MicroGrid and Energy Storage System COMPLETE DETAILS NEW PPT Abin Baby
A microgrid is a localized grouping of electricity generation, energy storage, and loads that normally operates connected to a traditional centralized grid (macrogrid). This single point of common coupling with the macrogrid can be disconnected. The microgrid can then function autonomously. Generation and loads in a microgrid are usually interconnected at low voltage. From the point of view of the grid operator, a connected microgrid can be controlled as if it were one entity.
Microgrid generation resources can include fuel cells, wind, solar, or other energy sources. The multiple dispersed generation sources and ability to isolate the microgrid from a larger network would provide highly reliable electric power. Produced heat from generation sources such as micro turbines could be used for local process heating or space heating, allowing flexible trade off between the needs for heat and electric power.
MicroGrid and Energy Storage System COMPLETE DETAILS NEW PPT Abin Baby
A microgrid is a localized grouping of electricity generation, energy storage, and loads that normally operates connected to a traditional centralized grid (macrogrid). This single point of common coupling with the macrogrid can be disconnected. The microgrid can then function autonomously. Generation and loads in a microgrid are usually interconnected at low voltage. From the point of view of the grid operator, a connected microgrid can be controlled as if it were one entity.
Microgrid generation resources can include fuel cells, wind, solar, or other energy sources. The multiple dispersed generation sources and ability to isolate the microgrid from a larger network would provide highly reliable electric power. Produced heat from generation sources such as micro turbines could be used for local process heating or space heating, allowing flexible trade off between the needs for heat and electric power.
In microgrid, if fault occurs or any other contingency happens, then the problems would be created which are related to power flow, also there are various protection schemes are used for minimize or eliminate these problems.
Voltage control is used for reactive power balance and P-f control is used for active power control.
Various protection schemes such as, over current protection, differential protection scheme, zoning of network in adaptive protection scheme are used in microgrid system .
Introduction to reactive power control in electrical powerDr.Raja R
Introduction to reactive power control in electrical power
Reactive power in transmission line :
Reactive power control
Reactive power and its importance
Apparent Power
Reactive Power
Apparent Power
Reactive Power Formula
Role of storage in smart grid
Different types of storage technologies
USE OF BATTERIES IN GRID
TYPES OF BATTERIES
SMES {SUPERCONDUCTING MAGNETIC ENERGY STORAGE}
Communication, Measurement and Monitoring Technologies for Smart Grid
Real time pricing
Smart Meters
CLOUD Computing
cyber security for smart grid
Phasor Measurement Units (PMU)
These slides present an introduction to load flow analysis for distribution system. Later the detail algorithm, matlab coding and application to IEEE radial distribution system will be subsequently provided.
A Review on Optimization Techniques for Power Quality Improvement using DSTAT...ijtsrd
As demand for electricity has risen exponentially, power production and transmission are affected by scarce energy, environmental constraints and other losses. Soft computing methods to fix the sag, swell and disruption of the supply voltage in the distributed device. At present, a broad variety of highly versatile controls that leverage on newly available power electronics components are evolving for custom power applications. Control electronic equipment intended to improve the stability and efficiency of electricity flows in low voltage distribution networks. The control algorithm is used to derive the fundamental weighted value of the active and reactive power components. Using a digital signal processor, DSTATCOM is built and its output as a DSTATCOM is found to be satisfactory for different types of loads. Amit Radhakrishna Parhad | Pramod Kumar Rathore "A Review on Optimization Techniques for Power Quality Improvement using DSTATCOM (Neural Network Approach)" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-4 , June 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.compapers/ijtsrd42403.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.comengineering/electrical-engineering/42403/a-review-on-optimization-techniques-for-power-quality-improvement-using-dstatcom-neural-network-approach/amit-radhakrishna-parhad
In microgrid, if fault occurs or any other contingency happens, then the problems would be created which are related to power flow, also there are various protection schemes are used for minimize or eliminate these problems.
Voltage control is used for reactive power balance and P-f control is used for active power control.
Various protection schemes such as, over current protection, differential protection scheme, zoning of network in adaptive protection scheme are used in microgrid system .
