DETAILS OF VITAMINS

1. DEPARTMENT OF PERIODONTOLOGY & IMPLANTOLOGY
DR.MD.SHADAB ANWAR
M.M.D.C.H DARBHANGA
1ST YEAR PG STUDENT
(DEPARTMENT OF PERIODONTOLOGY)
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[ INTER- DEPARTMENTAL SEMINAR ]

2. CONTENTS:-
1.Introduction
2.General characteristics
3. General Functions
4. Classification
5.Individual Characteristics
6. Individual RDA value
7.Individual Dietary Sources
8.Individual Function
9. Individual Deficiency
10. References
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3. The word "vitamin" comes from the Latin word “vita”, means
"life".
 Vitamins are essential nutrients found in foods. They perform
specific and vital functions in a variety of body systems, and are
crucial for maintaining optimal health.
1.Introduction
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4.  Vitamins are required in small quantities in the diet because they cannot
be synthesized by the body.
 Water soluble vitamins cannot be stored in humantissues.
Their excess is excreted with urine.
 Significant amounts of fat soluble vitamins can be stored in adipose
tissue and the liver.
 Synthetic vitamins are identical to naturalvitamins.
 Once growth and development are completed, vitamins remain essential
nutrients for the healthy maintenance of the cells, tissues, and organs.
2.General characteristics
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5.  Vitamins are helpful for the health and life of the
body in the following respects:
(a) They build up the resistance of the body against diseases.
(b) Prevent and cure various diseases caused by deficiency.
(c) Help the digestion and utilization of mineral salts and Carbohydrates in the body.
(d) Stimulate and give strength to digestive and nervous system.
(e) Help health protection.
(f) Help maintenance of proper health and normal growth.
3. General Functions
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6. 4. Classification
 On the basis of their solubility vitamins are mainly 2 types-
1. Fat-soluble vitamins and
2. Water-soluble vitamins.
※ Fat-soluble vitamins:- vitamins A, D, E and K — dissolve in fat before they are
absorbed in the bloodstream to carry out their functions. Excesses of these vitamins are
stored in the liver, and are not needed every day in the diet.
※ In contrast, water-soluble vitamins dissolve in water and are not stored by the
body. Since they are eliminated in urine, we require a continuous daily supply in our
diet.
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7. ※ The water-soluble vitamins include the vitamin B-complex group and vitamin C.
※ Water-soluble vitamins are easily destroyed or washed out during food storage or
preparation. Proper storage and preparation of food can minimize vitamin loss. To reduce
vitamin loss, always refrigerate fresh produce, keep milk and grains away from strong light,
and avoid boiling vegetables with the exception of soups where the broth is eaten.
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5.INDIVIDUAL CHARACTERISTIC
WATER SOLUBLE VITAMINS (B-COMPLEX VITAMINS)
 It is also called Anti Beri-Beri factor, Anti Neuritic factor, and also Aneurin.
The Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) for thiamin is
1.2 mg/day for adult males and
1.1 mg/day for adult females
DAILY REQUIRMENT
VITAMIN-B1

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DIETARY SOURCES
FUNCTION
※ Act as co-enzyme
※ Essential for synthesis of healthy nerve.
※ Promotes normal appetite, and
※ Plays a role in muscle contraction and conduction of nerve signals.
DEFICIENCY
BERI-BERI

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 It is also called as beauty vitamin.
The Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) for riboflavin is
1.3 mg/day for adult males
1.1 mg/day for adult females
DAILY REQUIRMENT
DIETARY SOURCES
VITAMIN:- B2

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• In humans riboflavin deficiency causes oral, facial, occular
lesions.
• Hair loss
• Growth failure
DEFICIENCY (Ariboflavinosis)
FUNCTION
 Act as Coenzyme in energy metabolism of fat, carbohydrate, and
protein.

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 Vitamin B3 is also known as niacin or nicotinic acid.
 it is essential for metabolism of carbohydrate, protein & fat.
DAILY REQUIRMENT
16 mg/day for adult males and
14 mg/day for adult females
DIETARY SOURCES
VITAMIN:- B3

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FUNCTION
 Vitamin B3, helps in releasing energy from carbohydrates, fats and
protiens.
 Essential for the DNAsynthesis.
 Essential for production of estrogen progesterone & testosterone
 Also helpful in reducing migraine headaches.
DEFICIENCY
• Niacin deficiency causes pellagra in which skin, gastrointestinal
tract and nervous system are affected.

