stability & Power Quality Assessment of Distributed Generation Based Wind Farm System
(IJSRD/Vol. 1/Issue 5/2013/0009)
All rights reserved by www.ijsrd.com 1076
Fig. 6: Simulation result of Q_B25 V/s Time without
STATCOM
Fig.7 Simulation result of Vabc_B25 V/s Time with
STATCOM
Fig. 8: Simulation result of P_B25 V/s Time with
STATCOM
Fig. 9: Simulation result of Q_B25 V/s Time with
STATCOM
IV. CONCLUSION
In this paper we present the power quality control in
distributed generation based on the wind farm system using
FACTS device (STATCOM) Flexible AC Transmission
System (FACTS) device such as Static Compensator
“STATCOM” is power electronic based switch is used to
control the reactive power and therefore bus voltages.
Results are presented to show that the voltage at bus 25
drops to very low value of 0.91 pu due to insufficient
reactive power but this bus voltage gets improved to
0.98when STATCOM is incorporated in the system. Thus
the voltage and hence Power Quality Improvement in
distributed generation of wind farm system.
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