Introduction to reactive power control in electrical powerDr.Raja R
Introduction to reactive power control in electrical power
Reactive power in transmission line :
Reactive power control
Reactive power and its importance
Apparent Power
Reactive Power
Apparent Power
Reactive Power Formula
Role of storage in smart grid
Different types of storage technologies
USE OF BATTERIES IN GRID
TYPES OF BATTERIES
SMES {SUPERCONDUCTING MAGNETIC ENERGY STORAGE}
Communication, Measurement and Monitoring Technologies for Smart Grid
Real time pricing
Smart Meters
CLOUD Computing
cyber security for smart grid
Phasor Measurement Units (PMU)
These slides present an introduction to load flow analysis for distribution system. Later the detail algorithm, matlab coding and application to IEEE radial distribution system will be subsequently provided.
A Review on Optimization Techniques for Power Quality Improvement using DSTAT...ijtsrd
As demand for electricity has risen exponentially, power production and transmission are affected by scarce energy, environmental constraints and other losses. Soft computing methods to fix the sag, swell and disruption of the supply voltage in the distributed device. At present, a broad variety of highly versatile controls that leverage on newly available power electronics components are evolving for custom power applications. Control electronic equipment intended to improve the stability and efficiency of electricity flows in low voltage distribution networks. The control algorithm is used to derive the fundamental weighted value of the active and reactive power components. Using a digital signal processor, DSTATCOM is built and its output as a DSTATCOM is found to be satisfactory for different types of loads. Amit Radhakrishna Parhad | Pramod Kumar Rathore "A Review on Optimization Techniques for Power Quality Improvement using DSTATCOM (Neural Network Approach)" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-4 , June 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.compapers/ijtsrd42403.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.comengineering/electrical-engineering/42403/a-review-on-optimization-techniques-for-power-quality-improvement-using-dstatcom-neural-network-approach/amit-radhakrishna-parhad
A New approach for controlling the power flow in a transmission system using ...IJMER
Electrical power systems is a large interconnected network that requires a careful design to maintain the system with continuous power flow operation without any limitation. Flexible Alternating Current Transmission System (FACTS) is an application of a power electronics device to control the power flow and to improve the system stability of a power system. Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC) is a new concept for the compensation and effective power flow control in a transmission system.Through common DC link, any inverters within the UPFC is able to transfer real power to any other and there by facilitate real power transfer among the line. In this paper a test system is simulated in MATLAB/SIMULINK and the results of the network with and without UPFC are compared and when the voltage sag is compensated, reactive power is controlled and transmission line efficiency is improved.
HVDC and FACTS for Improved Power Delivery Through Long Transmission LinesRajaram Meena
HVDC and FACTS for Improved Power Delivery Through Long Transmission Lines in using PSAT in GUI/matlab in that slide uses a basic deeply small instrument using power transmission lines..it's main purpose to improve knowledge skills of students..
Voltage sag mitigation using supercapacitor based dynamic voltage restorereSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development is an international premier peer reviewed open access engineering and technology journal promoting the discovery, innovation, advancement and dissemination of basic and transitional knowledge in engineering, technology and related disciplines.
We follow "Rigorous Publication" model - means that all articles appear on IJERD after full appraisal, effectiveness, legitimacy and reliability of research content. International Journal of Engineering Research and Development publishes papers online as well as provide hard copy of Journal to authors after publication of paper. It is intended to serve as a forum for researchers, practitioners and developers to exchange ideas and results for the advancement of Engineering & Technology.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development is an international premier peer reviewed open access engineering and technology journal promoting the discovery, innovation, advancement and dissemination of basic and transitional knowledge in engineering, technology and related disciplines.
We follow "Rigorous Publication" model - means that all articles appear on IJERD after full appraisal, effectiveness, legitimacy and reliability of research content. International Journal of Engineering Research and Development publishes papers online as well as provide hard copy of Journal to authors after publication of paper. It is intended to serve as a forum for researchers, practitioners and developers to exchange ideas and results for the advancement of Engineering & Technology.