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VITAMIN-B-5
 Vitamin B5 is also known as Pantothenic Acid, is a water-soluble vitamin.
 This word derived from greek word pantos meaning everywhere.
DAILY REQUIRMENT
5 mg/day for both adult males & females .
DIETARY SOURCES
Almost all plant- and animal- based foods contain pantothenic acid in varying amounts.
FUNCTION
 Act as Coenzyme in energy metabolism of fat, carbohydrate, and
protein
DEFICIENCY
Uncommon.

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VITAMIN- B-6
 Vitamin B6, also known as pyridoxine.
DAILY REQUIRMENT
The Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) for vitamin B6 is :
1.3 mg/day for adult males and females
DIETARY SOURCES

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FUNCTION
 Coenzyme in amino acid and lipid metabolism
 Hemoglobin synthesis
 Homocysteine metabolism
 Act as antioxidant molecule
 Helps in production of chemicals such as neurotransmitters and
hemoglobin.
 Maintain normal nerve function
DEFICIENCY
 Dermatitis
 Depression
 Convulsions, confusion, anemia
 Peripheral neuritis
 swollen tongue

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VITAMIN-B-7
DAILY REQUIRMENT
 Vitamin B7 or Biotin, also known as vitamin H or coenzyme R, is a
water-solubleB-vitamin.
 Biotin helps release energy from carbohydrates and aids in the metabolism
of fats, proteins and carbohydrates from food.
RDA IS 30 mcg/day for adult males and adult females.
DIETARY SOURCES

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FUNCTION
 Act as Coenzyme in energy metabolism of
fat, carbohydrate, and protein
 Maintenance of normal skin and mucous
membranes
 Maintenance of normal hair;
 The normal function of the nervous system;
DEFICIENCY
Rare

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VITAMIN- B -9
 Vitamin B9 is also known as folic acid, folacin or folate.
 It is a water soluble vitamin.
 It is a yellow crystalline substance.
DAILY REQUIRMENT
The Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) for folate is 400
mcg/day for adult males and females. Pregnancy will increase the
RDA for folate to 600 mcg/day.

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DIETARY SOURCES

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 Formation of RBC
 Nerve – it is necessary for growth & division of all body cells,
 Hair & Skin – it is essential for the health of skin &hair
 Pregnancy – it is an important nutrient for the pregnant women &
her developing fetus.& folic acid improves the lactation.
 DNAsynthesis
 Homocysteine metabolism
 Neurotransmitter formation
FUNCTION
DEFICIENCY
 Megaloblastic anemia,
 Neural tube defects: spina bifida
 Affects cell growth and protein production

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VITAMIN- B- 12
 Vitamin B12 is complex organomatrix compound called as cobalamin
which is cobalt containing porphyrin. It is freely soluble in water.
DAILY REQUIRMENT
2.4 mcg/day for adult males and females .
DIETARY SOURCES
All animal foods, fortified cereals

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FUNCTION
 Maturation of RBC
 Requires intrinsic factor from parietal cells for absorption
 Cofactor in folate and homocysteine metabolism
Helps in maintenance of Nervous system.
DEFICIENCY
 ANEMIA
 Demyelination & irreversible nerve cell death.

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VITAMIN- C
 It is also called ascorbic acid and antibiotic vitamin.
 it is the most active reducing agent.
 it is powerful antioxidant
 Synthesized by most animals (not by human)
DAILY REQUIRMENT
The Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) for Vitamin C is 90 mg/day for
adult males and 75 mg/day for adult females

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DIETARY SOURCES

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FUNCTION
※ Boosting immunity.
※ Antioxidant
※ Collagen synthesis
※ Wound healing
※ Aids in absorption of iron
※ Strengthening blood vessels walls
※ Treating allergy-related conditions, such as asthma, eczema, and hay fever (called
allergic rhinitis).

