HVDC and FACTS for Improved Power Delivery Through Long Transmission Lines in using PSAT in GUI/matlab in that slide uses a basic deeply small instrument using power transmission lines..it's main purpose to improve knowledge skills of students..
Introduction, Operation of 12-pulse converter as receiving and sending terminals of HVDC system, Equipment required for HVDC System and their significance, Comparison of AC and DC transmission, Control of HVDC transmission
HVDC Bridge and Station Configurations
1. General HVDC – HVAC Comparisons
2. Components of a Converter Bridge
3. HVDC scheme configurations
Operation of the HVDC converter
1. General assumptions
2. Rectifier operation with uncontrolled valves and X = 0
3. Rectifier operation with controlled valves and X = 0
4. Rectifier operation with controlled valves and X 0
5. Inverter operation with controlled valves and X 0
6. Commutation and Commutation Failure
7. Reactive Power Requirements
8. Short-circuit capacity requirements for an HVDC terminal.
9. Harmonics and filtering on the AC and DC sides
Introduction, Operation of 12-pulse converter as receiving and sending terminals of HVDC system, Equipment required for HVDC System and their significance, Comparison of AC and DC transmission, Control of HVDC transmission
HVDC Bridge and Station Configurations
1. General HVDC – HVAC Comparisons
2. Components of a Converter Bridge
3. HVDC scheme configurations
Operation of the HVDC converter
1. General assumptions
2. Rectifier operation with uncontrolled valves and X = 0
3. Rectifier operation with controlled valves and X = 0
4. Rectifier operation with controlled valves and X 0
5. Inverter operation with controlled valves and X 0
6. Commutation and Commutation Failure
7. Reactive Power Requirements
8. Short-circuit capacity requirements for an HVDC terminal.
9. Harmonics and filtering on the AC and DC sides
A flexible alternating current transmission system (FACTS) is a system composed of static equipment used for the AC transmission of electrical energy. It is meant to enhance controllability and increase power transfer capability of the network. It is generally a power electronics-based system.
In conventional AC transmission system, the ability to transfer AC power is limited by several factors like thermal limits, transient stability limit, voltage limit, short circuit current limit etc. These limits define the maximum electric power which can be efficiently transmitted through the transmission line without causing any damage to the electrical equipments and the transmission lines. This is normally achieved by bringing changes in the power system layout. However this is not feasible and another way of achieving maximum power transfer capability without any changes in the power system layout. Also with the introduction of variable impedance devices like capacitors and inductors, whole of the energy or power from the source is not transferred to the load, but a part is stored in these devices as reactive power and returned back to the source. Thus the actual amount of power transferred to the load or the active power is always less than the apparent power or the net power. For ideal transmission the active power should be equal to the apparent power. In other words, the power factor (the ratio of active power to apparent power) should be unity. This is where the role of Flexible AC transmission System comes.
High Voltage Direct Current technology has certain characteristics which
make it especially attractive for transmission system applications. HVDC
transmission system is useful for long-distance transmission, bulk power delivery and
long submarine cable crossings and asynchronous interconnections. The study of
faults is essential for reasonable protection design because the faults will induce a
significant influence on operation of HVDC transmission system. This paper provides
the most dominant and frequent faults on the HVDC systems such as DC Line-to-
Ground fault and Line-to-Line fault on DC link and some common types of AC faults
occurs in overhead transmission system such as Line-to-Ground fault, Line-to-Line
fault and L-L-L fault. In HVDC system, faults on rectifier side or inverter side have
major affects on system stability. The various types of faults are considered in the
HVDC system which causes due to malfunctions of valves and controllers, misfire
and short circuit across the inverter station, flashover and three phase short circuit.
The various faults occurs at the converter station of a HVDC system and
Controlling action for those faults. Most of the studies have been conducted on line
faults. But faults on rectifier or inverter side of a HVDC system have great impact on
system stability. Faults considered are fire-through, misfire, and short circuit across
the inverter station, flashover, and a three-phase short circuit in the ac system. These
investigations are studied using matlab simulink models and the result represented in
the form of typical time responses.
These slides present the introduction to FACTS devices. Later we will discuss about its modelling and control aspect applications. This comes under the topic on power electronics application in smart and microgrid systems.