Mitigation of Fault in the Distribution System by using Flexible Distributed ...IJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) covers all the fields of engineering and science: Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Civil Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Computer Engineering, Agricultural Engineering, Aerospace Engineering, Thermodynamics, Structural Engineering, Control Engineering, Robotics, Mechatronics, Fluid Mechanics, Nanotechnology, Simulators, Web-based Learning, Remote Laboratories, Engineering Design Methods, Education Research, Students' Satisfaction and Motivation, Global Projects, and Assessment…. And many more.
Design and Simulation of a Three Phase Power Converter Connected To a Distrib...IJERA Editor
The distributed generation systems based on renewable energy sources (photovoltaic, fuel cells, and storage systems such as ultra capacitors and batteries) are of great interest due to their low environmental impact and technical advantages such as improvements in voltage levels and reduced power losses when a distributed generation system is installed in radial lines. Two control algorithms were proposed to improve the grid-connected and intentional-islanding operations methods, in which the distributed generation system must detect the situation and switch from power or current to voltage as a control variable to provide constant rms voltage to the local loads. The power flow between the grid and the distributed generation is controlled by applying a power/voltage method that regulates the amplitude and the displacement of the grid voltage synthesized by the distributed generation, while a phase-locked loop algorithm is used to synchronize the grid and distributed generation.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
2. INTRODUCTION
The current electrical industry consists of central power generation connected by
transmission lines of high voltage.
Electric power is generated at the generating stations and transferred to the load
centers.
The electricity then distributed to the consumers. For this, we have a large network
of low and medium voltages distribution lines.
With the help of these distribution lines electricity is provided to households.
The transmission and Distribution system in combined is known as Delivery
System.
3. Contd..
Transmission Systems:
• Used to evacuate power from the generating stations to the load centers.
Sub-transmission Systems:
• These are usually of reduced capacities and voltage levels.
• These are used to take power from the transmission switching stations or
generation plants and to deliver it to distribution substations.
Primary Distribution Systems:
• These are the basically power networks used to carry power from substations to
distribution transformer.
Secondary Distribution Systems:
• These networks are used to supply power to the end-user/customer.
4. GOALS of POWER DELIVERY SYSTEM
• Cover the utility’s service territory, reaching all consumers who wish to be
connected and purchase power.
• Have sufficient capability to meet the peak demands of these energy
consumers.
• Provide satisfactory continuity of service (reliability) to the consumers.
• Provide stable voltage quality regardless of load level or conditions.
• Maintain the desired power quality to the consumers.
5. BACKGROUND
In the early part of the electric era (1890-1930) most electric utilities
viewed interruptions of service primarily as interruptions in revenue.
The mindset of the utilities changes during the 1930s-1960s due to
the inception of the Digital computer.
The utilities adopt several measures to measure and quantify the
reliability level during 1970-1990, which leads to the development of
supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) system, outage
management system etc., to determine which customer is out of
service, and when, and why.
After 1990, the power delivery system undergoes the supervisions of
regulatory commission. In India. This happens after the
implementation of the Electricity Act 2003.
6. According to section 2 (50) Electricity Act 2003,
“Power System” means all aspects of generation, transmission, distribution and
supply of electricity and includes one or more of the following, namely:
a) Generating stations
b) Transmission or Main transmission lines
c) Sub-stations
d) Tie-lines
e) Load dispatch activities
f) Mains or distribution mains
g) Electric supply-lines
h) Overhead Lines
i) Service Lines
Contd…
7. ELECTRICAL DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
A distribution system constitutes the part of electric power system
between the step-down distribution substation and the consumers’
service switches.
A distributed system is designed to supply continuous and reliable
power at the consumers’ terminal at minimum cost.
The transmitted electric power is stepped down in substations, for
primary for distribution purposes.
This stepped down electric power is fed to the distribution
transformer through primary distribution feeders which provides
power to individual consumer premises.