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DEFICIENCY
 Scurvy
 Fragility of blood vessels
 Easy bruising, hemorrhage
 Poor healing
 Pain in Bones & Muscle
 Poor Bone & Dentin formation
 Compromised immunity

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Scurvy – Clinical features

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 Gingiva is often swollen, red and edematous.
 Inflammation often involves free gingiva, attached gingiva and alveolar mucosa.
 Gingiva becomes brilliant red, tender and grossly swollen.
 Spontaneous bleeding or bleeding on gentle stimulation such that while chewing is
common.
 On long standing, the color may change to dark blue or purple.
 Ulceration may occur leading to secondary infections.
 Alveolar bone resorption with increased tooth mobility is seen
Periodontal features of scurvy:

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FAT SOLUBLE VITAMINS:-
※ VITAMIN-A
 Vitamin A is a group of unsaturated nutritional organiccompounds, that includes
retinol, retinal, retinoic acid, and
several provitamin A carotenoids, among which beta-carotene is the most
important. Its active form is present only in AnimalTissue
DAILY REQUIRMENT
Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) for vitamin A is
※ 900 mcg/ day for adult males
※ 700 mcg/day for adult females.

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DIETARY SOURCES

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FUNCTION
 Vitamin A plays a role in a variety of functions throughout
the body, such as:
Vision
Gene transcription
Immune function
Embryonic development and reproduction
Bone metabolism
Hematopoiesis (the production of blood cells and platelets)
Skin and cellular health
Antioxidant activity

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DEFICIENCY
 Night blindness
 Xerophthalmia
 Poor growth
 Keratinization of epithelium
 Dry, scaly skin
 Toxic in large doses: double vision, hair loss, dry mucous
membranes, joint pain, liver damage

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 Vitamin D refers to a group of fat-soluble secosteroids (a type of steroid with a
"broken" ring) found in liver and fish oils, or obtained by irradiating
provitamin D with ultraviolet light and are responsible for enhancing intestinal
absorption of calcium, iron, magnesium, phosphate and zinc. It is also called
SUNSHINE VITAMIN.
DAILY REQUIRMENT
※ VITAMIN-
 Men and women- 0.01 mg.
 Pregnancy and lactation– 0.01 mg
 Infants & Children –0.01 mg

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DIETARY SOURCES

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 Calcium Balance
 Cell Differentiation
 Immunity
 Blood Pressure Regulation
 Development of Bones & Teeth
FUNCTION
DEFICIENCY
1. Rickets
2. Osteomalacia
3. Osteoporosis

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※ VITAMIN-E
※ Chemically they are tocopherol
※ It is also called anti-aging factor.
※ They are naturallyoccurring anti oxidant.
They are derivatives of tocol or 6-hydroxy chromane ring with phytyl side chain.

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DAILY REQUIRMENT
RDA guidelines state that males and females over the age of 14 should receive
15 mcg (22.5 IUs) of alpha-tocopherol per day.
DIETARY SOURCES

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FUNCTION
 Antioxidant (most powerful natural)
 Free radical scavenger
 Protects cell membranes
 Prevention of rancidity
 Skin protection
DEFICIENCY
Vitamin E deficiency is rare.

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※ VITAMIN-
 Vitamin K is naturally produced by the bacteria in the
intestines.
 It is essential for production of a type of protein called prothrombin & other factor
involve in blood clotting mechanism. Hence it is known as anti – hemorrhagic
vitamin.
DAILY REQUIRMENT
 Men and women – 70 – 140 mcg.
 Children – 35 – 75mcg.

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DIETARY SOURCES

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FUNCTION
 It is essential for the hepatic synthesis of
coagulation factor II, V,VII, IX, X.
 CLOTTING – it prevents hemorrhage only in cases when there is defective
production of prothrombin
 OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION
DEFICIENCY
 Prolonged clotting time
 Hemorrhage

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REFRENCES:-
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin
http://www.precisionnutrition.com/all-about-vitamins-
http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/vitamin.aspx
Berdanier, C.D., & Berdanier, L. (2015). Advanced Nutrition: Macronutrients, Micronutrients,
and Metabolism, Second Edition. Oakville: CRC Press. Gropper, S.A., Smith, J.L., & Carr,
T.P. (2018).
Advanced Nutrition and Human Metabolism, Seventh Edition. Boston, MA: Cengage
Learning. Stipanuk, M.H., & Caudill, M.A. (2018).
Biochemical, Physiological, Molecular Aspects of Human Nutrition, Fourth Edition. St.
Louis, MO: Elsevier. Duyff R.L. (2017).
Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics Complete Food and Nutrition Guide, Fifth Edition.
Boston: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. National Institute of Health (2018).
[U Satyanarayana] Biochemistry

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