As the fifth in a series of tutorials on the power system, Leonardo ENERGY introduces its minute lecture on voltage and frequency control, using the analogy of a metal/rubber plate to demonstrate the centralised nature of frequency control, whereas voltage control is more a local matter.
A flexible alternating current transmission system (FACTS) is a system composed of static equipment used for the AC transmission of electrical energy. It is meant to enhance controllability and increase power transfer capability of the network. It is generally a power electronics-based system.
In conventional AC transmission system, the ability to transfer AC power is limited by several factors like thermal limits, transient stability limit, voltage limit, short circuit current limit etc. These limits define the maximum electric power which can be efficiently transmitted through the transmission line without causing any damage to the electrical equipments and the transmission lines. This is normally achieved by bringing changes in the power system layout. However this is not feasible and another way of achieving maximum power transfer capability without any changes in the power system layout. Also with the introduction of variable impedance devices like capacitors and inductors, whole of the energy or power from the source is not transferred to the load, but a part is stored in these devices as reactive power and returned back to the source. Thus the actual amount of power transferred to the load or the active power is always less than the apparent power or the net power. For ideal transmission the active power should be equal to the apparent power. In other words, the power factor (the ratio of active power to apparent power) should be unity. This is where the role of Flexible AC transmission System comes.
High Voltage Direct Current technology has certain characteristics which
make it especially attractive for transmission system applications. HVDC
transmission system is useful for long-distance transmission, bulk power delivery and
long submarine cable crossings and asynchronous interconnections. The study of
faults is essential for reasonable protection design because the faults will induce a
significant influence on operation of HVDC transmission system. This paper provides
the most dominant and frequent faults on the HVDC systems such as DC Line-to-
Ground fault and Line-to-Line fault on DC link and some common types of AC faults
occurs in overhead transmission system such as Line-to-Ground fault, Line-to-Line
fault and L-L-L fault. In HVDC system, faults on rectifier side or inverter side have
major affects on system stability. The various types of faults are considered in the
HVDC system which causes due to malfunctions of valves and controllers, misfire
and short circuit across the inverter station, flashover and three phase short circuit.
The various faults occurs at the converter station of a HVDC system and
Controlling action for those faults. Most of the studies have been conducted on line
faults. But faults on rectifier or inverter side of a HVDC system have great impact on
system stability. Faults considered are fire-through, misfire, and short circuit across
the inverter station, flashover, and a three-phase short circuit in the ac system. These
investigations are studied using matlab simulink models and the result represented in
the form of typical time responses.
These slides present the introduction to FACTS devices. Later we will discuss about its modelling and control aspect applications. This comes under the topic on power electronics application in smart and microgrid systems.
As the fifth in a series of tutorials on the power system, Leonardo ENERGY introduces its minute lecture on voltage and frequency control, using the analogy of a metal/rubber plate to demonstrate the centralised nature of frequency control, whereas voltage control is more a local matter.
Flexible alternating current transmission systems (FACTs) technology opens up new opportunities for
controlling power flow and enhancing the usable capacity of present, as well as new and upgraded lines. These
FACTs device which enables independent control of active and reactive power besides improving reliability and
quality of the supply. This paper describes the real and reactive power flow control through a short transmission
line and then compensated short transmission line with different FACTs devices are used to selection of FACTs
devices for better reactive power compensation with change in line capacitance/shunt capacitance to observe
power flow. Computer simulation by MATLAB/SIMULINK has been used to determining better reactive power.
TCSC, STATCOM, UPFC and SSSC FACTs controller with different capacitance are tested for controlling
reactive power flow.
The significance of power factor correction (PFC) has long been visualized as a technology requirement for improving the efficiency of a power system network by compensating for the fundamental reactive power generated or consumed by simple inductive or capacitive loads. With the Information Age in full swing, the growth of high reliability, low cost electronic products have led utilities to escalate their power quality concerns created by the increase of such “switching loads.” These products include: entertainment devices such as Digital TVs, DVDs, and audio equipment; information technology devices such as PCs, printers, and fax-machines; variable speed motor drives for HVAC and white goods appliances; food preparation and cooking products such as microwaves and cook tops; and lighting products, which include electronic ballasts, LED and fluorescent lamps, and other power conversion devices that operate a variety of lamps. The drivers that have resulted in this proliferation are a direct result of the availability of low-cost switch-mode devices and control circuitry in all major end-use segments: residential, commercial, and industrial.
