This presentation explain the evolution of processing capability of computers, starting from very first digital computer till now. It covers processors,microprocessors etc

1. EVOLUTION
OF
PROCESSING
CAPABILITY
SUBMITTED TO : VIKRAM SIR SUBMITTED BY :AMAN
BIRLA
11620074
IT-4

2. Evolution
 The gradual development of something is known as
evolution
 Slow process of change from one form or level to a
better or higher one, or that brings into being a
superior or new order.

3. Processing Capability
 Processing capacity refers to the ability and speed of a
processor.
 Number of operations it carry out in a given amount of
time.
 Processor - A machine that processes something.
 A processor includes an arithmetical logic and
control unit (CU), which measures capability in terms
of the following:
 Ability to process instructions at a given time
 Maximum number of bits/instructions

4. Central Processing Unit
 The CPU is the heart and brain of a computer.
 It receives data input, executes instructions, and
processes information.
 It communicates with input/output (I/O) devices , which
send and receive data to and from the CPU.
 The clock rate, or speed of a CPU's internal parts, is
measured in hertz (Hz).
 One GHz is one billion cycles per second.

5. Vacuum Tube
 It was developed by John
Ambrose Fleming in 1904.
 The type of tube used in
early computers was called
a triode and was invented
by Lee De Forest in 1906.
 It was inefficient as a switch , consumed much power
and gave off enormous heat

6. Vacuum Tube
 In larger systems, it failed in every couple of hours or
so.
 Some First Generation Computer that used Vacuum
Tube were
 UNIVAC
 IBM-701
 IBM-650
 And ENIAC.

7. First Digital Computer
 ABC (Atanasoff-Berry Computer) developed by
Professor John Vincent Atanasoff and Cliff Berry in
1937.
 It used more than 300 vacuum tubes for digital
computation, it had no CPU .
 The ENIAC was invented by J. Presper Eckert and
John Mauchly.
 It used about 18,000 vacuum tubes.
 There’s a debate between ENIAC and ABC as which
was the First Computer.

8. Transistors
 The invention of the
transistor was one of the
most important develop-
-ments leading to the
personal computer
revolution.
 The transistor was invented in 1947 by Bell
Laboratory engineers John Bardeen, Walter Brattain
and William Shockley.
 All three jointly, shared the Nobel Prize in Physics in
1956.

9. Transistors
 Computer built using transistors was much efficient as
compared to vacuum tubes
 All three jointly, shared the Nobel Prize in Physics in
1956.
 Computer built using transistors was much efficient as
compared to vacuum tubes.
 Some Second generation Computers that used
Transistors were :
 IBM 7000, NCR 304 ,ATLAS , and Mark III.

10. Silicon Chip : Integrated
Circuits
 The silicon chip was invented in 1961 by, Jack Kilby
and Robert Noyce.
 The silicon chip is the most significant invention
developed during the past 50 years, according to a poll
of CNN.
 The creation of silicon
revolutionized and
miniaturized technology.

11. Silicon Chip : Integrated
Circuits
 Earlier systems were developed using bulky, power-
hungry vacuum tube technology.
 Silicon chip was basically a combination of separate
components on an integrated circuit.
 Some third generation computers that used
Integrated Circuits were:
 PDP-8
 PDP-11
 IBM 360, & IBM 370

12. Moore’s Law
 Moore's law is the observation that
“the number of transistors in a dense integrated
circuit doubles about every two years.”
 Gordon Moore, the co-founder of Fairchild
Semiconductor and Intel.

13. Moore’s Law

14. Microprocessor
 Microprocessor was developed by Intel in november
15,1971.
 It contain all computer components (CPU, memory,
input/output controls) onto a single chip.
 Intel 4004 was the first microprocessor chip
developed.
 The 4004 had 2,300 transistors, performed 60,000
operations per second (OPS), addressed 640 bytes of
memory, and cost $200.00.

15. Features of Microprocessor
 Features of microprocessor are :
 Small size hence portable
 Reliable
 Low power consumption
 Cost effective as available
at low prices.

16. Examples of Microprocessor
 Some of the most familiar microprocessors are :
 Intel 8080 was introduced on April 1, 1974;
the 8080 became a standard in the computer industry.
 The Motorola 68000, a 16/32-bit processor was
released and was later chosen as the processor for
the Apple Macintosh .
 AMD released the first single-
core Opteron processors, with speeds of 1.4 GHz to
2.4 GHz and 1024 KB L2 cache, on April 22, 2003.

17. Intel :Microprocessor
 Intel I-series is a familiar name in microprocessors,
 Intel has released three core processors namely
i3,i5,i7 .Till now seven generations of I-series have
been released.
 First generation : November, 2008.
 Second generation : early 2011.
 Third generation : mobile version april 2012, desktop
versions september 2012.

18. Intel :Microprocessor
 Fourth generation : released in year 2013.
 Fifth generation: September ,2014.
 Sixth generation: august , 2015
 Seventh generation : october 2016(mobile chips),
january 2017 (desktop chips).

19. Performance of core
processors
 Generally speaking, Core i7s are better than Core i5s,
which are in turn better than Core i3s. Core i7 does not
have seven cores nor does Core i3 have three cores.
They indicate their relative processing powers.
 Their relative levels of processing power are based on
a collection of criteria involving their number of cores,
clock speed (in GHz), size of cache, as well as
technologies like Turbo Boost 2.0 and Hyper-
Threading.

20. Performance of core
processors
 The more cores there are, the more tasks (known as
threads) can be served at the same time.
 Starting from the 6th generation Core i5 and i7 desktop
processors are quad core and i3 have dual core.
 The Intel Turbo Boost Technology 2.0 allows a
processor to dynamically increase its clock speed
whenever the need arises.
 It is available on the 7th Generation Core i7 and Core
i5 processors

21. Performance of core
processors
 Whenever the CPU finds that it keeps on using the
same data over and over, it stores that data in its
cache.
 The 7th Generation Core i3 and Core i5 processors
have either 3MB or 4MB of cache.
 Hyper-Threading enables a single core to serve
multiple threads. else single core serve single thread.

22. THANK YOU
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