8. Factors Transmission System Distribution System
Topological Meshed Radial
Load Relatively balanced Unbalanced
Lines Transposed Non-transposed
Power Losses Low High
Fault Occurrence Less More
9. Fig. 1: A Radial Electrical Power Distribution System
10. The development in distribution network with the increase in demand, results
in power loss, voltage drop and unbalancing of load which has an adverse
effect on overall system operation.
With the advancement of computer controlled instruments at distribution side
system, serious issues regarding deteriorated power quality has been
increased.
The renewable energy sources (RES) integrated in the form of DG make it
worse.
Various type of compensating devices are used for the mitigation of these
problems. These devices include series APF, shunt APF and a combination of
both.
11. CUSTOM POWER DEVICES
The concept of Custom Power came into the picture after the advancement in power
electronic controllers.
This concept was first introduced by Hingorani in 1995.
The term custom power means employ power electronic controllers in distribution
system.
Just as FACTS improves the quality, reliability of transmission network by enhancing
power transfer and stability, the custom power enhances the quality as well as
reliability of the power which is being delivered to the consumers.
12. Custom power devices are classified into two categories:
1. Network Reconfiguration Type
2. Compensating Type
1) Network Reconfiguration Type Custom Power Devices :
• These devices are generally GTO or thyristor based switches and also known as
switchgears.
13. 2) Compensating Type Custom Power Devices:
These devices are generally used for load balancing, active and reactive
power control, mitigation of voltage sag and swell, VAR compensation,
attenuation of flicker, etc. applications.
The compensating devices generally consists series, shunt and hybrid
compensators.
These custom power devices are primarily designed for improving the power
quality at their point of installation not to improve quality of power of entire
system.
14.
15. D-STATCOM
D-STATCOM stands for Distribution Static Synchronous Compensator.
D-STATCOM is a shunt compensator based on the synchronous machine
principles which is mostly used for reactive power compensation.
The term static indicates that it is based on solid state power electronic
switching devices with no moving or rotating components
A D-STATCOM is a fast-response, solid-state power controller that provides
power quality improvements at the point of connection to the utility
distribution feeder.
16. D-STATCOM also used to regulate the terminal voltage, suppress voltage
flicker, and improve voltage balance in three-phase systems.
It maintains bus voltage sags at the required level by supplying or receiving
reactive power in the distribution system.
One of the major factors in advancing the DSTATCOM technology is the
advent of fast, self-commutating solid-state devices.
It is the most important controller for distribution networks. It has been widely
used to precisely regulate the system voltage and/or for load compensation.
Contd…
17. In the initial stages, BJTS and power MOSFETs have been used to
develop D-STATCOMS
With the introduction of IGBTS. the DSTATCOM technology has got a
real boost and at present it is considered as an ideal solid-state device
for D-STATCOMS.
The improved sensor technology, especially Hall effect current and
voltage sensors, has also contributed to the enhanced performance of
DSTATCOMS.
The next breakthrough in DSTATCOM development has resulted from
the microelectronics (DSP, microprocessor, etc) revolution.
Contd…
18. Using the D-STATCOM, the reactive power compensation and
unbalanced current compensation are achieved in all the control
algorithms.
In addition, zero voltage regulation (ZVR) at PCC is also achieved
by modifying the control algorithm suitably.
20. CLASSIFICATIONS OF D-STATCOM
D-STATCOMs can be classified based on the type of converter used, topology,
and the number of phases.
The converter used in the D-STATCOM can be either a current source converter
or a voltage source converter.
Different topologies of D-STATCOMs can be realized by using transformers and
various circuits of VSCs.
The third classification is based on the number of phases, namely, single-phase
two wire, three-phase three-wire, and three-phase four-wire systems.
21. REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Hingorani (1988) discussed on the role of power electronics in electric
utilities or role of power electronics in future power systems.
Teng and Chang (2002) presented a load-flow solution for unbalanced
radial distribution networks. They used the Jacobian matrix formation
algorithm to form the matrix in spite of old time-consuming approaches.
Their suggested technique could easily incorporate the distribution
equipment model. They compared the results obtained by the proposed
method with that of other existing best methods and found the proposed
technique suitable for enormous distribution setups.