Transformer-Less UPFC for Wind Turbine ApplicationsIJMTST Journal
In this paper, an innovative technique with a new concept of transformer-less unified power flow controller
(UPFC) is implemented. The construction of the conventional UPFC that consists of two back-to-back inverters
which results in complexity and bulkiness which involves the transformers which are complication for
isolation & attaining high power rating with required output waveforms. To reduce a above problem to a
certain extent, a innovative transformer-less UPFC based on less complex configuration with two cascade
multilevel inverters (CMIs) has been proposed. Unified power flow controller (UPFC) has been the most
versatile Flexible AC Transmission System (FACTS) device due to its ability to control real and reactive power
80w on transmission lines while controlling the voltage of the bus to which it is connected. UPFC being a
multi-variable power system controller it is necessary to analyze its effect on power system operation. The
new UPFC offers several merits over the traditional technology, such as Transformer-less, Light weight, High
efficiency, Low cost & Fast dynamic response. This paper mainly highlights the modulation and control for
this innovative transformer-less UPFC, involving desired fundamental frequency modulation (FFM) for low
total harmonic distortion (THD), independent active and reactive power control over the transmission line,
dc-link voltage balance control, etc. The unique capabilities of the UPFC in multiple line compensation are
integrated into a generalized power flow controller that is able to maintain prescribed, and independently
controllable, real power & reactive power flow in the line. UPFC simply controls the magnitude and angular
position of the injected voltage in real time so as to maintain or vary the real and reactive power flow in the
line to satisfy load demand & system operating conditions. UPFC can control various power system
parameters, such as bus voltages and line flows. The impact of UPFC control modes and settings on the
power system reliability has not been addressed sufficiently yet. Cascade multilevel inverters has been
proposed to have an overview of producing the light weight STATCOM’s which enhances the power quality at
the output levels.When the multilevel converter is applied to STATCOM, each of the cascaded H-bridge
converters should be equipped with a galvanically isolated and floating dc capacitor without any power
source or circuit. This enables to eliminate a bulky, heavy, and costly line-frequency transformer from the
cascade STATCOM. When no UPFC is installed, interruption of either three-phase line due to a fault reduces
an active power flow to half, because the line impedance becomes double before the interruption. Installing
the UPFC makes it possible to control an amount of active power flowing through the transmission system.
Results has been shown through MATLAB Simulink
The presentation gives you the overview of the High Voltage Direct current and Flexible AC transmission systems.
In the presentation, there is the depiction of advantages of Direct current over Alternate current, the current implementation of FACTS around the globe
The concept of FACTS (Flexible Alternating Current Transmission System) refers to a family of power electronics-based devices able to enhance AC system controllability and stability and to increase power transfer capability.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Pile Foundation by Venkatesh Taduvai (Sub Geotechnical Engineering II)-conver...
HVDC and FACTS for Improved Power Delivery Through Long Transmission Lines
1. A
Seminar on
HVDC and FACTS for Improved
Power Delivery Through Long
Transmission Lines
Presented to: Presented By:
Prof. S.C.MITTAL RAJARAM CHANDRAMEENA
Prof. D.K.YADAV Roll no.-13/939
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING, RTU, KOTA
2. CONTENTS
• Introduction of HVDC, and it’s Applications
• HVDC use in Long transmission lines
• Introduction of FACTS and it’s Advantages
• FACTS use in Long transmission lines
• Study of UPFC
• Power system analysis toolbox (PSAT)
• PSAT used in HVDC or UPFC line
• Conclusion
• References
3. Introduction of HVDC
• For long distance high power transmission by
overhead line & underground line.
• Requires converter stations at each end of the
line.
• It can interconnect different power systems.
• Frequency conversion-
(60 Hz to 50 Hz, 50Hz to 25 Hz).
4. COMPONENTS OF HVDC
TRANSMISSION SYSTEMS
Following component are used in DC system-
• Converters
• Smoothing reactors
• Reactive power supplies
• Harmonic filters
• Electrodes
• DC lines
• Circuit breaker
5. CONVERTERS
• Perform AC/DC (rectifier) and DC/AC
(inverter) conversion.
• They consist of bridges and transformers.
• The transformers are ungrounded such that
the DC system will be able to establish its
own reference to ground.
