This document discusses integrated circuits and microprocessors. It begins by defining an integrated circuit as a set of electronic circuits on a semiconductor substrate and notes they are used in virtually all electronics. It then covers the invention of the integrated circuit by Jack Kilby and Robert Noyce, types of integrated circuits including analog, digital and mixed signal, and the advantages of integrated circuits like lower cost and power. The document proceeds to discuss the evolution of Intel microprocessors from the 4004 in 1971 to today's multi-core processors. It also outlines Moore's Law predicting transistor counts would double every year or two and how System on Chips are now commonly used in smartphones.

1. JABEZ WINSTON C
11EE16
713811105016
SRI RAMAKRISHNA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
02/09/14

2.  What is an integrated circuit?
 Types of integrated circuit
 Advantages of integrated circuit
 Microprocessors from Intel
 Moore’s Law
 System-on-chip(SoC)
02/09/14

3. What is an integrated circuit?
 An integrated circuit is a set of electronic circuits on
one small plate of semiconductor material.
 Integrated circuits are used in virtually all electronic
equipment and have revolutionized the world of
electronics.
IC741 from Texas Instruments,USA
02/09/14
Smart phone application processor
from MediaTek,Taiwan

4. Who invented the integrated
circuit?
The integrated circuit was independently was
developed by Jack Kilby of Texas
Instruments,USA and Robert Noyce(also founder
of Intel) of Fairchild semiconductor,USA
Jack Kilby
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Robert
Noyce

5. Types of Integrated Circuit
Based on application
 Analog IC
 Digital IC
 Mixed Signal IC
Based on number of components
 Small scale integration-SSI (Upto 100 components)
 Medium scale integration-MSI (100-3k)
 Large scale integration-LSI(3k-100k components)
 Very Large Scale Integration-VLSI(100k-1m components)
 Ultra Large Scale Integration-ULSI(above 1m
components)
02/09/14

6. Analog ICs
Analog ICs, such as sensors, power management
circuits, and operational amplifiers, work by
processing continuous signals. They perform
functions like amplification, active filtering, de
modulation, mixing, etc
OPAMP IC from
Texas Instruments
02/09/14
555 IC from Signetics
Corporation,USA

7. Digital ICs
Digital integrated circuits can contain anything from
one to millions of logic gates, multiplexers and other
circuits in a few square millimeters. The small size of
these circuits allows high speed, low power
dissipation, and reduced manufacturing cost
compared with board-level integration.
Intel’s first microprocessor-Intel 4004
Intel’s flagship 4th gen-i7 processor
02/09/14

8. Advantages of Integrated Circuits
Low cost
Low power consumption
Occupies less space
Faster operation due to reduction of stray capacitance
and inductance.
Mass scale production is possible.
Easy to put into various applications without
knowing the underlying complexity.
Billions of transistor can be fabricated on a single
chip
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9. 4004
 First microprocessor (1971)
 For Busicom calculator
 Characteristics
 10 µm process
 2300 transistors
 400 – 800 kHz
 4-bit word size
 16-pin DIP package
 Masks hand cut from Rubylith
and drawn with color pencils
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10. 8008
 Characteristics
 10 µm process
 3500 transistors
 500 – 800 kHz
 8-bit word size
 18-pin DIP package
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11. 8080
 16-bit address bus (1974)
 Used in Altair computer
(early hobbyist PC)
 Characteristics
 6 µm process
 4500 transistors
 2 MHz
 8-bit word size
 40-pin DIP package

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12. 8086 / 8088
 16-bit processor (1978-9)
 Revolutionary products
 Introduced x86 ISA
 Characteristics
 3 µm process
 29k transistors
 5-10 MHz
 16-bit word size
 40-pin DIP package
02/09/14

13. 80286
 Characteristics
 1.5 µm process
 134k transistors
 6-12 MHz
 16-bit word size
 68-pin PGA
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14. 80386
 32-bit processor (1985)
 Modern x86 ISA
 Characteristics
 1.5-1 µm process
 275k transistors
 16-33 MHz
 32-bit word size
 100-pin PGA
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15. 80486
 Pipelining (1989)
 Floating point unit
 8 KB cache
 Characteristics
 1-0.6 µm process
 1.2M transistors
 25-100 MHz
 32-bit word size
 168-pin PGA
02/09/14

16. Pentium
 2 instructions per cycle
 0.8-0.35 µm process
 3.2M transistors
 60-300 MHz
 32-bit word size
 296-pin PGA
02/09/14

17. Pentium Pro / II / III
 Dynamic execution (1995-9)
 3 micro-ops / cycle
 Multimedia instructions
 PIII adds 256+ KB L2$
 Characteristics
 0.6-0.18 µm process
 5.5M-28M transistors
 166-1000 MHz
 32-bit word size
02/09/14

18. Pentium 4
 Very fast clock
 256-1024 KB L2 cache
 180 – 90 nm process
 42-125M transistors
 1.4-3.4 GHz
 32-bit word size
 478-pin PGA
 Units start to become
invisible on this scale
02/09/14

19. Intel Core
65 nm process
Over 400 million transistors.
Max. 2MB L2 cache
SSE3 instruction set
LGA socket
Multiple cores
64-bit
Additional feature in Core 2
 Intel VT-x
 Hardware Security extensions
02/09/14

20. i-series
Came to market at beginning of 2010
New line of processors
i3 (Low end)
i5 (Mid range)
i7 (High end)
Integrated Graphics support
VT-x on all processors
VT-d on specific processors
Turbo Boost on K-type processors
Extensive support to newer technologies like USB
3.0,WiDi
02/09/14

21. More info on i-series
Generations
 1st generation -discontinued(2010)
 2nd generation -discontinued (2011)
 3rd generation (2012)
 4th generation (2013)
Number of transistors breached 1 billion mark
3rd ,4th processors used 22nm process
LGA1150,1155,1156,BGA,etc.,
Highest clock frequency-4GHz
Upto to 6 cores
 i3 (2 cores)
 i5(2 ,4 cores)
 i7(2,4,6 cores)
02/09/14

22. Moore’s Law
In 1965, Gordon Moore predicted the exponential
growth of the number of transistors on an IC
Transistor count doubled
every year since invention
Predicted > 65,000
transistors by 1975!
Growth limited by power
[Moore65]
02/09/14

23. Moore’s Law
Transistor counts have doubled every 26 months for
the past three decades.
1,000,000,000
100,000,000
10,000,000
Transistors
Intel486
1,000,000
80286
100,000
Pentium 4
Pentium III
Pentium II
Pentium Pro
Pentium
Intel386
8086
10,000
1,000
8008
4004
1970
8080
1975
1980
1985
Year
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1990
1995
2000

24. SoC (System on Chips)
System on Chip is an IC in which all components
needed for a computer or other system are included
on a single chip.
SoCs are found commonly on smartphones and tablet
PCs
Popular SoCs are MT6589,MT6577,Snapdragon
200,Snapdragon 800,Exynos 5420,etc.,
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25. MediaTek HSPA+ Smartphone
Application Processor
02/09/14

26. Qualcomm Snapdragon 200 SoC
02/09/14

27. 1.http://www.intel.com
2.http://ark.intel.com
3.http://www.mediatek.com
4.http://www.qualcomm.co.in
5.http://www.Wikipedia.org
02/09/14

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