22. • Ranjan et al. (2004) presented an algorithm for power-flow studies of
unbalanced radial distribution networks. They formed their algorithm by
using basic concepts of network analysis and mutual coupling between the
phases for making the network model. The key benefit of the planned
technique is that all the records are kept in the vector form. Their method
gave the results efficiently and fast, so that it could be used for various
power-flow study applications viz. reconfiguration of network and
SCADA.
• Jazebi et al. (2011) had first introduced the D-STATCOM allocation in the
distribution system for the sake of power loss minimization. They
suggested to place D-STATCOM after reconfiguration for the better power
loss minimization. Since the distribution system suffers from high X/R
ratio, the Gauss-Seidel method which was proposed by them for load flow
is not suitable for analysis.
23. Chang et al. (2018) proposed improvements in bidirectional power-flow
balancing and electric power quality of a microgrid with unbalanced
distributed generators and loads by using shunt compensators. They used
shunt compensator in a three-phase, radial-type microgrid with unbalanced
DGs and loads to achieve bidirectional power-flow balancing and improve
the electrical power quality.
24. MATERIALS AND METHODS
• Operating System: Windows 10 (version 1909 ),
• Windows Server 2019
• Tools: Mathworks MATLAB 2015a
• IEEE Standard 33 Bus System
25. LOAD FLOW ANALYSIS
Load Flow studies are performed to know the steady state operating condition
of a power system.
In power system, powers are known quantities rather than currents. Thus the
equations used in load flow studies are in terms of power.
These power flow equations are non-linear and solved by iterative techniques.
Load Flow studies are used for planning, operation, economic scheduling and
exchange of power between utilities.
26. Hence, Load flow analysis is pre-requisite for many operational and planning
problems such as:
Network configuration: it includes load balancing, reduction of loss, service
restoration.
Volt-var control: voltage profile improvement and volt-var optimization are some
examples.
DG and capacitor placement: renewable integration, loss reduction and reactive power
management.
Regular placement and control setting.
27. But in the case of distribution network the X/R ratio is very poor.
Program designed for power systems generally assume X/R ratio as
high.
Therefore, the methods used in transmission system have some
shortcomings such as,
• GS method when used in distribution networks converges very slow.
• while the NR method has a high computation time.
28. DISTRIBUTION LOAD FLOW
The X/R (reactance to resistance) ratio in transmission network is very
high.
Due to this there will be decoupled effect, it means real power P depends
on angle of voltage (δ) and reactive power Q mainly depends on voltage
difference (ΔV).
Because of this decoupling effect Jacobian matrix of NR will be diagonal
dominating and because of this dominance, convergence will be fast.
29. The distribution systems are generally radial or weakly meshed networks.
Although there is a provision of tie-lines which make it more mesh, but in
operation we use them as radial only.
Moreover, in most of the cases the distribution systems are unbalanced and we
have to analysis unbalance system in most of the cases.
Therefore, due to restrictions or limitations of general load flow methods in
distribution networks, BFS method is used in the load flow analysis of
distribution network.
Backward Forward Sweep (BFS) method:
30. This method involves separating the main system into two separate systems and
solving one, with the help of the last result of the other.
This process will be continued until convergence is achieved.
Solving for the currents with the voltages given is called Backward sweep (BS).
Solving for the voltages with the currents given is known as Forward sweep (FS).
Contd...
31. • Algorithm for BFS Load Flow:
Draw single line diagram of the typical distribution network.
Prepare a data file.
Choose appropriate base quantities.
Convert all the quantities to per unit quantities.
Start the algorithm.
32. Step 1. Initialization of voltages: we will initialize voltages of all buses.
𝑽𝒋
(𝟎)
= 𝑽𝒔∠𝟎° 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒋 = 𝟐, 𝟑, … … … . . 𝒏
Step 2. Initialization of iteration count k=1.
Step 3. Calculate load currents for j= 2,3, ………n.
𝑰𝒋
𝒌
= 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒋
𝑷𝑳𝒋 + 𝒋𝑸𝑳𝒋
𝑽𝒋
𝒌−𝟏
𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒋 = 𝟐, 𝟑, … … … … … 𝒏
Step 4. Backward Sweep: calculating branch current.