6. Multiple Bridge Converters
• Two or more bridges are
connected in series to obtain as
a high a direct voltage as
required.
• These bridges are series on the
DC side, parallel on the AC
side.
• The ratio of the transformers are
adjustable under load.
• Multiple bridge converters are
used in even numbers and
arranged in pairs for 12-pulse
arrangement .
7. SMOOTHING
REACTORS….
•They decrease harmonics in
voltages and currents in DC
lines.
•The availability of the
Smoothing inductors is to
control the pulses of
constant current flows into
the transformer’s secondary
windings.
•Prevent current from being
discontinuous for light
loads.
8. REACTIVE POWER SUPPLIES
Reactive power (VAR) compensation is defined as the
management of reactive power to improve the
performance of ac systems. There are two aspects:-
1. Load Compensation – The main objectives are to:-
• Increase the power factor of the system.
• To balance the real power drawn from the system.
• Compensate voltage regulation.
• To eliminate current harmonics.
2.Voltage Support – The main purpose is to decrease the
voltage fluctuation at a given terminal of transmission
line.
Therefore the VAR compensation improves the
stability of ac system by increasing the maximum
active power that can be transmitted.
9. Continue…
Power is referred as the product of voltage and current
i.e. power = V x I
The portion of electricity that establishes and sustains
the electric and magnetic fields of alternating-current
equipment. Reactive power must be supplied to most
types of magnetic equipment, such as motors and
transformers.
In an ac transmission, when the voltage and
current go up and down at the same time, only real
power is transmitted and when there is a time shift
between voltage and current both active and reactive
power are transmitted.
10. AC HARMONIC FILTERS
• In the presence of system impendence of this
causes a non-sinusoidal voltage drop causing
voltage distortion at the load terminals known
as Harmonic Distortion.
• AC harmonic filters used to reduce
harmonics caused by converters which
generate harmonics in voltages and currents.
• These harmonics may cause overheating of
capacitors and nearby generators and
interference with telecommunication systems.
11. ELECTRODES
• Used to provide connection to the earth for neutral.
DC LINES
• They may be overhead lines or cables.
• DC lines are very similar to AC lines.
CIRCUIT BREAKERS
• They used to clear faults in the transformer and for
taking the DC link out of service.
• They are not used for clearing DC faults.
• DC faults are cleared by converter control more
rapidly(quickly).
12. ADVANTAGES OF HVDC
• Control of dc quantities (voltage, Current and Power).
• Loss is very less as no frequency reversals taken into
account.
• Improve line loading capacity & also increases the
efficiency of transmission.
• Requires less numbers of conductors for same power
transfer.
• Reduced in tower size (less clearance).
13. Continue...
• More power can be transmitted more efficiently over
long distances by applying hvdc.
• Interconnection of two AC systems, where AC lines
would not be possible due to stability problems or
both systems having different nominal frequencies.
• Control of Reactive Power and control of AC
Voltages.
• HVDC transmission is necessary for underwater
power transfer if the cables are longer than 50km.
14.
15. Introduction of FACTS
• FACTS as they are generally known, are new
devices that improve transmission systems.
• FACTS is a static equipment used for the AC
transmission of electrical energy.
• It is generally a power electronics based device.
• To enhance controllability and increase power
transfer capability.
16. Continue…
• Flexible AC Transmission System (Facts) is a
new integrated concept based on power
electronic switching converters and dynamic
controllers to enhance the system utilization and
power transfer capacity as well as the stability,
security, reliability and power quality of AC
system interconnections.
17. Benefits of FACTS
• Reduces the need for construction of new transmission
lines, capacitors and reactors.
• Provides greater ability to transfer power between
controlled areas.
• Improves the transient stability of the system.
• Controls real and reactive power flow in the line
independently.
• Increase quality of supply for sensitive industries.
• Increase transmission system reliability and availability.
19. •Series controller
It is designed to vary the impedance of the line
by presenting to the line circuit series
equivalents of capacitor, reactor or a variable
source. Voltage is injected in series from this
controller to vary the reactive power
compensation.
• Shunt controller .
It varies the shunt impedance connected to the
line by current injection. It can supply or
absorb variable reactive power.
