This document discusses key concepts in integrated circuits like wafers, dies, faults, errors, and failures. It explains that a wafer is a thin slice of semiconductor material used to fabricate chips and comes in different sizes. A die is a small block of semiconductor that contains a functional circuit. The document also describes methods to avoid faults like careful design and manufacturing and to build fault tolerance using redundancy.
This lecture provide a detail concepts of user interface development design and evaluation. This lecture have complete guideline toward UI development. The interesting thing about this lecture is Software User Interface Design trends.
This lecture provide a detail concepts of user interface development design and evaluation. This lecture have complete guideline toward UI development. The interesting thing about this lecture is Software User Interface Design trends.
Human Computer Interaction Chapter 2 Interaction and Interaction Design Basi...VijiPriya Jeyamani
Interaction:
Introduction
Models of interaction
Ergonomics
Interaction styles
The context of the interactions
Paradigms:
Introduction
Paradigms for interaction.
2.2 Interaction Design:
Introduction
What is design?
User focus
Scenarios
Navigation design
Screen design and layout
Interaction and prototyping
This lecture provide a review of requirement engineering process. The slides have been prepared after reading Ian Summerville and Roger Pressman work. This lecture is helpful to understand user, and user requirements.
Human Computer Interaction Chapter 2 Interaction and Interaction Design Basi...VijiPriya Jeyamani
Interaction:
Introduction
Models of interaction
Ergonomics
Interaction styles
The context of the interactions
Paradigms:
Introduction
Paradigms for interaction.
2.2 Interaction Design:
Introduction
What is design?
User focus
Scenarios
Navigation design
Screen design and layout
Interaction and prototyping
This lecture provide a review of requirement engineering process. The slides have been prepared after reading Ian Summerville and Roger Pressman work. This lecture is helpful to understand user, and user requirements.
Universal Serial Bus (USB) is an industry standard developed in the mid-1990s that defines the cables, connectors and communications protocols used in a bus for connection, communication, and power supply between computers and electronic devices.
In this talk I explore the concepts of Failsafe Design and an example of implementing failsafe at the firmware/hardware interface, using LTSpice as a system tool to model and verify the failsafe approach. This has been applied to real systems that really exhibit the modeled failsafe behavior.
5 Techniques to Achieve Functional Safety for Embedded SystemsAngela Hauber
Failures of safety-critical electronic systems can result in loss of life, substantial financial damage or severe harm to the environment.
Safe computer systems are typically used in avionics or railway applications requiring particularly high reliability. This also goes for the medical market, while industrial automation environments demand more and more functional safety as technology becomes readily available.
5 Techniques to Achieve Functional Safety for Embedded SystemsMEN Micro
Failures of safety-critical electronic systems can result in loss of life, substantial financial damage or severe harm to the environment.
Safe computer systems are typically used in avionics or railway applications requiring particularly high reliability. This also goes for the medical market, while industrial automation environments demand more and more functional safety as technology becomes readily available.
Failures of safety-critical electronic systems can result in loss of life, substantial financial damage or severe harm to the environment.
Safe computer systems are typically used in avionics or railway applications requiring particularly high reliability. This also goes for the medical market, while industrial automation environments demand more and more functional safety as technology becomes readily available.
DESIGN APPROACH FOR FAULT TOLERANCE IN FPGA ARCHITECTUREVLSICS Design
Failures of nano-metric technologies owing to defects and shrinking process tolerances give rise to significant challenges for IC testing. In recent years the application space of reconfigurable devices has grown to include many platforms with a strong need for fault tolerance. While these systems frequently contain hardware redundancy to allow for continued operation in the presence of operational faults, the need to recover faulty hardware and return it to full functionality quickly and efficiently is great. In addition to providing functional density, FPGAs provide a level of fault tolerance generally not found in mask-programmable devices by including the capability to reconfigure around operational faults in the field. Reliability and process variability are serious issues for FPGAs in the future. With advancement in process technology, the feature size is decreasing which leads to higher defect densities, more sophisticated techniques at increased costs are required to avoid defects. If nano-technology fabrication are applied the yield may go down to zero as avoiding defect during fabrication will not be a feasible option Hence, feature architecture have to be defect tolerant. In regular structure like FPGA, redundancy is commonly used for fault tolerance. In this work we present a solution in which configuration bit-stream of FPGA is modified by a hardware controller that is present on the chip itself. The technique uses redundant device for replacing faulty device and increases the yield.
Introduction to Systems with Examples and Introduction to Embedded Systems, History, Advantages, Applications, Classifications,What is inside Embedded System, Architecture, Features and Languages used in Embedded Systems advantages and disadvantages
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
2. Wafer
A wafer is a thin slice of semiconductor material, such
as a crystalline silicon, used in electronics for
the fabrication of integrated circuits.
2-inch (51 mm), 4-inch (100 mm), 6-inch (150 mm), and 8-inch (200 mm) wafers
3. Die
A die in the context of integrated circuits is a small
block of semiconducting material, on which a given
functional circuit is fabricated
Die
Intel Xeon processor E7440 die
containing 1.9 billion transistors.
Die is 22×23 mm (503 mm2)
5. VLSI circuits like microprocessor contains billions of
transistors with feature size in order of nanometers.
So chances of failure are very high.
Even if the digital system is designed and
manufactured without faults , the system can develop
faults at later stages.
6. Faults, Errors and Failures
• Fault: A physical defect within a circuit or a system
– May or may not cause a system failure
• Error: Manifestation of a fault that results in incorrect
circuit (system) outputs or states
– Caused by faults
• Failure: Deviation of a circuit or system from its
specified behavior
– Fails to do what it should do
– Caused by an error
• Fault ---> Error ---> Failure
7. Some Real Defects in Chips
• Processing Faults
• Material Defects
• Time-Dependent Failures
• Packaging Failures
8. Fault avoidance
Fault avoidance (a process oriented concept) seeks to
prevent faults from being introduced into the system
By carefully designing and manufacturing systems ,
fault can be avoided
9. Fault tolerance
Fault tolerance (a product oriented concept) accepts
faults in a limited capacity and masks their
manifestation
A fault-tolerant design enables a system to continue
its intended operation, possibly at a reduced level,
rather than failing completely, when some part of the
system fails.
10. Methods to avoid faults and building fault
tolerant systems
Redundancy
It can implemented in the following ways
Providing multiple identical instances of the same
system or subsystem, directing tasks or requests to all of
them in parallel.
Providing multiple identical instances of the same
system and switching to one of the remaining instances
in case of a failure .
Providing multiple different implementations of the
same specification