𝐼𝑚𝑛= current flowing between branch m and n.
𝑰𝒎𝒏
𝒌
= 𝑰𝒏
(𝒌)
+ 𝜮(𝒂𝒍𝒍 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒄𝒖𝒓𝒓𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝒃𝒓𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒉𝒆𝒔 𝒆𝒎𝒂𝒏𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒅 𝒇𝒓𝒐𝒎 𝒃𝒖𝒔 𝒏)
33. Step 5. Forward Sweep: calculate voltage at each bus.
𝑽𝒏
(𝒌)
= 𝑽𝒎
(𝒌)
− 𝒁𝒎𝒏𝑰𝒎𝒏
(𝒌)
𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒏 = 𝟐, 𝟑, … … … . . 𝑵
Step 6. Calculate error: error at any 𝑗 𝑡ℎ bus in 𝑘𝑡ℎ iteration,
𝒆𝒋
(𝒌)
= 𝑽𝒋
(𝒌)
− 𝑽𝒋
(𝒌−𝟏)
𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒋 = 𝟐, 𝟑, … . . 𝑵
Step 7. Find maximum error.
𝒆𝒎𝒂𝒙
(𝒌)
= 𝐦𝐚𝐱(𝒆𝟐
𝒌
, 𝒆𝟑
𝒌
, … … … . . 𝒆𝑵
𝒌
)
Step 8. Compare maximum error with the threshold value.
𝒊𝒇 𝒆𝒎𝒂𝒙
(𝒌)
≤ 𝜺
Print results.
Else, update iteration count, k=k+1 and then goto Step 3.
34. IEEE 33 Bus System
IEEE 33-Bus radial distribution system is
a standard bus system used for test and
comparing various types of DG units.
This bus system consists of 33 buses and
32 distribution lines..
Fig. : Single Line Diagram of IEEE 33-Bus
System
35. FORMULATION OF THE PROBLEM
Studies are performed on IEEE 33 bus standard distribution system.
Backward forward sweep load flow algorithm is used for the
calculations of voltage and current.
Objective Function,
Consider the change in voltage profile as a result of change of power
at the end node n,
∆𝑉𝑖
2
= 𝑉𝑖
′2
− 𝑉𝑖
2
∆𝑉𝑖
2
≥ ∆𝑉𝑖−1
2
≥ ⋯ ∆𝑉0
2
≥ 0
D-STATCOM Limits:
𝑄𝐷𝐶𝑂𝑀𝑚𝑖𝑛,𝑖
𝑘
≤ 𝑄𝐷𝐶𝑂𝑀,𝑖
𝑘
≤ 𝑄𝐷𝐶𝑂𝑀𝑚𝑎𝑥,𝑖
𝑘
37. REFERENCES:
Chang, W. N., Chang, C. M., and Yen, S. K. 2018. Improvements in Bidirectional Power-Flow
Balancing and Electric Power Quality of a Microgrid with Unbalanced Distributed Generators
and Loads by Using Shunt Compensators. Energies, 11(12): 3305.
Hingorani, N. G. 1988. Power Electronics in Electric Utilities: Role of Power Electronics in
Future Power Systems, Proc. IEEE, 76(4): 481-482.
https://www.electrical4u.com/electrical-power-distribution-system-radial-ring-main-electrical-
power-distribution-system.
Jazebi, S., Hosseinian, S. and Vahidi, B. 2011. DSTATCOM Allocation in Distribution
Networks Considering Reconfiguration using Differential Evolution Algorithm. Energy
Convers. Manag., 52(7): 2777-2783.
38. Ranjan, R., Venkatesh, B., Chaturvedi, A., and Das, D. 2004. Power
Flow Solution of Three-Phase Unbalanced Radial Distribution Network.
Electr. Power Compon. Syst., 32(4): 421-433.
Teng, J. H. and Chang, C. Y. 2002. A Novel and Fast Three-Phase Load
Flow for Unbalanced Radial Distribution Systems. IEEE Trans. Power
Syst., 17(4): 1238–1244.