20. Combined series-series controller
• It is use in multi-line transmission system. It
provides series reactive power compensation
for each line (3-phase) for real power to be
transferred via the interconnection. Another
term used for this controller is Interline Power
Flow Controller (IPFC), which is able to
balance both the real and reactive power flow.
It also contains a DC link like capacitor or
“battery” that provides energy storage.
22. 22
Efficient Installations: Easily installed in transmission lines.
Increased System Capacity: Maximum operational efficiency of
existing transmission lines and other equipment.
System Reliability: Provide greater voltage stability and power
flow control, which improves system reliability and security.
Improved System Controllability: Intelligence built into the
grid, ability to instantaneously respond to disturbances & redirect
power flows.
Investment: Less expensive than new transmission lines.
Greater flexibility as compare to hvdc line.
Improving real power transfer capability.
Advantage of FACTS Devices
23. STUTY OF UPFC
• The UPFC is a device which can control simultaneously
all three parameters of line power flow(voltage,current
power).
• Such "new" FACTS device combines together the
features of two "old" FACTS devices:
1. STATCOM
2. SSSC
• These two devices are two Voltage Source controller’s
(VSC’s) connected respectively in shunt with the
transmission line through a shunt transformer and in
series with the transmission line through a series
transformer, connected to each other by a common dc
link including a storage capacitor.
24. Continue…
• The shunt converter (STATCOM) is used for
voltage regulation at the point of connection
injecting an opportune reactive power flow into
the line and to balance the real power flow
exchanged between the series inverter and the
transmission line.
• The series converter (SSSC) can be used to control
the real and reactive line power flow inserting an
opportune voltage with controllable magnitude
and phase in series with the transmission line.
• It’s also known as “unified” controller and
require small amount of power for DC circuit
exchange occurring between the shunt-series
converters.
25. CIRCUIT DESCRIPTION
• The basic configuration of a UPFC, which is installed
between the sending-end Vs and the receiving-end VR.
the dc terminals of which are connected to a common
dc link capacitor.
Fig1: Basic configuration of UPFC
26. Power System Analysis Toolbox (PSAT)
• PSAT is a Matlab toolbox for static and dynamic
analysis and control of electric power systems.
• All operations can be assessed by means of graphical
user interfaces (GUIs) and a Simulink based library
provides an user friendly tool for network design.
• In order to perform accurate power system analysis,
PSAT supports a variety of static and dynamic
component models.
• A HVDC system is implemented in PSAT,
representing two AC/DC converters connected by a
DC line.
27. VSC HVDC in a DC line circuit with fault and
load and its back- to-back converter
(rectifier and inverter)
28. PSAT used in HVDC or UPFC line
a. The fundamental values of using lesser
command lines for power simulation can be
investigated and differences of power
enhancement by applying HVDC or UPFC in a
line can be reviewed critically.
b. Three phase generator is connected with a fault
at the remote end bus (receiving end bus), which
is the inverter. Normal power flow simulation is
conducted using toolbox with discrete time in
Matlab .
c. Fault is introduced at the inverter end or rectifier
end, then clearing time is very low.
29. Results…
d. PSAT in general is more suitable for
fundamental power flow and is more
graphical user interface based simulation.
e. There are adequate types of FACTS model and
as well with latest power devices for
continuous or optimal power flow studies in
for a given network.
e. PSAT is found to be more user friendly toolset.
30. CONCLUSION
• The advantages of HVDC in promoting damping of lines
power oscillation were shown in the case study to be
more efficient than UPFC.
• HVDC can be very useful for long transmission lines.
• It is more recommended in networks or interconnected
lines that have high variation of power demands and
complicated network connections with different power
frequencies.
• the cost for installing HVDC is 85 percent greater than
FACTS devices.
• UPFC in general is good for promoting line load-ability
and pool through interconnected network buses more
effectively.
31. REFERENCES
• IEEE guide for commissioning High-Voltage Direct-
Current (HVDC) converter stations and associated
transmission systems.
• N.G. Hingorani & L. Gyugyi, "Understanding FACTS,"
New York.
• A. Edris, “Technology Developments Applications of
power electronics-Based controller on transmission grid”.
• E.M. Yap, M. Al-Dabbagh, “Applications of FACTS
Controller for Improving Power Transmission
Capability”.
• F. Milano, “Power System Analysis Toolbox
documentation (PSAT)”.
